Chapters 9-12 DCUSH
Andrew Jackson's Presidency First Term was notable for what three things?
Forcing Native Americans to move to areas West of the Mississippi River, the Bank War, and the nullification crisis.
Education
first political demands for free tax-supported schools originated w/ the workingmen's movement (in eastern cities in the 1820s); rich property holders didn't want to pay taxes to support education of working-class children; massachusettes legislature established the nation's first state board of education (Horace Mann in charge of it)
Independent Treasury System
fiscal arrangement first instituted by President Martin Van Buren in which the federal government kept its money in regional vaults and transacted its business in hard money
Whig Party beliefs
Formed to oppose Jackson party + his financial policy, reactions to Jackson's nullification policies, named for a group that opposed King Andrew (claimed Jackson's destruction of the Bank of the US had undermined business confidence; didn't like how he defied the Supreme Court and Congress, and took each case directly to the people; VIEWED GOV POWER AS A POSITIVE FORCE TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FAVORED THE SPREAD OF BANKING AND PAPER MONEY, CHARTERING CORPORATIONS, PASSING PROTECTIVE TARIFFS TO SUPPORT U.S. MANUFACTURERS, AND OPENING UP NEW MARKETS FOR FARMERS THROUGH GOVERNMENT-SUBSIDIZED TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS) (FAVOR GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROLS OVER INDIVIDUAL MORALITY; OPPOSED TO TERRITORIAL EXPANSION)
Why did Jackson replace Clahoun w/ Van Buren as VP?
Found out he wanted to have Jackson disciplined for his action in Florida
Battle of the Alamo
Franciscan mission at San Antonio, Texas, that was the site in 1836 of a siege and massacre of Texas by Mexican troops. (February 24- March 6, 1836 *During Texas's revolution against Mexico, Fort Alamo was attacked by the Mexican Army and 187 members of the Texas garrison were killed *Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, a Mexican military and political leader, was victorious *"Remember the Alamo" was the garrison's (BELEAGUERED TEXANS) battle cry in its fight for independence )
The advice to "emigrate beyond the Mississippi or submit to the laws of those states" by Jackson to the Indigenous Americans enabled Jackson to post as what?
Friend of the Natives; the wise father who would lead them out of harm's way and save them from rapacious white people
The Force Bill
Full authorization to put down nullification by military force.
Erie Canal Construction
Funded by the New York legislature; reduced the cost of sending freight from Buffalo to New York City by more than 90%, and by the 1840s, it was pulling more western trade than was being sent to New Orleans on the Mississippi River.
Why did Jackson oppose the National Bank?
He and his advisors saw it as aSymbol of PRIVILEGED MONOPOLY , deprived common Americans of their right to compete equally for economic advantage + MANY ADVISERS WERE STATE BANKERS AND LOCAL DEVELOPERS WHO BACKED JACKSON PRECISELY BECAUSE THEY WANTED TO BE FREE OF FEDERAL RESTRAINTS ON THEIR BUSINESS ACTIVITIES (- the bank fostered economic growth and confidence - he said it is undemocratic favoring a small number of rich investors - it was in the north (he hates the north) - he despises rich people - he veto the renewal of the bank - he thinks it favors the rich - he takes all the money and distributes it all over which causes a problem because each state would have their own currency )
How did Gallatin lower national debt?
He cut internal taxes (allowing revenue from customs collections) and the military budget
Jackson's stand against the Nullification Crisis established the principle of NATIONAL SUPREMACY GROUNDED IN THE WILL OF THE MAJORITY. Because Jackson dramatically affirmed his right to use force against a state in defense of the Union, what happened?
He drove many planters out of the Democratic Party + New Anti Jackson coalition began to form in the south
How did Andrew Jackson cause the Trans-Continental Treaty of 1819?
He led troops across the border into Spanish Florida and destroyed encampments of the Seminole Natives, seized 2 Spanish forts, and executed 2 British subjects ; Adams supported him and used him as leverage against Spain "we might unleash him again"
Why was Burr accused of treason? Why was he acquitted of treason?
He was trying to create a separate western confederacy but his co-conspirator General James Wilkinson snitched ; Chief Justice Marshall said that Constitution defined treason only as the waging of war against the U.S. or rendering of aid to its enemies + law required the direct testimony of 2 witnesses to an "overt act" of treason for conviction
Who led the War Hawks?
Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
Napoleon withdraw decrees against U.S. shipping on what condition?
If Britain didn't do it too, Madison would force the British to respect U.S. Rights.
Immediatism
Immediate moral commitment to begin the work of emancipation(Abolitionist doctrine that rejected gradualism and advocated an immediate end to slavery.)
Corrupt Bargain
In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.
Why did evangelical reformers denounced intemperance? < What'd they believe?
Intemperance is the greatest sin of the land; Alcohol represented all that was wrong in land (crime, poverty, insanity, broken families, boisterous politicking, Sabbath-breaking)
Eli Whitney
Invented the cotton gin by applying for the patent, reinvigorated slavery, interchangable parts helped northern factories in riffle manufacturing by producing parts by machine
Since the Embargo Act of 1807 did harm Europe, why didn't it prompt Europe to do America's bidding? What was the actual effect?
It harmed the British textile workers and slaves in the colonies, but not really the people who had high levels of power. ; Politically influential landlords and manufacturers benefited from short-term shortages by jacking up prices
How did the panic of 1837 affect unemployment? Farmers and planters?
It increased ; reached 20% ; Farmers and planters faced the constant threat of losing their land or their slaves
How did Democrats view Clay's system?
It represented gov favoritism at its worst : A set of costly benefits at the public's expense for special-interest groups that corrupted politicians in their quest for economic power.
How was the evangelical religion of the traveling preachers democratic?
Its populist rejection of traditional religious canons and its encouragement of organizational forms that gave a voice to popular culture. (Rejected popular religious ideas + encouraged protesting?)
What was the result of the corrupt bargain?
