Chapters 29 Immunity

Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction to what by a pregnant woman?

a foreign antigen on red blood cells

which is an example of active immunity?

antibodies produced from a vaccine, antibodies produced when the flu strikes

a y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)

antibody

B cells or T cells are..

lymphocytes

why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?

macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens

a patient can have antibodies against many strains of HIV, Which is the main reason that an effective vaccine has not been produced for the HIV virus that causes AIDS?

the virus mutates rapidly, changing its outer coat

each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. what would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow?

they would be immunocompromised

if you see cytotoxic T cells, you know that a humeral response is underway....

False

white blood cells are produced...

from bone marrow cells

HIV-positive people track the process of their disease with blood tests that measure the number of ...

helper T cells

the innate chemical defense substance that activates T cells and B cells is __

interleukin

a primary "antigen presenting cell" a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, is a

macrophage

a cell that does not circulate in blood, but instead settles in tissues near the skin and in the digestive tract, producing and releasing histamine when tissue is damaged, is a ..

mast cell

special cells produced by the immune that are progeny of properly stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are..

plasma cells

a preparation that teaches the immune system to recognize a disease-causing agent without actually causing disease is termed a(n)

vaccination

a person who has been bitten by a poisonous snake needs help via passive immunity

True

a very rapid response to a pathogen, involving antibodies, will be a secondary immune reaction taking place

True

if you see B cells, you know that a humeral response is underway...

True

which is an example of passive immunity?

a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies

if a tumor metastasizes, this means that it is moved to another part of the body. doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis. why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes?

because the lymphatic system collects fluids and cells from tissues

a phagocyte is a..

cell that engulfs other cells and debris

the substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membranes is ___

complement protein

every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. how is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus?

recombination of the gene used to make antibodies occurs

since fever is not always present, it is an example of adaptive immunity

False

if a human fetus is_____ and the pregnant woman is _____, an incompatibility that destroys the red blood cells of the fetus may occur

Rh-positive; Rh-negative

in many autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, antibody complexes form in the blood, Kidney failure is a common consequence of these diseases for which reason?

the antibody complexes become trapped in the kidney

why is there potential for a women's body to recognize her fetus as foreign?

the fetus and mother are not genetically identical

which of the following occurred during the coevolution of humans and pathogens that cause disease?

the pathogens produce substances that suppress our immune system

The type of T cell that is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies is the plasma cell

True

adaptive immune defenses provide a rapid, broad defense against any infectious agent to which an organism has had a chance to react, while the innate immunity is more broadly directed in its action

True

if you were using a molecular tool to label the stem cells that produce white blood cells, most of the labeling would be in the thymus

True

in an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body's self antigens

True

the primary immune response produces memory cells that stimulate a faster immune response on a subsequent exposure to the sane foreign antigen

True

the second time that an immune system sees an antigen, a secondary immune reaction will take place

True

the type of cell that is primarily responsible for initiating and coordinating the adaptive immune response is the B cell

True

when a baby receives antibodies in breast milk, this is an example of passive immunity

True

when explaining a patient's near death from anaphylactic shock, you would tell the patient that this was a secondary immune response

True

which of the following vaccines would expose a person to an antigen for the longest time, and thus be the least likely to require repeated booster vaccinations?

a live weakened pathogen

which is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism?

all answers are correct: inactivates some viruses, speeds phagocytosis, reduces iron level, kills some bacteria

physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense

all answers are correct: the acidity of the stomach, tear fluid from the eye, an un-punctured skin, mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract

which correctly describes B cells and T cells?

all are correct: B and T cells all are lymphocytes, all attack cancerous cells, foreign particles, are not innate defenses

what would occur if the lymphatic system was absent?

all correct: cancer would not spread as quickly, Bacteria/viruses/cancer cells would not be destroyed if not in the blood

which is correct about primary and secondary immune responses?

all correct: primary response occurs first, primary response is smaller, both respond to foreign antigens, both are adaptive immunity

an exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitive immune system is termed a(n)...

allergy

which is an example of humoral immunity?

antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen

what is not a part of the innate defense response?

antibody production

a molecule that stimulates an immune-system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n)

antigen

which would a person in a less-developed country be less likely to have than a person in a more-developed country, according to the hygiene hypothesis?

asthma

every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year?

because the common influenza virus can come from many species of animals, including cats and dogs

immunological memory results from the production of ...

both B and T memory cells

histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen?

both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection

if you observe an immune reaction involving a cytotoxic T cell, it is a ...

cell-mediated response

in a process called_____, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from properly stimulated B cells

clonal selection

although the lymphatic system has many similarities to the circulatory system, what can the lymphatic system accomplish that the circulatory system cannot?

collect bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and other large particles from body tissues

many parasites are too large to be engulfed by phagocytosis, which would be effective in killing parasites?

complement protein

the primary function of a vaccine is to...

create immunological memory without causing disease

the master cells of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are..

helper T cells

if, for a study, you wanted to cause blood vessels dilation and swelling to mimic effects of innate immunity, you would want to inject..

histamine

a major challenge is finding an acceptable bone marrow donor with the matching complex of Major Histocompatibility (MHC) proteins a person needs. why is it important that the MHC proteins match between the donor and recipient ?

if they don't match, the recipient's immune system will see the donor's bone marrow as foreign

which description is correctly matched with its term?

innate defenses: able to defend against any pathogen

you would know that a viral infection is ongoing in a body if you detect high levels of >>

interferon

the role of B cells in adaptive immunity is _______, versus the role of T cells in adaptive immunity is _________ .

to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; to attack bad cells in cell-mediated immunity

if you were trying to block an antibody that was causing an autoimmune disease in a patient, you would want to find a way to cover and inactivate the..

variable region

a disease-causing agent that does not usually infect and cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system is termed a(n)...

opportunistic pathogen

which is not a major part of the immune system? thymus, bone marrow, spleen, pancreas, lymph node

pancreas

in the section "investigating life: the hidden cost of hygiene" what is the hygiene hypothesis ?

people who have fewer infections will have an overactive immune system

if you transfuse type AB blood into a patient with type A blood, the patient will raise antibodies against the B antigen on the donor's blood, but will not raise antibodies against the A antigen. why not?

B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion

antibodies are made against a very small portion of an antigen called an epitope. an epitope is often just five to six amino acids from a protein on an antigen. which explains how antibodies could be produced against just a small part of an antigen?

B cells produce antibodies that bind directly to a single epitope on the antigen