Chapters 7 - 11

What is the difference between "common-couple violence" and "intimate terrorism?"

"Intimate terrorism" is partner violence in which one partner is violent and controlling towards the other partner. It includes a higher frequency of violence and the resulting serious injuries. "Common-couple violence" neither partner is controlling and there is rarely violence.

For situations that appear to be mutually combative, the police officer can look for three elements of self-defense that may be helpful in the primary aggressor determination. Explain.

- "Did one person using force have a reasonable belief that he or she was at risk of bodily harm" (Gosselin 279)? The threat is considered reasonable if based upon previous violent experiences. - "Was the risk of harm actual or imminent" (Gosselin 279)? - "Was the force used reasonably necessary to prevent or stop the infliction of bodily harm" (Gosselin 279)? It is considered reasonably necessary if, say, a smaller person uses a weapon to prevent the abuser from attacking.

Explain the three types of spousal homicide-suicide involving older couples.

- Dependent-protective: In this case, the couple has been married for a long time and they are very dependent on one another. As a result, the husband fears being able to provide and take care of his wife due to a turn for the worse in the husband's health. - Aggressive: This type of homicide involves conflict in a marriage, or prior intimate partner violence. It typically occurs to couples ranging in age from 55 to 65, the offender is usually older than the victim and a possible or actual separation, serving of a restraining order, etc. are a couple common triggers. - Symbiotic: In this case, there is an extreme interdependency in a relationship. "One or both of the individuals are extremely sick, leading the husband to a mercy killing. The male perpetrator is often the dominant personality and the female victim is often submissive (Gosselin 322).

Explain the major tenets of the psychological model that is used to explain intimate partner violence.

-It counters the feminist approach because both men and women can be perpetrators of abuse. - It suggests partner abuse is considered a learned behavior and the choice of the perpetrator. - The model suggests that laws/punishments must be upheld equally in order to curb it

What is the APS and what are some of its duties?

Adult Protective Services is a service provider to the elderly and people with disabilities at risk of being neglected or mistreated. Their duties include "receiving reports of older adult abuse, neglect or exploitation; investigating these reports; assessing risk; and developing and implanting case plans, service monitoring, and evaluation" (Gosselin 219).

What are the responsibilities of an ombudsman?

An ombudsman's job is to be an advocate for those living in nursing homes, board and care homes and assisted-living facilities. They are supposed to provide services to prevent elder abuse by investigating complaints at these facilities and report any abuse

How prevalent is battering in lesbian partnerships?

Around 50 percent of the lesbian population has experienced battering (Gosselin 199).

At what point in their lives are the majority of male rape victims abused?

Around 71 percent of male rape victims were abused prior to their 18th birthday.

What is meant by the term "battering"?

Battering is a recurring pattern behavior that is used to gain power/control over the person being battered/abused.

What is the controversy that exists between the child abuse model and spousal abuse model, in relation to how they are used to address the needs of the older victim?

Child abuse models view the victim as unable to protect themselves, whereas the spousal model assumes the elderly as legally independent victims. Neither really works in the context with older adults because their physical abilities vary from individual to individual. Further, some researchers have suggested "the family violence paradigm is not suitable for these cases because cases of neglect are forms of inadequate care not violence" (Gosselin 238).

What is erotomania?

Erotomania is typically linked to a stalker with "severe mental problems, including delusions" (Gosselin 308). The stalker often times believes that the stalked individual knows and loves the stalker and often involves celebrities. These types of stalkers sometimes stalk for extended periods of time, even up to eight or ten years. They may also turn to violence or threats if the stalked individual does not reciprocate their love.

Explain factors that may inhibit gay men from reporting intimate partner violence.

Factors that may inhibit gay men from reporting intimate partner violence include the following: - "Social barriers do not recognize their abuse as legitimate" (Gosselin 198). - Other contributing factors include low self-esteem, internalized homophobia, education level and socioeconomic standings.

Who are family-only offenders?

Family-only offenders are perpetrators who might have been exposed to aggression in their family. Of the offender categories, family-only offenders are the less abnormal in terms of "impulsivity, substance abuse, and criminal behavior" (Gosselin 258). They are also less likely to have been abused severely as a child. Almost half of their committed violence is related to alcohol use.

Describe some forms of violence pertaining to gay and lesbian relationships.

Forms of violence pertaining to gay and lesbian couples are a lot like those affecting heterosexual couples. There is physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and financial abuse, etc. The only real different form of abuse is same-sex partner identity abuse, in which one partner threats to out their partner, or subject them to homophobic situations.