Jackson and his followers began building a new party that would usher in a more democratic era of mass-based politics
Bank War
Jackson believed the Second Bank of the U.S. made the rich richer, it stabilized the money supply under Nicholas Biddle. Jackson vetoed a bill that would extend the Bank + Congress over rid the veto. Biddle called in the loans, but Jackson removed the gov's deposits, forcing it to close (The political struggle between President Andrew Jackson and the supporters of the Second Bank of the U.S.)
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Led the attack on the Alamo, by William B. Travis, who held them off 13 days. During this time, Texas declared independence + this time, + named Sam Houston commander in chief.
Indian Removal Act
Legislation passed by Congress in 1830 which provided funds for removing and resettling eastern Indians in the West. It granted the president the authority to use force if necessary and resulted in the involuntary transfer of thousands of Native Americans to new homes in Oklahoma.
Which country did the American Colonization Society help found?
Liberia
Van Buren redefined ________ as something good in and of themselves . What was his argument for them?
Parties ; Parties were indispensable instruments fro the successful expression of the popular will against the dominance of elites.
Tenskarawa and Tecumseh were peaceful or violent? What town did they establish?
Peaceful; The Prophet's Town
The election of 1828 centered on __________, not issues.
Personalities (VICTORY FOR JACKSON'S CAMPAIGN MANAGERS, who were more skilled at creating a good image than their Adams counterparts (national republicans))
The Independent treasury system made more __________ sense than economic sense
Political
Democratic Party
Political party formed in the 1820s under the leadership of Andrew Jackson; favored states' rights and a limited role for the federal government.
Whig Party
Political party, formed in the mid-1830s in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats, that favored a strong role for the national government in promoting economic growth.
Albany Regency
Popular name after 1820 for the state political machine in New York headed by Martin Van Buren (first political machine)
Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)
Replaced the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809; reopened trade with both Britain and France but stipulated that either France or England lifted its restrictions, the president would resume trading sanctions against the other.
Congressional passage (not overral passage because MADISON VETOED IT) of Calhoun's internal improvements bill marked the pinnacle of the __________ economic nationalism
Republicans
Why did Madison + republicans decide to push for the War of 1812?
Republicans' idealistic stand on neutral rights was ultimately untenable unless backed up by military + political force and a war against America's ole enemy also promised to restore unity to a Republican Party increasingly divided over Madison's peaceful diplomacy
how did the specie circular act lead to the panic of 1837?
Requiring the transfer of specie to the West for land transactions just when Eastern banks were strapped for specie reserves (interfered w/ natural workings of the economy)
What did Britain right before the War of 1812 do in attempt to placate the Americans? Why?
Revoked for one year its Orders in Council against the U.S. ; Poor harvest + ongoing economic pressure exerted by Madison caused hard times in England
In the __________ Era, free black Males who met the minimum property requirements usually had the same voting rights as white mLes .
Revolutionary
What was the only state where African Americans made up the majority of the population? Where were they concentrated?
South Carolina ; Marshes and tidal flats south of Charleston, thecountry district of HUGE RICE PLANTATIONS
Nullification Crisis; How did Jackson propose to deal with opponents?
South Carolina threatened secession if the federal gov tried to collect taxes; Jackson proposed hanging the opponents (Sectional crisis in the early 1830s in which a states' rights party in South Carolina attempted to nullify federal law.)
Where was support for the War of 1812 strongest? Where was it weakest? Why?***
South and West because they were regions whose economies had been damaged the most by the British blockade and control of Atlantic commerce; Mercantile, New England, a region that had prospered as a result of British interference w/ ocean opposed the war
Adams Onis Treaty
Spain ceded all of Florida to the U.S. for 5 million, set boundaries for the Louisiana Territory (set boundaries between the U.S. and New Spain (Now Mexico) Transcontinental Treaty: Florida given to U.S but Texas is not part of the Louisiana Purchase. Jackson went into Florida and attacked for this to occur.)
Monroe Doctrine
The Americas are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power + pledged that U.S. would not interfere in the internal affairs of Euopean states (A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. )
What ended British plans for an Indian buffer state?
The Battle of the Thames
How did the Baptists and Methodists (largest and most popularly rooted dominations) view the War of 1812?
The British gov was corrupt, arbitrary, and despotic" and the war was "just, necessary, and indispensable" ; PRO WAR
Worcester vs. Georgia
The Cherokee sued the gov stating their land was protected by treaties and WON (cherokee appealed to supreme court to stop white encroachments into cherokee nation; marshal ruled in indians favor saying that only federal govt could do that and states had no authority over tribes)
Why did Westerners distrust banks?
Unstable + bank notes fluctuated in value according to the reputation and creditworthiness of the issuing banks + saw bankers as parasites who did nothing but fatten their own pockets by manipulating paper money + Citizens who were wiped out/forced to retrench drastically by the Panic of 1819 never forgave the Bank for saving itself at the expense of its debtors
The first wave of temperance converts came from which classes?
Upper and middle classes (businessmen welcomes temperance as a model of self-discipline in their efforts to regiment factory work; learned how to be thrifty, self-controlled, respectable, and creditworthy)
Who paid political price for Jackson's economic policies?
Van Buren
Battle of Plattsburgh
Victory of Commodore Thomas McDonough over a British fleet in Lake Champlain, September 11, 1814
Why were traditional protestants (calvinist, anglican, or lutheran) opposed to political democracy?
Viewed the mass of humanity as sinners predestined to damnation and hence was loath to accept the idea that those same sinners, by majority vote, should make crucial political decisions.
Noah Webster's dictionary
Webster's Dictionary refers to the line of dictionaries first developed by Noah Webster in the early 19th century. helped to standardize the American language, 1st dictionary. Reformed how people say words and reformed spelling.
