Chapters 8-13
The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the___ of prison riots.
"explosive decade"
High-security facilities in the federal prison system are called...
... US penitentiaries
Today, a typical American prison is...
... minimum or medium custody
Opportunities for federal appeals by death-row inmates were further limited by the...
...Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
Discretionary release is granted by...
...a parole board
When a judge, prior to sentencing, reviews information on the background of a convicted defendant, it is called...
...a presentence investigation
The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent is called a...
...adjudication
If a juvenile's case is going to be transferred to adult court, it must be transferred....
...after intake, but before the adjudicatory hearing
Criminal trials under the American system of justice are built around...
...an adversarial system
Female officers working in jails...
...are disproportionately skewed toward jobs in lower ranks
Court-appointed defense attorneys, whose fees are paid at a set rate by local or state government, are also called...
...assigned counsel
The Federal Probation System was...
...authorized by the National Probation Act of 1925
All of the following are outsiders to the courtroom work group, EXCEPT...
...baliff
Criminal defendants who are unable to afford their own lawyer can use all of the following systems, EXCEPT...
...baliffs
Juvenile detention facilities tend to...
...be overcrowded
It is unclear whether juveniles....
...can waive their Miranda rights
The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to...
...charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense
More than half of the children of female prisoners never visit their mothers during the period of incarceration. The lack of visits is due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT that the...
...children live with their fathers
Evidence that requires interpretation or that requires a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based on what the evidence indicates is called...
...circumstantial evidence
A sentencing alternative that requires offenders to spend at least part of their time working for a community agency is known as...
...community service
A career offender, who is generally supportive of inmates' values in a women's prison is called a...
...cool
Probation is sanctioned by the...
...court
Streetwise young women with little respect for traditional prison values are called...
...crack kids
The US Supreme Court approved a two-step trial procedure in the case of Gregg v. Georgia pertaining to...
...death penalty cases
The federal Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 requires states accepting federal funds for their juvenile justice systems to agree to separate juvenile prisoners from adult prisoners by "sight and sound" and to...
...deinstitutionalize status offenders
Correctional systems can prevent the transmission of AIDS through...
...education
A BJS survey found that the majority of both state- and county -based public defender offices...
...employed substantially fewer than needed support staff
The largest growth group in jails nationwide is...
...females
All of the following discretionary decisions are always inappropriate, EXCEPT...
...following a state bar version of the ABA rules
The first step in decision making in a case regarding a juvenile whose behavior is in violation of the law is known as...
...intake
Teen court is an alternative approach to juvenile justice in which alleged offenders are judged and/or sentenced by a...
...jury of their peers.
A high percentage of juvenile offenders who are held in confinement are...
...male and African American
The majority of this country's jail inmates are...
...members of minority groups
A defendant having no record of criminal convictions punishable by more than 60 days of imprisonment is an example of...
...mitigating circumstances
John Irwin described the lifestyle of an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer as an...
...opprtunist
A common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she is in need of care the natural parents are unwilling or unable to provide, is called...
...parens patriae
The intentional making of a false statement as part of the testimony by a sworn witness in a judicial proceeding is called...
...perjury
The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called...
...prisonization
The most widely used system of indigent defense involves...
...public defender programs
Weapons, tire tracks, and fingerprints are examples of...
...real evidence
The child-savers movement of the 19th century produced the...
...reform school
Jails that are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions are called...
...regional jails
The role of the defense attorney does NOT include...
...representing the state
Revocation of probation or parole...
...requires a hearing to determine if the conditions of probation or parole were violated
A defendant would be entitled to counsel if she were too poor to afford an attorney in each of the following situations, EXCEPT if...
...she were charged with a misdemeanor with a maximum penalty of a $100 fine
Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are...
...status offenders
In the face of strong evidence of the offender's guilt, a juvenile court judge may...
...still decide it is not in the child's best interest to be adjudicated delinquent
The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides federal funds to help eliminate...
...the backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples
Civil death refers to...
...the denial of the right to vote, to hold public office, and to marry
The Batson decision laid out the requirements of defendants must prove when seeking to establish...
...the discriminatory use of peremptory challenges
"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that...
...the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality
Operational capacity is...