Define and discuss gay male intimate partner violence.

Gay male intimate partner violence is any unwanted physical force, emotional abuse, or property damage committed by one of the male partners. This definition is comparable to heterosexual intimate partner violence which is defined as any behavior patterns that one partner uses to gain and maintain control over another partner.

What were some of Hanson's characteristics and mental health diagnoses for individual batterers?

Hanson characterizes individual batterers as: "clinically assessed problematic individuals displaying poor impulse control, aggression, fear of intimacy, emotional dependence, fear of abandonment, and impaired ego functioning" (Gosselin 245). Hanson's mental health diagnoses include: "obsessive-compulsive, paranoid, borderline personality, passive-aggressive, narcissistic, and antisocial" (Gosselin 245).

Who are high-risk offenders? How does Straus suggest they be identified?

High-risk offenders are those who have a need for power and control, regardless of whether they have a mental health or criminal record. Straus suggests high-risk offenders be identified in two ways: Criterion A; "the suspect initiated three or more instances of violence in the preceding year" and Criterion B; "the suspect threatened a partner with a weapon in hand or verbally threatened to kill the partner; that medical treatment was needed by the victim (regardless of whether it was obtained); that physical abuse of a child occurred; that the suspect was physically abused when a child...(and several more)" (Gosselin 248).

Define "intimate partner violence."

Intimate partner violence is any violence committed by any individual in a relationship. It can also be called domestic violence, battering or spouse abuse.

Where does intimate partner violence occur more often and why?

Intimate partner violence occurs most often in the home, because it is a private sphere that can be "controlled" by the abuser.

What actions are used to satisfy the threat requirements?

It depends from state-to-state, but typically any conduct that causes fear or serious harm satisfies threat requirements which can include anything from suggestive hand gestures, to vandalized property, etc.

What is meant by late onset cases of abuse?

Late onset abuse is a case in which the abuse begins later in life by a partner who was not previously abusive. The abuse is typically caused by age-related stresses including retirement, dependency, sexual dysfunction, etc.

Define lesbian intimate partner violence.

Lesbian intimate partner violence is a pattern of violent behavior, or behaviors in which a lesbian tries to coerce a partner by controlling their partner's beliefs in order to reinforce abuse when the partner resists against the control.

Explain James Makepeace's theory.

Makepeace's developmental theory suggests that courtship violence often perpetuates itself due to the romanticized nature of courtship in our culture. Intimacy is a "fundamental individual need," so when immature teenagers realize relationships are actually a lot harder to balance/make work, and their partner moves on, the resulting jealousy gets the better of them (Gosselin 187). Jealousy is the most common root of courtship violence.

Describe the "overwhelmed offender."

Overwhelmed offenders are "well-intentioned and capable individuals who are unable to meet the demands of caring for the older adult" (Gosselin 263). Victims of overwhelmed offenders sometime feel guilty, as though they caused the abuse. The offender typically feels shame and regret.

What are some of the reasons people may not seek help for the abuse against older adults?

People may not seek help for the elderly for the following reasons: - They don't know who to talk to. - They don't know what can be done. - Doubt that they will not be believed. - Fear of getting involved (Gosselin 234).

Describe physical and sexual abuse behaviors.

Physical abuse behaviors include the following: - "Punching, shoving, slapping, biting, kicking, using a weapon against a partner, throwing items, pulling hair, and restraining the partner" (Gosselin 167). Sexual abuse behaviors include: -"[F]orcing a partner to perform sexual acts, telling the partner that she asked for the abuse (in sadomasochism), and rape" (Gosselin 167).

What is the difference between proarrest and mandatory arrest?

Proarrest laws allow authorities to make an arrest without a warrant, the preferred action in domestic violence cases. Mandatory arrest requires authorities to make an arrest, without a warrant, based upon probable cause.

What is the definition of probable cause that was stated in Gerstein v. Pugh (1975)?

Probable cause, as defined in Gerstein v. Pugh stated: "Probable cause to arrest exists when the facts and circumstances known to the officer are sufficient to warrant a reasonably prudent person in believing that the suspect has committed or is committing a crime" (Gosselin 285).

What did researchers conclude about the effectiveness of arrest in cases of domestic disturbance cases from the MDVE?

Researchers concluded that when a domestic violence suspect was arrested, a significant statistical decrease occurred in the number of reoffenses.

What is same-sex partner identity abuse?