Great Britain and slavery
Webster-Ashburton Treaty; Calhoun wrote a letter to Pakenham (British minister in Washington) accusing the British of seeking to FORCE EMANCIPATION ON TEXAS IN RETURN FOR ECONOMIC AID AND A BRITISH-BROKERED MEXICAN RECOGNITION OF TEXAN INDEPENDENCE. These British efforts (according to him) were just the opening wedge in a MASTER PLAN TO BLOCK U.S. EXPANSION AND DESTROY SLAVERY IN THE SOUTH. (concluded that the security and preservation of the Union demanded the annexation of Texas)
What cost the Federalists the support of commercial farmers in the mid-atlantic states? Why did Artisans in port cities switch to the Republicans?
The Direct Tax of 1798 (Congress levied a direct tax on houses, land, and slaves during the Quasi-War); Jay's Treaty (they feared it left them exposed to a flood of cheap British imports)
Spoils System: What was it? Why was it powerful?
The awarding of government jobs to party loyalists ; Powerful technique for building party strength, because it tied party loyalty to the reward of a federal appointment
In what battle was Tecumseh killed?
The battle of Thames
Impressment
The coercion of American sailors into the British Navy
By driving Natives out of the South and West, Jackson live dup to his billing as the friend of ___ ______ _____ ___
The common white man
What was Jackson's stand against the national bank?
"Against all new grants of monopolies and exclusive privileges, against any prostitution of our Government to the advancement of the few at the expense of the many."
After the Panic of 1819, how did westerners view the Bank of the U.S. (which had cause bankruptcies as creditors forced the liquidation of farms and real estate)?
"The Monster"
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
(Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.) Supreme Court decision of 1803 that created the precedent of judicial review by ruling as unconstitutional part of the Judiciary Act of 1789; Rejected the Republican view expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions that the states could decide on the constitutionality of federal laws
Evangelical view on salvation
(No longer simply bestowed by an implacable God, as taught by the calvinist doctrine of individual predestination) ORDINARY PEOPLE COULD ACTIVELY CHOOSE SALVATION
Midnight judges, 1801
(The Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. Federalists attempt to secure the Federalists a position of power in the new government after losing the congressional and presidential election of 1800. )Federal justices appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act.
U.S. navy in the war of 1812
(There was disaster for the army in the North except for Harrison Navy ) Commodore Oliver Perry defeated the British and controlled the Great Lakes, Navy was much more successful, 1/6 sailors were free African Americans; Economy struggled because of the British blockade and charter for the Bank of the U.S. lapsed, victory over France freed thousands of British troops
Robert Fulton
(Using the Clermont boat) invented the steamboat in 1807, allowed ships to travel in any direction (steamboats had reduced the cost and the time of upriver shipments by 90%)
Campaign events/strategies for Jackson were:
(relied extensively on new techniques of mass mobilization) Chains of party-subsidized newspapers, frantic schedule of meetings and rallies, goin door to door, pressing party literature into their hands, gave out Vote Jackson medals and buttons, and lavishly entertaining them.
Causes of the Panic of 1819 (the 1st major economic crisis in US History)
-deflation > falling crop prices (British demand drops- find cheaper sources) -competition from Europe increases > end of Napoleanic Wars -Overspeculation on land - easy credit from banks >western farmers unable to pay loans Trade Deficit-drained U.S. of specie -Bank of the U.S. tightens credit >Tougher loan requirements, requires specie from state banks
By 1850, _ of 3 americans were regular churchgoers
1 of 3
What currents swelled the movement for democratic reform?
1) Limiting voting rights to people who owned land property seemed elitist because economic changes were producing new classes (workers, clerks, and small tradesmen) 2) Renters (more than 77% of voters in NYC by 1814) joined homeowners in an expanded electorate 3) Middle + Low class of society demanded voting rights to protect themselves from commercial and manufacturing interests THAT BENEFITED MOST from economic change. 4) DEMAND ALL WHITE MEN B TREATED EQUALLY
What was women's role in evangelical churches?
1) Preachers (spread gospel up and down the East Coast) 2) Organized their own institutions within denominations still formally controlled by men 3) Women activists founded and largely directed hundreds of church-affiliated charitable societies and missionary associations
Causes of the War of 1812
1) Wanted to stop impressents 2) Trippecanoe (Britain hiding America's enemies) 3) Stop attacks on US trade 4) US receive neutral rights for trade (Hatred of Native Americans, expansionist pressures, the lingering agricultural depression, and impatience with the administration's policy of economic coercion (These included: British impressment of sailors, British seizure of neutral American trading ships, and the reasons given by the War Hawks (the British were inciting the Indians on the frontier to attack the Americans, and the war would allow the U.S. to seize the northwest posts, Florida, and possibly Canada).) )
Battle of Fort McHenry
1,000 held off 13k; Led to star spangled banner by Francis Scott Key
Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory?
1.Make money for debts 2.Cut losses in America (Louisiana was of little use to him seeing as he wouldn't need it to supply Haiti with supplies) 3.Make America more powerful against Britain
How many Natives lived East of the Mississippi when Jackson became president?
125k
Tariff of Abominations
1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. to 50%. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South (raised the cost of manufactured goods purchased by farmers + planters and lowered the foreign demand for agricultural exports); South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.
"Firsts" of the election of 1832
1st national nominating convention or causus system had congressional party members choose presidential nominees 1st time in U.S. history, (National Republicans published their political platform, newspaper worked against Jackson) (It was the first time that the respected parties would hold nominating conventions. It also included, for the first time, the introduction of a third party, the Anti-Masons.)
? out of 3 Canadians were native-born Americans
2
War of 1812
2nd War for Independence; Supported by Madison (because he was from Virginia) + The South; United Democratic Republicans, THE GOAL WAS TO CONQUER CANADA (War fought between the United States and Britain from June 1812 to January 1815 largely over British restrictions on American shipping) (Britain blockaded the U.S. ports. with no international trade, industries started to make the goods they could no longer import.)
U.S. invasions of canada ; where were they and why did they fail
3 prolonged attacks from Detroit, Niagara, land lake champlain, all failed because of lack of support and militias that wouldn't leave their home states
How many U.S. sailors had been seized in the 3 years leading to the War of 1812?