...the number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations
Proportionality holds that...
...the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime
Prisoners rights, because they are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment, can be...
...thought of as conditional
All of the following are considered professionals in the courtroom work group, EXCEPT the...
...victim
Recommended sentencing policies that are not required by law are known as...
...voluntary sentencing guidelines
Many sexual aggressors in prison must continue to participate in gang rapes because they...
...want to avoid becoming victims themselves
Bob is accused of stealing a car. His court case is handled informally, quickly, and in private. The court that heard Bob's case...
...was probably a juvenile court
Which of the following sentences is not an example of an intermediate sanction?
30 days in jail
One juvenile case in ___ involves detention before adjudication.
5
The federal Speedy Trial Act allows for the dismissal of charges when the prosecution does not seek indictment within 30 days arrest, or when a trial does not begin within ____ working days after indictment
70
"Truth in sentencing" guarantees the offenders will serve at least ___ of their sentence.
85%
___ takes into account the financial resources of the offender.
A day fine
The ___ is the most secure prison ever built by the federal government.
ADMAX at Florence, Colorado
The ___ is a two-sided structure under which the American criminal trial court operates that pits the prosecution against the defense.
Adversarial system
Which state became the first in modern times to re institute the use of the prison chain gang?
Alabama
In 1972, the Judicial Conference of the United States adopted a policy opposing _____ in district courts, and that policy is incorporated in the Code of Conduct for the US judges.
Broadcast of in-camera trials
Which of the following is NOT a type of juror challenge?
Challenges for knowledge
___ is known as the suspension of the criminal proceedings before sentencing and referral to a private agency.
Diversion
Indeterminate sentencing is also sometimes called presumptive sentencing.
False
Most research has clearly demonstrated that the death penalty can deter potential offenders from committing crime.
False
Rehabilitation depends on a fear of the consequences of violating the law.
False
The severity of an inmate's crime is the primary determinate of the actual amount of time served under an indeterminate sentence.
False
When a prisoner is executed the Constitution demands that all risk of pain he avoided.
False
Which of the following is NOT one of the operators running private prisons in the US?
Federal Correctional Workforce
Which of the following authorizes an inmate's claims against the US for money damages, for injury or loss of property caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of an employee in the government while acting within the scope of his office or employment?
Federal Tort Claims Act
___ was the first state to have a shock incarceration program.
Georgia
Which of the following is the primary sentencing tool of the just deserts model?
Imprisonment
What goal of sentencing is sometimes referred to as the "lock me up approach"?
Incapacitation
Which of the following refers to the use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that a particular offender will commit more crime?
Incapacitation
A model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term that may be reduced by good time or gain time is called ___ sentencing.
Indeterminate
A sentence of 8-25 years under the supervision of the state department of correction is an example of ___ sentencing.
Indeterminate
Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?
Inmate's behavior while incarcerated
The US Supreme Court has ruled that ___ must decide facts that lead to death sentence.
Juries, not judges.
What method of execution is used in most death-penalty states?
Lethal injection
Which state has the lowest rate of imprisonment?
Maine
Three-strikes laws require ___ sentencing.'
Mandatory
___ states eliminated the use of parole and created explicit standards to specify the amount of punishment appropriate for a given offense.
Mandatory
Cooperating with thee authorities, good character, and no prior record are examples of ___ circumstances.
Mitigating
Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of contemporary sentencing?
Mitigation
Which of the following organizations, located on the campus of the University of Nevada at Reno, provides specialized training to judges?
National Judicial College
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of restorative justice?
Pain is imposed to punish, deter, and prevent
Which act of Congress reduced the number of suits brought by the state prisoners in federal courts?
Prison Litigation Reform Act
Which sentencing principle holds that the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime committed?
Proportionality
Which of the following is NOT a firm of structured sentencing?
Quasi-independent
Which of the following refers to the goal of criminal sentencing that attempts to make the victim "whole again"?
Restoration
Which of the following is a just deserts perspective that emphasizes taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator or group of offenders?
Retribution
Which of the following refers to the act of taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator?
Retribution
Which of the following sentencing goals is closely associated with the phrase "an eye for an eye"?