Same-sex identity abuse is the threatening of one partner to out the other, or expose them to homophobic environments.

In what ways do departmental positions on police officer intimate partner violence significantly differ?

Some departments have "zero tolerance" positions, other departments do not have strictly defined positions and some departments do not have any sort of position.

Name some characteristics common among stalkers.

Some of the most common characteristics of stalkers are "assaulting the victim, violating protective orders, sexually assaulting the victim, vandalizing the victim's property, burglarizing the victim's home or otherwise stealing from the victim, threatening the victim, and killing the victim's pet" (Gosselin 301-302).

Name some known risk factors associated with intimate partner homicide. Which is the most significant?

Some risk factors associated with intimate partner homicide include the availability of firearms, a batterer's unemployment, mental illness, drug use and prior criminal activity, just to name a few. The most significant risk associated with intimate partner homicide is "recorded history of intimate partner violence against the female partner" (Gosselin 318).

What kind of training do Specialized Domestic Violence Response Units go through? Why is it important?

Specialized Domestic Violence Response Units' training includes: "victim case studies from actual incident responses and the specific responsibilities they have in making domestic violence arrests, treating the cases like stranger assault... mandatory arrest and primary aggressor decision making and detailed case preparation. In addition, a lethality or dangerousness assessment tool is used to identify the victim who are at the greatest risk, but have not received the level of attention warranted" (Gosselin 275). This training is important because recent reports have shown that specialized units such as these are better equipped to handle domestic violence situations and do a more thorough job, increasing the "likelihood of prosecution, conviction, and sentencing" of perpetrators (Gosselin 275).

Explain the phrase "stalking with technology."

Stalking with technology is using technology to stalk somebody. This can include putting a GPS system in an intimate partner's car to stalk them, where they go.

Describe some symptoms for neglect against older adults.

Symptoms of neglect: -Withdrawal or denial of health services - The individual may be overmedicated so they are subdued/quiet. - Untreated injuries - It can be anything from an actual injury to not providing a resident hearing aids, or anything that lowers their living conditions. - Denial of adequate food - This can result in malnutrition or dehydration. (Gosselin 231).

How does the multidisciplinary approach work as a response to abuse against the older adult?

Teams are formed to address abuse of older adults because the abuse is seen as not just an individual problem, but also a community problem. In this approach, different outlets join together, not just local authorities, to help provide services to address elderly abuse at the community level.

What did the 2003 IACP policy on intimate partner violence by police officers establish?

The 2003 IACP policy on intimate partner violence established policy and procedures to be followed when handling intimate partner violence committed by police officers. As stated by federal law, officers convicted of "qualifying misdemeanor intimate partner violence crimes" are not allowed to possess firearms and their job will be terminated if they are found guilty of an intimate partner violence crime (Gosselin 253).

Explain the Lautenberg Amendment and its effect on military and law enforcement officers.

The Lautenberg Amendment bans any individual "convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence or child abuse from purchasing or possessing a gun" (Gosselin 291). This affects military and law enforcement officers because the amendment affected all who committed one of these misdemeanors, including those who committed the misdemeanor before 1996 when the law first went effective — if the convicted individual happened to be a military or law enforcement officer they would not be able to possess or use firearms for their jobs.

Why is the National Violence against Women Survey an important source of data on same-sex intimate partner violence?

The National Violence against Women Survey is an important source of data on same-sex intimate partner violence because it is the only national source on intimate partner violence that doesn't exclude same-sex individuals.

Describe some of the consequences of abuse against older adults.

The consequences of abuse against older adults includes: Severe emotional distress, depression (which is much more common in older adults) and suicide - which is also the more common among older adults. The consequences of abuse against older adults could mean life or death in some circumstances.

Describe the excessive rule-making descriptor of intimate partner abusers.

The excessive rule-making descriptor points out unequal relationships due to one partner's rule setting for the purpose of dominance. This pattern is most noticeable when the abuser starts using punishment or penalties to reinforce the rules/expectations.

Where was the first hotline and shelter for battered women?

The first hotline for battered women was established in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1971. The first U.S. shelter for battered women was opened in 1974, also in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Explain the foundational theory for the battered women's syndrome.

The foundational theory for the battered women's syndrome suggests a pattern of learned helplessness within the cycle of abuse. Based on this theory, the victim starts to believe that they cannot influence or escape the abuse.

What is the general age and gender description of intimate partner abusers?

The general gender and age description of intimate partner abusers is a male ranging in age from 18 to 35.