3000
War Hawks
40 or so Members of Congress, predominantly from the South and West, who aggressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in 1810
German Immigrants
5 million (2nd in number only to the Irish by the 1850s); move to the midwest; become farmers; introduce Kindergarten (Introduce social skills before school; play in the garden); wealthier than Irish ( built tightly knit communities with German speaking shops, churches, schools, and benevolent societies; CHEAP LABOR PROVIDED THE FINAL INGREDIENT IN THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRIALIZATION THAT BEGAN AFTER THE WAR OF 1812) ; CAME DUE TO OVERPOPULATION OF EUROPE, FAILED REVOLUTIONS, CROP FAILURES.
How many white children were enrolled in school in the U.S. in 1850 (the highest percentage worldwide)? Which economic class pulled their kids out of school at an earlier age than the other classes? Which part of the U.S. was lagging in public education?
50%; Working class; Slave States (especially the lower south)
What allowed Britain to focus on the U.S. War?
A coalition of European powers forced Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814
Essex Junto; what did they fear?
A federalists scheme where several New England states would form a separate nation (Group of extreme federalists led by Aaron Burr who advocated the secession of New England. ; feared that the Louisiana Purchase would leave New England powerless in national affairs)
Black Hawk's War was more ________ than an actual war
A frantic attempt by the Natives to reach safety on the west bank of the Mississippi ;
Gag rule
A procedural rule passed in the House of Representatives that prevented (Tabled) the discussion of antislavery petitions from 1836 to 1844.
Abolitionist Movement
A radical antislavery crusade committed to the immediate end of slavery that emerged in the three decades before the Civil War
Dorothea Dix
A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. created first wave of US mental asylums
How did Jefferson responds to criticisms that the Embargo Act forced a depression on the country + violations of the embargo ?
A series of enforcements acts that consolidated executive powers far beyond what the Federalists themselves had been able to achieve while in power
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals in the first half of the 1800s characterized by great emotionalism in large public meetings
What did Calhoun argue in The South Carolina Exposition and Protest?
A state, acting through a popularly elected convention, had the sovereign power to declare an act of the national government null and inoperative.
What was Jackson's image as a presidential candidate in 1824?
Anti elitist champion of the people
Nullifiers
Anti-tariff forces in South Carolina that controlled the state politics. They held a convention in 1832 and threatened the government with South Carolina secession from the Union if the tariffs were enforced. (Named derived from the constitutional theory developed by John C. Calhoun in an anonymous tract of 1828 titled The South Carolina Exposition and Protest)
Albert Gallatin
Best financial mind in the republican party; Secretary of the Treasury to Jefferson; . He was responsible for balancing the budget, which let America purchase the Louisiana territory from France. ;Reduced national debt (from 83 mill to 57 mill); Convinced Jefferson that the Bank of the U.S. was essential for financial stability and blocked efforts to dismantle it
What was Clay's goal with his program (protective tariff, a national bank, and federal subsidies for internal improvements)
Bind Americans together in an integrated national market
What were the effects of the Indian Removal Act?
Black Hawk; Worcester V Georgia; Trail of Tears
Cause of the Panic of 1837
Britain raised interest rates and reduced credit lines of British merchants heavily involved in U.S. trade ; cotton's value dropped leading to chain reaction of contracting credit and falling prices; (The federal government stopped accepting paper money for the purchase of land. Profits, prices, and wages went down while unemployment went up. The large sums of money that speculators borrowed from banks.)
How did white southerners fight abolitionists producing more than a million pieces of antislavery literature and sending to the South through U.S. mail?
Burned abolitionists tract, with the open approval of Jackson, violated federal law by censoring the mail to keep out antislavery materials
How did immigrants view temperance? How did nativist owkrers view temperance?
Business-class meddling in their lives; embrace the evangelical, middle-class ideology of temperance and self-help.
What was the only place the U.S. could strike directly against British forces?
Canada
Why did the birthrate decline by 25% in the first half of the nineteenth century? What was the result?
Children were no longer an economic assest as they'd been on a family farm; Parents devoted more care + money to child rearing + middle class children live at home longer and received more schooling than working class children
Why did Andrew Jackson veto the Maysville Road Bill?
Claimed it was unconstitutional because it benefited only citizens of Kentucky and not the U.S. people as a whole
How did Madison plan to weaken Britain's navy and force them to end the war on American terms?
Close off Canada as a source of supplies; Rely on U.S.
What did Federalists demand at the Hardford Convention?
Demand for eliminating the 3/5 clause by which slaves were counted for purposes of congressional admission of new states, declarations of war, and the imposition of embargoes.
Which issues brought immigrants and nativists together?
Demanded that black workers be confined to the most menial jobs
How did Southern congressmen responded to the call for abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia?
Demanded that free spech be repressed in the name of southern white security; gag rule (the enemy was fanaticism; Francis Pickens of SC claimed they "must meet it and strangle it in its infancy")
Were church affairs controlled democratically or monarchy after the Second Great Awakening?
Democratically
Saint Domingue was also known as
Haiti
Why did Aaron Burr kill Alexander Hamilton?
Hamilton's criticisms helped defeat him in New York's governor's race.
Nonintercourse Act (1809)
Replaced the Embargo Act. Lifted the stop of trade to foreign countries EXCEPT France and England. (prohibited U.S. trade with only Britain and France) Led to the war of 1812.
Why was Jackson a double hero to the Irish and the Baptists?
Defeated British enemy + promised to do the same to the Yankee capitalists of the Northeast and all the elitist politicians +MADE THEM BELIEVE DEMOCRACY HAD COME TO PRESIDENTIAL POLITICS
Why were British attacks (invasion south from Montreal down Lake Champlain in upstate New York, and an attack on Louisiana, raids to pin down U.S. Forces and undermine morale) so poorly timed in the War of 1812?