Retribution
___ is the earliest known rationale for punishment.
Retribution
Which of the following sentencing principles objectively holds that an offender's criminal history should be taken into account in sentencing decisions?
Social debt
___ deterrence seeks to edges the likelihood of recidivism by convicted offenders.
Specific
Which state has the largest number of female prisoners?
Texas
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of fines?
The impact of a fine depends on the ability of the sentences person to pay
Who is the final arbiter of the actual sentence served in a state that relies on an indeterminate sentencing theme?
The parole board
Which of the following is NOT a right under the Crime Victims' Rights Act to the victims of federal crimes?
The right to appeal any state or federal grant of clemency
A 2000 study by Columbus Law School professors James S. Liebman, Jeffrey Fagan, and Simon H. Rifkind examined 4,578 death-penalty cases in Tate and federal courts from 1973-1995.
True
A written document describing the losses, suffering, and trauma experienced by the crime victim or by the victim's survivors is known as a victim-impact statement.
True
Between 1967 and 1977, a de facto moratorium existed with no executions carried out in any US jurisdiction.
True
Faced with prison overcrowding, high incarceration costs, and public calls for retribution, some judges have used shaming strategies to deter wrongdoers.
True
In 2005, the US Supreme Court issued a decision that rendered the federal sentencing guidelines merely advisory.
True
Inequalities arise when offenders with vastly different financial resources are fined similar amounts.
True
Information about a defendant's background often comes to the judge in the form of a presentence investigation (PSI) report.
True
According to the NVCAP, which is the most comprehensive victims' bill of rights?
Victims' Rights and Protection Act of 2008
What is parens patriae?
a common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she becomes a delinquent, is abandoned, or is in need of care that the natural parents are unable to or unwilling to provide.
With regard to religious freedom, the government shall NOT impose ___ on the religious exercise of the prisoner.
a substantial
With regard to religious freedom, the government shall NOT impose ___ on the religious exercise of the prisoner.
a substantial burden
Mary, a juvenile, breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his TV. Mary is an ___ child.
abused
Most states consider a child who is forced into delinquent behavior to be an ___ child.
abused
The fact-finding process wherein the juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition is called an ___ hearing.
adjudicatory
Which of the following refers to ultra-high-security prisons?
administrative maximum
Intermediate sanctions are also sometimes termed...
alternative sentencing strategies
A juvenile court disposition that imposes both a juvenile sanction and ___ is known as blended sentencing.
an adult criminal sentence
Which of the following is not one of the most frequent violations for which revocation occurs?
armed robbery
Which of the following is NOT another name for a prosecuting attorney?
assigned counsel
Which of the following is not a function of a probation or parole officer's work?
assistance to prosecutors by conducting arrests and investigations
The youngest offenders are known as...
child delinquent
Most states us a ___ system to assign inmates to custody levels based on offense history, assessed dangerousness, perceived risk of escape, and other factors.
classification
The ___ is the type of prisoner who thinks of prison as home and feels more comfortable institutionalized than on the streets.
colonizer
At the dispositional hearing, most judges decide not to ___ the juvenile.
confine
Which of the following is an example of jury tampering?
contacting a sequestered juror
Which of the following statements is false?
convicted murderers and rapists cannot be sentenced to probation
___ incapacitation is a strategy that would imprison almost all serious offenders.
coolective
In juvenile court, a juvenile petition is similar to a ___ in adult court.
criminal complaint
A wanton disregard by corrections personnel for the well-being of inmates is called...
deliberate indifference
Challenges to prison by inmates, which are brought under the 8th amendment, must show ___ by the officials responsible for the conditions.
deliberate indifference
___, in the broadest usage, is juvenile actions or conduct in violation of the criminal law, juvenile status offenses, and other juvenile misbehavior.
delinquency
A child who has no parents or whose parents are unable to care for him or her is called a...
dependent child
In The Society of Captives, Gresham Skes described the pains of imprisonment, or the ___ that prisoners experience.
deprivations
___ capacity refers to the inmates population the institution was originally built to handle.
design
What is the primary purpose of any criminal trial?
determination of the defendants' guilt or innocence
What is the jail strategy that joined "podular/unit architecture with a participative, proactive managment philosophy"?
direct supervision
What is the final stage in a juvenile case?
dispositional hearing.