Which category of intimate partner homicide victim has shown the biggest increase since 1976?

The number of white women killed by intimate partner violence showed the biggest increase of any group, based upon race and gender, it rose in the mid-1980s before dropping to its lowest (ever) recordings in 2002. Other than that slight peak, all the groups listed actually have declined over the years.

What is the power and control wheel?

The power and control wheel is a feminist representation of a battering relationship developed by the Duluth model to illustrate the elements of a battering relationship. At the center of a battering relationship is the root, power and control. The sections surrounding power and control are the types of behavior that make up abusive behavior.

What is the purpose of the offender ensuring his/her presence and intent toward the potential victim?

The purpose of the offender ensuring his/her presence and intent toward the potential victim is to "control and to intimidate the victim" (Gosselin 302).

The five replication studies cast doubt on the effectiveness of arresting the batterer in cases of domestic violence. What did the reanalysis of these studies by Maxwell et al. include?

The reanalysis included a return to the initial stance that arresting the batterer is effective in reducing repeat offenses. This was reinforced "in all five measures of repeat offending" (Gosselin 273). Further, the effectiveness of arrest did not "vary by jurisdiction" (Gosselin 273).

What are the signs of possible emotional or psychological abuse against older adults?

The signs of possible emotional/psychological abuse: - "Uncommunicative and unresponsive - Unreasonably fearful or suspicious - Lack of interest in social contacts - Evasiveness" (Gosselin 226).

Describe the social-psychological model and its utility in explaining intimate partner violence.

The social-psychological model is utilitarian because it combines the feminist approach and the psychological model, and attempts to improve upon the two models' prevention measures. This model suggests that homophobia and internalized homophobia create environments conducive to same-sex relationship abuse. Combining social learning, unequal power relations, and personal choice theory, this model integrates three approaches into the examination and understanding of same-sex intimate partner violence, whereas the psychological model was very cut and dry.

What is the statistical link between femicide, intimate partner assault, and stalking?

The statistical link between femicide, intimate partner assault and stalking is that "more than half of femicide victims and 71 percent of attempted femicide victims had been assaulted by her intimate partner prior to having been murdered...The prevalence of stalking by intimate partners has been documented as high as 67 percent for femicide victims and 71 percent for attempted femicide victims" (Gosselin 316).

Explain what is meant by the term "date rape."

The term "date rape," also known as "acquaintance rape," is any sexual activity including intercourse, oral sex, anal sex, or other sexual contact that is threated/forced upon an individual by an acquaintance or intimate dating partner.

What is the term used to describe when both parties in a domestic situation are arrested? Why is this practice discouraged?

The term used to describe the arrest of both parties in a domestic situation is dual arrest. This practice is discouraged because "it fails to protect and further victimizes the individual who is not the batterer" (Gosselin 278).

What are the three basic phases of the interviewing process? Briefly explain each of them.

The three basic phases of the interviewing process are: - Preparation: Obtaining info from the dispatcher or officers on the scene. - Establishment of the psychological content: Includes the establishing of understanding between the interviewer and the interviewee, so the interviewer can as much info from the interviewee as possible. - Actual questioning: Includes questioning of the interviewee, assessing the risk level of the situation and the danger presented by the potential batterer.

What are the three categories of lesbian battering identified by Renzetti?

The three categories of lesbian battering are: - Situational battering - Typically experienced once or twice in a time of crisis. - Chronic battering - Recurring violence that increases in severity as time passes. - Emotional/psychological battering - Is more verbal abuse, not physical abuse.

What does it mean to be a mandatory reporter of abuse against an older adult?

To be a mandatory reporter of abuse against an older adult means an individual is required by law to report accusations/suspicions of abuse against older adults. Forty-four U.S. states and the District of Columbia have mandatory reporting laws.

Why do intimate partner violence victims stay?

Victims do leave, but it usually takes them an average of five attempts before permanently doing so. Intimate partner violence victims often stay because the abuser has learned how to control and manipulate their partner to the point of dependency. This includes abusers keeping their victims from getting a job in order to create a financial dependency. It also includes the abuser using threats of violence towards the abused's pets, or children. They feel like they are stuck.

Who are the most frequent victims of intimate partner violence?

Women are the most frequent victims of intimate partner violence. Women make up 85 percent of intimate partner violence victims.

Is violation of a civil restraining order a crime?

Yes, violation of a civil restraining order is a crime. Most states recognize it as a crime, typically a misdemeanor offense.