American Treasury was nearly bankrupt; Bank of United States not preserved; Inflation (state banks overissued paper money in the form of bank notes) ; Treasury forced to rely on makeshift loans (poorly subscribed)
Who killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804 in Weekhawken, New Jersey?
Aaron Burr
Why was Baptists and Methodists able to spread so fast?
Ability to give religious expression to the popular impulse behind democratic reform. Liternant preachers reshaped religion to fit the needs and values of ORDINARY AMERICANS
Embargo Act of 1807
Act passed by congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port
How did the Cherokee Natives react to Georgia's desire to claim all native territory/the stolen Creek Native land?
Adopted a constitution declaring themselves an independent nation with complete sovereignty over their land
Which southern states stripped Indigenous Americans of all legal rights?
Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia
What was the intent of the Anglo-Tejano leadership before the Battle of the Alamo? How did Santa Anna respond?
At first, the Anglo- Tejano leadership sought to overthrow Santa Anna, restore the constitution of 1824, and win separate statehood for Texas within a liberal Mexican republic. ; Refused to compromise, , radicalized the rebellion by raising a large army and pushed its leaders to declare complete independence
Chesapeake Incident
Attack in 1807 by the British ship Leopard on the American ship Chesapeake in American territorial waters ; Chespeake refused to be searched, Leopard killed 3 Americans
How did Jackson respond to Chief Justice John Marshall's rulings against the Indian Removal Act?
Aware that southerners and westerners were on his side, Jackson ignored the Supreme Court rulings and pushed Indian removal to its tragic conclusion
What were the largest denominations of Christianity by the 1820s?
Baptist + Methodist
How did Jefferson respond to the Chesapeake Incident? Why did he respond that way?
Barred U.S. ports to British warships; called for monetary compensation and an end to impressements ; America was unprepared for war and he believed the international law would settle disputes between nations
Significance of Battle of New Orleans
Happened 2 weeks after the treaty of Ghent was signed. Patriotism was restored and Jackson was a national hero. Ended possibility of a British sphere of influence in Louisiana. DEATHBLOW TO FEDERALISM
Why did nullifiers back down against Jackson?
Combo of carrot + stick / Force Bill + Compromise Tariff
The early labor movements two achievements were
Commonwealth VS. Hunt; Forced employers to accept the 10 hr work day as the standard for most skilled workers
Why did Adams insist that Monroe reject British overture (propositiion that the U.S. and Britain issue a joint declaration opposing any European attempt to re colonize South America or to assisst Spain in regaining its colonies)?
Confident that the U.S. would acquire Cali, Tex, and perhaps Cuba soon; Maintain the maximum freedom of action for future U.S. policy; avoid any impression that America was beholden to Brtain; Cement relations with the new nations of Latin America that he had refused to recognize formally until 1822
Salary Act of 1816
Congress voted itself a pay raise, public rejected 70% at next election, turning point in the transition from the deferential politics of the Federalist Republican period to the egalitarianism of the Jacksonian era (THE PUBLIC WOULD NO LONGER ACCEPT DECISIONS HANDED DOWN BY LOCAL ELITES OR ESTABLISHED NATIONAL FIGURES)
Flecher v Peck
Constitution applied to state laws- first time state law was deemed unconstitutional. (overturned a state law by ruling it violated a legal contract)
Effects of the Second Great Awakening
Converted countless souls 2) Shattered and reorganized churches and new sects 3) fostered new reform movements: prison reform, temperance, women's movement, and abolition (1) Increased church membership 2) Worked against social injustice 3) Temperance movement (anti-alcohol) )
Second Bank of the United States
Created by John C. Calhoun under Madison; modeled after Hamilton's bank of the US on a 20 year charter A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit ; nation's largest bank ; able to establish branches in any state
Battle of New Orleans
Decisive American War of 1812 victory over British troops in January 1815 that ended any British hopes of gaining control of the lower Mississippi River Valley
Louisiana Purchase Results
Doubled the size of the U.S.; Opened up another frontier for slaveholders in the lower Mississippi Valley; Spanish opposition to selling West Florida provoked the first challenge to Jefferson's authority --> Jefferson's failed bid for West Florida emboldened westerners to demand that Americans seize the territory by force (1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France for $15 million. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.)
Henry David Thoreau
EMBODIED THE TRANSCEDNENTALIST FASCINATION W/ NATURE AND SELF-DISCOVERY BY LIVING IN RELATIVE ISOLATION FOR 16 MONTHS AT WALDEN POND, NEAR CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS.; Walden; or, Life in The Woods (1854) AMERICAN CLASSIC (American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. )
Why did Man argue that the state gov assume centralized control over Massachusetts schools? Why'd the democrats oppose this argument?
Education prevents poverty + makes more educated voters ; Laboring poor would be broke if their money making kids were forced to go to school, Farmers didn't want to pay high taxes, Catholic Church was opposed to the Protestant moral structures
Tariff of 1816
First protective tariff in American history (20-25% tax on imported goods that could be produced in the U.S.) , created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from Britain's attempt to strangle U.S. industry using cheap imports, used with the 1.5 million dollars from the Bnak of the U.S. (a cash payment in return for its charter) for transportation projects
Battle of Put-In-Bay
Oliver Hazard Perry attacked British on Lake Erie, forced surrender of all 6 British ships; British forced to surrender Detroit (American naval victory on Lake Erie in September 1813 in the War of 1812 that denied the British strategic control over the Great Lakes)
George Catlin
Father of the American Environmental Revolution; protected environment/ Yellowstone Park in 1872 (Approached Indian cultures w/respect, and he realized that native peoples had a valid critique of the culture and values of white America ; depicted the Native American peoples of the Trans-Mississippi West just as they were about to be engulfed by a surging tide of white settlement ; FAILED ENTREPRENEUR; "Caitlin's Indian Gallery" ; Could tell Indians were about to vanish painter and student of the Native American life who helped advocate for the preservation of nature and proposed the idea of National Parks. The first being Yellowstone in 1872)
Samuel Slater
Father of the American factory system, stole the plans for the British textile system, started the 1st US textile factory ("Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.)