The juvenile system is more likely to maximize the use of discretion and ___ than the adult system.
employ diversion from further formal processing
Which of the following terms refers to the issue of whether the defendant is actually responsible for the crime of which he or she stands accused?
factual guilt
A current system to represent the indigent is always well-funded.
false
A juvenile who commits a status offense has also committed a crime.
false
A mixed sentence is a sentencing alternative that requires offenders to spend at least part pf their time working for a community agency.
false
A neglected child is a child who has engaged in activity that would be considered a crime if the child were an adult.
false
A peremptory challenge allows attorneys to remove potential jurors, but the attorney must give a reason for doing so.
false
A primary concern of correctional officers today is the effective rehabilitation of inmates.
false
A prison is a confinement facility administered by an agency of local government.
false
A prosecutor is absolutely immune from liability for giving legal advice to the police.
false
All states in America tend to use imprisonment at about the same rate.
false
Among the most significant barriers to privatization are just legislated state laws.
false
Approximately 20 million people are admitted (or readmitted) to the nation's jails each year.
false
Because federal probation officers are not law enforcement officers, they have no authority to arrest.
false
By law and the judicial precedent, television cameras are permitted in all state and federal classrooms.
false
Considering the past trend, it can be assumed that about 3% of the offenders who are released on parole will be reincarcerated within three years.
false
Death-row inmates are placed in minimum security institutions.
false
Design capacity refers to what the prison can accommodate according to experts.
false
Factual guilt is established only when the prosecutor presents evidence that is sufficient to convince the judge.
false
Fewer incarcerated women than men have been sexually or physically abused before they are incarcerated.
false
If a defendant refuses to testify at trial, the prosecution can tell the jury this is an indication that the person is guilty.
false
Inmates have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their cells under the Fourth Amendment.
false
It costs $14 per day to incarcerate one inmate.
false
It is a myth that al-Qaeda recruits members in US prisons.
false
Many states exclude certain serious, violent crimes from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.
false
More than 40% of the juveniles in confinement are charged with homicide.
false
Most people processed through the country's jails are white.
false
Most sexual aggressors in prison consider themselves homosexuals.
false
Nationwide, approximately 96% of parolees successfully complete parole.
false
New York's first "house of refuge" in the 1820's was intended to shelter the most serious juvenile delinquents in the city.
false
Relative lack of punishment is one of the major advantages of probation and parole.
false
Research indicates that prison subcultures have been stable over time despite changes in the wider culture.
false
Split sentencing is the practice of sentencing offenders to prison, allowing them to apply for probationary release, and enacting such release in a surprise fashion.
false
Status offenders are children who violate laws written for both adults and children.
false
The 1899 Illinois Juvenile Court Act emphasized retributions in place of reformation.
false
The US Supreme Court has barred inmates from the suing state prisons under the Americans with Disabilities Act.
false
The aftereffects of a sexual assault in prison are short-term.
false
The attorney-client privilege is so strong that it is unethical for an attorney to disclose incriminating information about a client, even to prevent death or substantial bodily harm.
false
The last prison riot in America was the uprising in Attica Prison in NY in 1971.
false
The number of inmates held in private prisons is slowly decreasing.
false
The operational capacity of a prison is the number of inmates a prison was intended to hold when it was built.
false
The privatization of prisons began in the early 1960s.
false
Violent offenders stand no chance of receiving a probationary term.
false
When compared with adult justice, the juvenile justice system emphasizes punishment rather than treatment.
false
Working as a probation or parole officer is attractive because of the small caseloads and several opportunities for career mobility.
false
Under Roman Law, the ___ had absolute control over the child.
father
Within a few years following the end of the hands-off doctrine, the ___ intervened in the running of prisons in numerous states.
federal courts
Which of the following is NOT a recommendation by the Task Force on the Female Offender to address the problems of imprisoned women?
female offenders should be housed in buildings with male inmates
One study suggests that some prosecutors have an inherent tendency to be lenient toward ___ defendants but discriminate against ___ defendants when deciding whether to prosecute.
