chapters 6 and 7 BISCI003

When an agrarian economy transitions to an industrial economy, what effect does it have on the population?

Population growth rate slows. The population will grow, but more slowly, as the total fertility rate drops.

What does the S that is sometimes included in the I = PAT equation stand for?

sensitivity, to denote how sensitive a given environment is to these pressures that cause more damage for sensitive habitat

Which of the following statements about growth rate and population size is true?

If the growth rate remains steady, population size will continue to increase by greater increments with each generation.

When do smaller numbers of people have larger ecological footprints?

when they are from affluent, wealthier nations. Individuals in wealthier nations tend to have greater ecological footprints.

Which of the following is an input to a given population?

immigration

If a country has a growth rate of 2%, how long will it take to double its population?

35 years. The equation for determining doubling time in a population is to divide 70 by the growth rate. With a growth rate of 2%, this population would double in 35 years

Which part of the IPAT model represents the influence of wealth and its environmental impact?

A for affluence

What occurs during the final stage, the post-industrial stage, of the demographic transition model?

Both the birth rate and the death rate continue along at very low levels. Death rates drop first in the demographic transition model.

Why do we study demography?

Demography investigates the relationship between population ecology and population changes. Demography is useful for predicting population dynamics and environmental impacts.

Which was Thomas Malthus's argument?

He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then the population would come under check because of war, disease, and starvation.

Which of the following statements about Earth's carrying capacity for humans is true?

Human beings are not unlike other animals concerning carrying capacity, but we utilize technology to artificially raise the carrying capacity increasingly higher. Nevertheless, this does not imply that technology can allow us to grow without limits.

What is the sex ratio in China because of the one-child policy?

It is skewed toward more males, causing a slowing in population growth. Female infanticide has been practiced in mainland China, and there are many more female babies to be adopted there.

Which large country is currently experiencing zero or even negative population growth?

Russia

When birth rates decline, what happens to a given population?

The average age of the population grows older

In 1900, there were approximately 1.75 billion humans on Earth; in 1950, there were approximately 2.3 billion; in the year 2025, approximately 8 billion people will inhabit the biosphere. In the period between 1900 and 2025, what has happened to the human population?

The intervals between population doublings are decreasing.

Which of these statements about the growth of the human population is true?

The rate at which the population has been growing has slowed in the past 50 years, but the human population is still getting larger. The highest rate of growth occurred in the 1960s. Since then, the rate of growth has declined from 2.1% to 1.2%, but the human race is still growing.

Which statement describes the effects of having a total fertility rate (TFR) of 2.1?

The value means that two children plus a fraction to compensate for the death of offspring will replace the average male and female in the population. A TFR of 2.1 means zero population growth (ZPG).

Why are diseases such as AIDS, which reduce population density, undermining the ability of developing countries to make the transition to more modern, industrialized societies?

They are causing "demographic fatigue," which leaves these countries without a professional class. AIDS is removing the educators, medical professionals, and government figures faster than they are being trained, leaving a void in these professions.

Which of the following populations will most likely be stable over time?

a population with an approximately equal number of individuals who are elderly and people who are of pre-reproductive and reproductive age. A balanced population will tend to have stable growth over a period of time.

What will China's age structure look like several decades from now due to its one-child policy?

an inverted pyramid. Because the number of individuals in China's population of pre-reproductive and reproductive age has declined as a result of the one-child policy, the population is shifting through the years toward a greater percentage of elderly individuals. This represents an inverted pyramid structure.

What causes a decline in fertility rates?

an increase in family planning and birth control. These programs empower women and provide a means to control their family size.

Which of the following was a factor in helping to reduce total fertility rate of developed countries in the recent past?

better medical care. With better medical care, infant mortality was reduced, and most children lived to reproductive age. This helped families have more security with fewer children and allowed those children to grow up to have children of their own.

What is the maximum population size that a given environment can sustain?

carrying capacity. It is the maximum sustainable population in a given environment.

Which term describes the amount of cumulative land and water required to provide the raw materials a person or population consumes and to dispose of the waste that is produced?

ecological footprint. can be calculated for a person, a country, or the entire human population.

__________ death rates and __________ infant mortality rates are due in large part to technological advances, improved sanitation, and better medical care in developed countries.

lower and lower

Which of the following has experienced the greatest decline in population growth rate from 1950-2010?

more-developed regions.

Which of the following are the three principal effects of a human population that determine its impact on the environment (the IPAT model)?

population, affluence, technology

Of the following, which provide the most complete picture of whether a population of humans grows, shrinks, or remains stable?

rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration. Population growth = (birth + immigration) -(death + emigration).

What keeps a population size stable?

replacement fertility. This is the TFR that keeps population sizes stable.

What does the T stand for in the IPAT model?

technology

For the foreseeable future, which types of countries will see the greatest increases in population number?

the countries that are poorest and least able to support population growth. Developing countries, which are already stressed, have the highest fertility rates and will see the greatest percentage of population growth worldwide.

What is meant by "family planning"?

the effort to plan the number and spacing of one's children

What is significant about the period in a woman's life between sexual maturity and menopause?

the reproductive window. This is the span of time in which women may become pregnant.

How do women cause a reduction in the TFR?

through empowerment, personal choice and education. When women have access to both medical care and education they make the reproductive decisions in families.