Nativism
Fear / Hatred of foreigners or catholicism
Maysville Road Bill
Federal funding for a Kentucky road (entirely in Kentucky, Clay's home state) , vetoed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830.
Was the outcome of Marbury V Madison in favor of republicans or federalists?
Federalists (the fed judicial system decided what's constitutional rather than the states deciding)
Why were Free African Americans against being sent to Africa?
Felt they were equal citizens; would violate principles of the republic of america
Where was pressure to remove the Natives most intense?
Georgia
In Cherokee Nation V. Georgia (1831) and Worcester v Georgia (1832), the Court ruled that
Georgia had violated the U.S. Constitution in extending its Jurisdiction over the Cherokees. Chief Justice John Marshall defined Indian tribes "dependent domestic nations" subject only to the authority of the federal government.
Cult of Domesticity
Glorified middle-class women's role in the home, serving as religious + moral leaders in the home, many women saw it as slavery, the Grimke sister were anti-slavery advocates (the belief that women, by virtue of their sex, should stay home as the moral guardians of family life) (
How did William Henry Harrison acquire most of southern Indiana in the Treaty of Vincennes of 1804?
Gov agents played one group against another and divided groups from within by lavishing money and goods on the more accommodationist Christianized Natives.
New Jersey's Constitution of 1776
Granted suffrage to single women and widows who owned property
What was the first mass based party + party to mold and organize the democratizing impulse in popular culture?
Jacksonian Democrats
Result of the battle of new orleans
January 8th 1815, Jackson defeated the British 2 weeks after the treaty was signed + became a national hero ;Decisive American War of 1812 victory over British troops in January 1815 that ended any British hopes of gaining control of the lower Mississippi River Valley) + deathblow to Federalism (More than 2000 British are killed only 13 Americans are lost)
Election of 1800
Jefferson + Burr had the same # of electoral votes (the electors didn't know the difference between voting for vice president and president), HOR DECIDED ON JEFFERSON IF HE ACCEPTED HAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PLAN ; Federalists in the House backed Burr ; Virginia and Pennsylvania mobilized their state militias a clear message that the Republicans were prepared to use force. Federalists yielded. (New York was the reason Jefferson won. first peaceful, orderly transfer of power via competitive elections Called "Revolution of 1800" Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President. )
Aaron Burr
Jefferson's presidential candidate who received the same number of electoral votes for the presidency. He later joined a group of Federalist extremists (Essex Junto) to plot the secession of New England and New York. He killed Alex Hamilton in a duel. He was arrested for treason. He was saved by the insistence of Chief Justice Marshall that the Constitution defined treason only as the waging of war against the U.S. or the rendering of aid to its enemies. (Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.)
Why did women constitute 1/3-1/2 of members in local temperance societies?
Lacking legal protections against abusive husbands who drank away the family resources, women had a compelling reason to join the crusade
Causes of American Settlement in Texas
Land cheaper in Texas Got more land, better opportunity for prospering Good land available crop practices exhausted soil Tejas is sparesely settled by only about 4000 Tejanos Conflict w/ Native Americans deters Mexicans from moving to Texas 1821- Mexico gains independence from Spain, expands trade with U.S. Mexico gives land grants to empresarios, such as Stephen Austin, to encourage Americans to settle in Texas
Second Seminole War (1835-1842)
Longest Indian War in U.S. History (6.7 years)
Hartford Convention
Made the Federalist Party fall apart; New England protested the war and considered leaving the U.S., it prospered until the British blockade in 1814, Vermont, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire met to restore trade and remove the 3/5 compromise; it was led by Federalists, and led to the end of the Federalist party (Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence)
What did the Missouri Crisis do?
Made white southerners aware that they were now a political minority within the Union. (More rapid population growth in the North had reduced southern representation in the House to just over 40% + there was a growing northern majority against the explain of slavery in Congress)
What was Jackson's intent when reforming the appointment process for federal officeholders (creating the spoils system)?
Make gov service more responsive to the popular will (Not self serving bureaucrats). Federal jobs required no special expertise or training and proposed to rotate honest, hard-working citizens in and out of the civil service
Commonwealth vs Hunt
Makes unions legal; many businesses call in scabs/strike breakers (hire during strike to keep your businesses) (a trade union is not necessarily subject to laws against criminal conspiracies and that a strike could be used to force employers to hire only union members)
How did Judge Marshall justify McCulloch vs. Maryland?
Marshall said that the Second Bank was constitutional because the necessary and proper clause meant that that federal gov could use any method for carrying out its powers (As long as the end was legitimate "within the scope of the Constitution" Congress had full power to use an means not expressly forbidden by the Constitution to achieve that end. ;Power to tax involves the power to destroy' "implied powers")
How did Americans view Federalists after the Battle of New Orleans (War of 1812)?
Parochial sulkers who put regional interests above the national good; quasi-traitors who'd been prepared to desert the country in the face of the enemy
How did republicans win the election of 1800?
Mobilizing voters through strong party organizations. Voter turnout in 1800 was TWICE what it'd been in the early 1790s, and most of the new voters were Republicans.
Why was the first year of War of 1812 unsuccessful?
Morale boosting but basically INSIGNIFICANT NAVAL VICTORIES; Most Canadians fought AGAINST the Americans; British naval squadrons redeployed to protect shipping + warships kept up a blockade that stifled trade
How the U.S. economy impacted by the Embargo Act of 1807?
Nearly all economic groups suffered (except manufacturers) , especially New England shippers and merchants
By the 1850s, black males could vote only in certain ___ _______ states
New England
Who saved the National Bank in the 1820s?
Nicholas Biddle of Philadelphia (bank was as popular as it could ever be)
Why did the American colonization society have no real chance of success?