female; minority
Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions of her probation include: maintain employment, possess no firearms, obey all laws, and meet with her probation officer biweekly. These ___ conditions apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction were she was sentenced.
general
A ___ is a formalized arrangement, usually involving a neutral hearing board, whereby inmates have the opportunity to register complaints about the conditions of their confinement.
grievance procedure
The ___ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns form the outside world.
importation
The Serious Violent Offenders Reentry Initiative (SVORI) has found that ___ reduces recidivism.
incarceration
What type of probation in Georgia includes at least five face-to-face contacts between officer and probationer each week and requires that probationers have a mandatory curfew, have a job, and submit to weekly alcohol and drug testing?
intensive
What is often described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the united states?
intensive probation supervision
The use of prison chain gangs, the abolition of parole, and an emphasis on the individual responsibility and punishment are all aspects of the ___ model of imprisonment.
justice
Transfer hearings are held in...
juvenile courts
Government agencies that function to investigate, supervise, adjudicate, care for, or confine youthful offenders and other children subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court make up the ___ system.
juvenile justice
All death-row inmates are held in ___prisons.
maximum-security
Which of the following is an early release option under which an inmate is deemed "low risk", due to physical or mental health conditions, is release from prison earlier than he or she might have been under normal circumstances.
medical parole
Which level of prison security often has chain-link fences topped with barbed wire?
medium-security
Inmates are generally housed in dormitory-like settings and are free to walk the yard in ___-security institutions.
minimum
Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve weekends in jail and receive probation supervisions during the week?
mixed sentence
Which of the following is NOT a cause of prison riots?
multiple treatment opportunities for inmates
A child who has not been receiving the proper level of physical or psychological care from his or her parents or guardians is a...
neglected
House arrest is a valuable alternative to prison for...
offenders with special needs
Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical prison system in relatively populous states?
one ultra-high-security prison for terrorists, serial killers, and the like
During a trial, the ___ stage happens before the ___ stage, but after the ___ stage.
opening statement, closing statement, jury selection
___ capacity is the number of inmates that a facility can effectively accommodate based on an appraisal form the institution's staff, programs, and services.
operational
If the first court in which a juvenile case appears is a juvenile court, the juvenile court is said to be ___ jurisdiction.
original
Which of the following sentences is a prisoner reentry strategy?
parole
Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott declined to extend the exclusionary rule to searches conducted by ___ even when such searches yield evidence.
parole officers
Prison language is also called...
prison argot
Which of the following terms describes an attorney who works for a law firm?
private attorney
What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the US?
probation
Which of the following is NOT cited as a disadvantage of probation and parole?
probation and parole programs are underused, enabling practitioners to adequately supervise offenders on their caseload
___ and ___ are nearly tied as the second most common type of offenses for which inmates were sentenced to state prison.
property crimes, drug crimes
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using probation instead of imprisonment?
provides the offender with many opportunities to interact with other convicted offenders.
The ___ system relies on the full-time salaried staff
public defender
Which type of prisoners picture themselves as political prisoners?
radicals
Which of the following terms is prison slang for an informant?
rat
Which term refers to the size of the inmate population a facility can handle according to the judgement of experts?
rated capacity
Which is the strategy that the state of California in 2012 moved to implement, under which the state's counties are required to assume full responsibility for managing all of the state's juvenile records?
realignment
What is the single most important criterion for determining the level of proof necessary for conviction in criminal trials?
reasonable doubt standard
Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole?
relative lack of punishment
___ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals.
selective
Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp?
shock incarceration
Which of the following intermediate sanctions exposes offenders to a highly regimented environment involving strict discipline, physical training, and hard labor.
shock incarceration
Which model emphasizes probation and parole officers' service role and views probationers and parolees as clients?
social work model
Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve time in local jail before a period of supervised probation?
split sentence
___ among female inmates is very high
substance abuse
Which of the following is NOT a general condition for probations?
surrender the driver's license
Who makes the release decision when an offender is sentenced to shock parole?
the appellate court judge
Who keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judge's entry to the courtroom?
the baliff
Who is responsible for summoning members of the public for jury duty and subpoenaing witnesses for the prosecution and the defense?