No form of emancipation could appeal to slave owners who could profit from slave labor; society couldn't afford to pay for it; The society sent 1.4k colonists to Africa but during that same decade slave pop increased by more than 450k
Why was the Treaty of Ghent anti-climatic?
No territory changed; nothing was said about impressment or the rights of neutrals; restored relations to their status at the start of the war; Before the treaty was formally ratified, the British sent reinforcement to General Edward Pakenham, the commander of the Louisiana invade force (showed they weren't committed to the peace settlement)
Why did the South and north distrust Van Buren when it came to slavery?
North he was a "lackey of slave interests" ; South because he was a "non slaveholder from the North"
Washtingtonians (members of Washington Temperance Societies) insisted that workers could survive the depression if?
ONLY if They stopped drinking and adopted the temperance ethic of frugality and self-help
How did a more popular Christianity (baptist + methodist) spread across frontier areas, converting MARGINALIZED + COMMON FOLK?
Outward and downward
Who was responsible for transporting and provisioning the Natives during the implementation of the Indian Removal Act? What was the result?
Private groups that won federal contracts that entered the lowest bids + shady + only interested in a quick profit ; The Trail of Tears
Specie Circular
Proclamation issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836 stipulating that only gold or silver could be used as payment for public land.
William Lloyd Garrison
Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
Purpose of Tariff of 1816
Protective tariff to help US manufacturers get established; British sold their products at a loss to prevent American success (competition) (to protect American manufacturers/industry)
Comprimise Tariff in 1833
Provided for the lowering of tariff duties to 20% over a 10 yr period.
Pet Banks
Received all of the national funds upon the closing of the bank of the U.S., owned by Jackson's supporters (A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.)
Temperance
Reform movement originating in the 1820s that sought to eliminate the consumption of alcohol ; Abstinence from alcohol became the most telling evidence of middle-class respectability
What signaled the new pattern of Anglo-American cooperation?
Rush Bagot Agreement (1817)
Treaty of Ghent
Russian Tzar Alexander the 1st negotiated the treaty in belgim on December 24, 1814 (war of 1812 ends officially), returned prisoners, boundaries were presevered w/ no changes, it took 6 weeks for the news to reach America;
San Jacinto
Sam Houston's 900 troops defeated the 1300 troop Mexican Army, captured Santa Anna. (Houston's victory; ESTABLISHED THE INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS; the border dispute would between Texas and Mexico would not be resolved until the Mexican War a decade later)
Andrew Jackson history/backstory
Scots-Irish ancestry + Carolina frontier, self-made product of the southern backcountry, career as frontier lawyer and planter in Tennessee, WON FAME AS THE MILITARY SAVIOR OF THE REPUBLIC WITH HIS VICTORY AT THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS, popular in native South
Missouri Compromise
Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory
Anglo-American Accords
Series of agreements reached in the British-American Conventions of 1818 that fixed the western boundary between the United States and Canada, allowed for joint occupation of Oregon, and restored American fishing rights
Black Hawk's War
Short 1832 war in which federal troops and Illinois militia units defeated the Sauk and Fox Indians led by Black Hawk
Goliad
Shortly after the Alamo, about 400 surrendered Texans were slain by the Mexicans after they'd agreed to surrender (was caused by the battle of the alamo?)
What was considered the greatest sin of all according to immediatists?
Slavery
Why did the Independent Treasury System fail?
Specie was unavailable for loans in the private banking system
John Marshall
Staunch Fedeeralist appointed chief justice of the United States by President Adams in 1801
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Supreme Court Decision of 1819 that prohibited states from interfering with the privileges granted to a private corporation.(Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.)
McCulloch v. Maryland
Supreme Court decision of 1819 that upheld the constitutional authority of Congress to charter a national bank, and thereby to regulate the nation's currency and finances
What was the first profession open to women and allowed them to be paid low wages while waiting to be married? (Education)
Teachers
Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
Tecumseh vs William Harrison. Harrison went to attack Prophet Town; Tecumseh's capital city ; Tenskwatawa died, Harrison lost 1/4 of his men then realized he won later, it SHOWED THE BRITISH SUPPORTED THE UPRISING AND MADE HARRISON A WAR HERO WHICH HELPS HIM WIN HIS PRESIDENCY (U.S. forces - led by William Henry Harrison - defeated Tecumseh's confederacy then burned its headquarters at Prophet's town. *Historical Significance:* Tecumseh's confederacy allied with the British during the War of 1812; Harrison emerged as a war hero.)
Republicans replaced Jefferson's embargo act with?
The Nonintercourse Act
How did republicans fight back against the federalist judiciary?
The Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801
Where was the largest concentration of Native Americans? How many native nations? What were they?
The South ; 5 ; The Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles
What groups were Jackson popular with?
The South, Ordinary Americans who valued their locak independnce and felt threatended by outside centers of power beyond their control. ; Heavy majorities from SCOTS-IRISH FARMERS IN THE BAPTIST-METHODIST EVANGELICAL BELT OF THE BACK COUNTRY + UNSKILLED WORKERS WITH A IRISH CATHOLIC BACKGROUND.
the Battle of Baltimore at Fort McHenry
The Star Spangled Banner was written during this battle by Franic Scott Key, a younger lawyer (written to fit a british drinking song)
Trail of Tears
The forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to the Indian Territory in the West; thousands (ONE FOURTH) of Cherokees died along the way.
Where was support strongest for Clahoun's internal improvements bill? Opposition strongest?
The mid Atlantic and western states (benefit most economically) ' SouthEast/South (challenged states rights + encouraged nationalist interpretation of the Constitution)
Second Party System
The national two party competition between Democrats and Whigs from the 1830s through the early 1850s (The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824. The system was built from the bottom up as political participation became a mass phenomenon. )
Era of Good Feelings
The period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the Federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony + national pride (because of battle of new orleans)
The Precedent of Judicial Review
The power of the supreme court to rule on the constitutionality of federal law
What two principles defined Marshall's jurisprudence?
The primacy/supremacy of the Supreme Court in all matters of constitutional interpretation and the sanctity of contractual property rights
What saved the Missouri Compromise?
The proviso that it "Shall never be construed" to discriminate against citizens in other states ; Didn't allow free black americans into the state but was a free state
How did federalists view the War of 1812?
The real enemy was France (seized more U.S. ships than the British) ; saw it as a Frence inspired plot and predicted that it would end in financial ruin
Declaration of Sentiments
The resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 calling for full female equality, including the right to vote. ; modeled directly on the Declaration of Independence; defined male patriarchy as the source of women's oppression
What two priciples defined Marshall's juriprudence?
The supremacy of the the Supreme Court in all matters of constitional interpretation and the sanctity of contractual property rights
What triggered the Pan-Indian resistance movement?
The unceasing demand of Americans for ever more Indian land (not British incitement)
Why did Natives leave if force was NOT authorized by the Indian Removal Act and Jackson stressed that REMOVAL SHOULD BE VOLUNTARY?
There was no federal protection provided for Natives harassed into leaving by land-hungry settlers.
How did the Georgia legislature react to Cherokee declaration as independent nation?
They placed the Cherokees directly under state law : 1) Annulled Cherokee laws / right to make laws 2) Legally defined Cherokees as tenants on land belonging to the state of Georgia 3) Prohibited Native testimony in cases against white people, the legislature stripped the Cherokee of any legal rights
Why did white farmers want to remove natives from their land?
They wanted the land for their own economic gain. They controlled millions of acres of land in what would soon become the disgusting ass gravesite (or to a white man "Great") frontiers of southwestern Georgia and central Alabama and Mississippi
Why were African Americans drawn to evangelicalism?
They welcomed slaves at their revivals, encouraged black preachers, and above all else, advocated secular and spiritual equality. Able to merge it with folk beliefs from their African heritage
Why did free black northerners found their own independent churches?
They were denied positions of authority in white-dominated churches and resentful of white opposition to integrated worship
How did the panic of 1837 affect state governments?
They were forced to slash their budgets and halt all construction projects (they'd borrowed a lot during the boom years to finance canals and other internal improvements)
How did Madison view British commercial restrictions?
They weren't just a defensive measure aimed at France, but also an aggressive ATTEMPT TO REDUCE THE U.S. THE PERMANENT STATUS OF COLONIAL DEPENDENT.
Anti-Masons
Third party formed in 1827 in opposition to the presumed power and influence of the Masonic order ; First party to combine demands for equal opportunity with calls for the moral reform of a sinful society; First party to select their presidential ticket in a national nominating convention, a precedent immediately followed by the Whigs and Democrats
Why were pet banks required to replace small-denomination bank notes with coins or hard money?
To protect the farmers and workers from being paid in depreciated bank notes
Why did Clay convince Biddle to apply to Congress for a new charter, even though the current charter would not expire until 1836?
To trap Jackson: If Jackson went along with the new charter, Clay would take credit for the measure and if he vetoed it, Clay would attack Jackson as the enemy of a sound banking system
Advocates of greater democratization explicitly argued that only white males had the intelligence and love of liberty to he entrusted with political rights. What was wrong with women? Black people?
Too weak and emotional ; too lazy and lascivious
What problems did the U.S. face when waging war?
Trade falling apart (Lack of funding to support the war) 2) Bank of U.S. not renewed, state banks over issued currency 3) Army was unprepared 4) led by old revolutionary generals
Trans-continental treaty of 1819
Treaty between the United States and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States, surrendered all claims to the Pacific Northwest, and agreed to a boundary between the Louisiana Purchase territory and the Spanish Southwest
Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
Treaty of 1817 between the United States and the Britain that effectively demilitarized the Great Lakes by sharply limiting the number of ships each power could station on them
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
Treaty signed in December 1814 between the United States and Britain that ended the War of 1812
What did the Congregationalists churches in New England (Federalists) preach about the War of 1812?
True Christians opposed a war "against the nation from which we are descended, and which for many generations has been the bulwark of the religion we profess" ; ANTI WAR
The evangelical revivals converted ______ as many women as men
Twice
Tecumseh and his brother Tenskarawa "the Prophet"
Two Shawness who created a confederacy of East Mississippi tribes to fight the enroachment of the white man; UNITE TRIBES THROUGHOUT THE WEST TO STOP WHITE MAN FROM SEALING THEIR LAND
The War of 1812 was largely a LAND WAR because?
U.S. navy too small to do anything more than harass the powerful British navy
As political opportunities expanded for white males, they shrank for ______ and ______ black people.
Women ; free
Judiciary Act of 1801
a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists (Law passed by the expiring Federalist Congress that created sixteen new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. Some said it was the Federalists' attempt to keep their party powerful in one of the three branches of government. It was deemed unconstitutional in the Marbury vs. Madison case.)
Samuel Chase
an ardent Federalist, and the only Supreme Court Justice ever to be impeached. In 1796 he was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by president Washington. This was after he served as Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland in 1791. In 1804, for alleged prejudice against the Jeffersonians in treason and sedition trials. ; He was the only Supreme Court Justice ever to be (acquitted by the Senate?)
Lewis and Clark Expedition
an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States ; although known for its scientific discoveries, it was INITIALLY A MILITARY MISSION
Andrew Jackson in the war of 1812
led Americans in the Battle of New Orleans (hero of new orleans); Crushed Native resistance in the Old Southwest at the BATTLE OF HORSHOE BEND in March 1814 (largest Native death toll in the history of American-Native warfare) then foreced them to cede 2/3 of their territory to the U.S.
Profits were so great for American merchants during the French vs British war that merchants made money even when ________________________________________
only one-third of their ships evaded the blockades
American Colonization Society
organization founded in 1817 by antislavery reformers that called for gradual emancipation and removal of freed blacks to Africa
Seneca Falls Convention
the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written
John Marshall's decisions upheld the principle of
the supremacy of national laws over state laws. (Judicial Nationalism)