the clerk of court
Which of the following is NOT a historical factor that contributed to today's high rate of imprisonment?
the increased use of punishments, including mandated prison terms, for drug-related felonies
Which of the following statements is false regarding the role of the judge in the courtroom work group?
the judge is responsible for presenting the state's case against the defense
Which of the following is NOT a dimension that can be used to measure prison crowding?
the prison's fiscal budget
Which work group member has the responsibility of demonstrating to a jury that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt?
the prosecutor
Who makes federal parole decisions?
the sentencing judge
One of the five philosophical principles that form the basis for the juvenile court movement states that ___ is the "higher or ultimate parents" of the child.
the state
An enclosed facility separated form society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives, is called a ___ institution.
total
Which of the following represents the order of the steps in the criminal trial?
trial initiation, jury selection, opening statements, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, the judge's charge to the jury, jury deliberations, the verdict
2/3 of incarcerated women have minor children.
true
A juvenile court is any court that has jurisdiction over matters involving juveniles.
true
A juvenile is a youth at or below the upper age of juvenile court jurisdiction in a particular state.
true
A prisoner's mail can be banned if the ban is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.
true
A probation officer does not need a search warrant or probable cause to search a probationer's residence.
true
African American women are 8 times more likely than white women to be incarcerated.
true
An indigent suspect charged with a misdemeanor for which he or she could be sentenced to a term of imprisonment has the constitutional right to be represented by counsel.
true
Before the modern era, children who committed crimes in the Western world received no preferential treatment because of their youth.
true
Between 1991 and 2009 America experienced a 44% decrease in the national crime rate and a 70% increase in the rate of imprisonment.
true
Defendants have the constitutional right to represent themselves.
true
During the Enlightenment, at the end of the 18th century, society became increasingly concerned about the well-being of children.
true
Dying declarations and spontaneous statements are considered exceptions to the hearsay rule.
true
Exculpatory evidence is defined as any information having a tendency to clear a person of guilt or blame.
true
Few facilities for women have programs specifically designed for female offenders.
true
If a probationer does not claim a right against self-incrimination, any statements made to a probation officer may be used as evidence.
true
In 2005, in the case of Roper v. Simmons, the US Supreme Court ruled that an offender may not be executed for his or her crime if that crime was committed before the offender turned 18 years of age.
true
In both shock probation and split sentencing, the offender serves a relatively short period of time in custody and is released on probation by court order.
true
Juvenile courts place more emphasis on privacy than adult courts do.
true
Kent v. US was a landmark decision for juveniles.
true
Like inmates, correctional officers are socialized into the official and unofficial rules of staff society.
true
Most federal probation officers may carry a firearm for defensive purposes while on duty.
true
Over 50% of state prisoners are dependent on drugs.
true
Peremptory challenges are limited in number.
true
Prosecutors are required to assist the defense in building its case by making available any evidence in their possession.
true
Research has shown that within six months prior to release form prison, inmates begin to demonstrate a renewed appreciation for conventional values rather than prison values.
true
Scientific jury selection uses correlational techniques from the social sciences to gauge the likelihood that a potential juror will vote for conviction or acquittal.
true
Sexual aggressors in prison have themselves suffered much damage to their masculinity in the past.
true
Stress levels for probation and parole officers have gone up, in part, due to the increasingly serious offenders sentences to probation and released on parole.
true
The "golden age" of crime victims refers to a time during the Middle Ages when victims played a central role in trials and sentencing proceedings.
true
The Missouri Plan for judicial selection combines elements of both election and appointment.
true
The Prison Litigation Reform Act requires judges to screen all inmate complaints against the federal government and to immediately dismiss those deemed frivolous or without merit.
true
The adversarial system is the two-sided structure under which American criminal trial courts operate that pits the prosecution against the defense.
true
The justice model of imprisonment is based on the principle of just deserts.
true
The number of privileges given to inmates continues to increase.
true
Most people sentenced to federal prisons have been convicted of ___ crimes.
violent
Which word describes aggressive men who assume the masculine role in homosexual relations in male prisons?
wolf
Suits formally requesting that the person detaining a prisoner bring him or her before a judicial officer to determine the lawfulness of the imprisonment are called...
writs of habeas corpus