CHD 201 Final Exam
T or F? According to Alan Fogel, the feelings behind affectionate behavior may be more important than the behavior itself.
True
T or F? According to the text, some early childhood assessment practices may actually present a danger to child growth and development.
True
T or F? Children develop almost all the speech skills they will use throughout life during the preoperational stage (three to five years old).
True
T or F? Children who experience food insecurity during the preschool years are more likely to experience poor health and to have health problems that require hospitalization.
True
T or F? Even though there is evidence that we inherit characteristics such as sociability and shyness, recent research holds that psychological factors are much stronger than biological factors.
True
T or F? Evidence suggests that teachers certified in elementary education were more likely to use inappropriate practices than those with early childhood certification.
True
T or F? For caregivers, socializing with and stimulating an infant are important aspects of the feeding process.
True
T or F? Gartrell suggests that guidelines are better than rules because rules tend to be stated negatively, whereas guidelines are usually expressed in a positive way.
True
T or F? In order to create an effective individual instruction program, an educator should consider classroom, home, and neighborhood performance along with any information from formal or informal testing.
True
T or F? Plasticity in young children's brains accounts for their ability to learn new skills much more quickly than adults.
True
T or F? Research has shown that powerful environmental conditions, such as overeating or smoking, can influence genetic development and pass on new traits.
True
T or F? Story reading and writing sessions seem to be of most value to children if there is reciprocal interaction and reinforcement of the child's use of both oral and written language.
True
T or F? Studies by Snow and associates suggests that the greatest language value is attained when activities are repeated to the point that children are able to take over and control the activity.
True
T or F? Studies have shown that adolescents who had viewed educational television as preschoolers had higher grades, read more books, and placed more value on achievement than those who had not watched educational programs as preschoolers.
True
Authentic assessment is defined as which of the following? a. an evaluation based on metrics b. performance that reflects a required skill c. a measurement of classroom quality d. a minimal amount of specific test preparation
A
For both Freud and Erikson, the central focus of the early toddler stage centers around which of the following? a. toilet training b. language development c. emotional independence d. motor skills development
A
Ninety-five percent of the fetus's body parts develop during which of the following developmental phase? a. embryonic b. amniotic c. zygotic d. cytoplasmic
A
Temperament is defined as which of the following? a. a persistent pattern of emotion and emotion regulation in relation to people and things in the environment b. the tendency toward being uninhibited when interacting with others, especially during infancy c. a character trait that is developed after birth in response to environmental influences d. behavioral characteristics that change as a child moves from infancy through adolescence
A
The text describes which of the following as a feature of learning? a. extinction b. immediate application of a learned behavior c. interpreting sounds d. mastering the application of meta-memory
A
T or F? Child development theories are designed to show the correlation between the rules that explain behavior so educators can predict what happens when children grow and learn
False
T or F? Dual language learning is said to enhance cognitive development because toddlers are learning two different language structures simultaneously.
False
T or F? From Bandura's point of view, the focal point is the toddler moving from the sensorimotor period to the preoperational period.
False
T or F? The Apgar scale measures heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, color, visual response, and reflexes?
False
True or False? Studies have shown that children who are insecure as infants will have behavior problems.
False
Research evaluating bilingual early childhood programs indicates that children from programs that develop proficiency in both languages hold the advantage in which of the following areas? a. divergent thinking ability b. cognitive complexity c. translating spoken languages d. cultural awareness
A
The apprenticeship model of teaching operates on which of the following principles? a. Education must begin where the student is. b. Human minds are designed for complex, situated learning. c. Human learning is a social enterprise. d. Practice makes perfect.
A B C
A developmentally appropriate preschool curriculum should include which of the following? a. plenty of unstructured play time b. standardized achievement tests geared toward material they have studied c. worksheet activities that teach abstract concepts about animals d. plenty of large group activities
A
According to Erikson's theory of child development, which of the following is described as the stage during which children develop a conscience? a. initiative versus guilt b. self-actualization c. industry versus inferiority d. latency
A
The text lists which of the following as a fundamental motor skill? a. leaping and skipping b. muscle memory c. specialized movements d. manipulating small objects
A
Ultimately, for teaching techniques to be effective, they must be which of the following type? a. facilitative b. game-based c. technology based d. didactic
A
What type of learning is taking place when a child watches what other children do and then does the same to receive positive reinforcement? a. observational learning b. relational learning c. situational learning d. direct learning
A
Which of the following is cited as one of the drawbacks of the increase in organized sports for primary-age children? a. There are fewer opportunities for children to explore developing their own games. b. Lower-income children don't get as many opportunities to participate. c. Affective skills are not mature enough at this age. d. Primary-age brains are not developed well enough to follow game rules.
A
Which of the following strategies are suggested to help support the development of the muscle skills needed for preschool children to learn to write? a. Provide garden tools and kitchen utensils. b. Provide small, rather than large, diameter pencils. c. Teach young children to connect lines with circles. d. Construct letter-shaped playground equipment.
A
Why is keeping a growth chart for children an important practice? a. to monitor whether growth is in range b. to verify doctor's records c. to measure GH deficiencies d. to prepare for growth spurts
A
According to the text, most affective curriculum is based on which of the following? a. spontaneous, unplanned events b. the ability to respond in a sensitive manner c. sensitivity to what children mean and what they feel d. adhering to a regular schedule
A B C
Characteristics of children's development that should be considered when planning multicultural activities include which of the following? a. Young children are curious about their own and others' physical and cultural characteristics. b. Young children develop prejudice as they absorb negative attitudes, misinformation, and stereotypes from surroundings. c. Young children are learning about who is and who isn't important. d. Young children construct their sense of personal identity from ideas about race, gender, and ethnicity.
A B C
For children with motor disabilities, assistive technologies that support both gross and fine motor skills include which of the following? a. computers used for cooperative play b. hand-held electronic toys c. remote controls for TV or DVD player d. new glasses
A B C
Kagan and Scott-Little identify which of the following cautions where determining readiness is concerned? a. Experience strongly affects development. b. Childhood development is individual. c. Standards may be too academically oriented. d. Readiness is a culturally defined term.
A B C
Poverty-related factors in early childhood that predict later behavior problems include which of the following? a. neighborhood and family violence b. harsh discipline c. more transient peer groups d. exposure to television violence
A B C
Skills that relate to success in school include which of the following? a. social and emotional development b. physical well-being c. cognition and general knowledge d. individual intelligence quotient
A B C
Studies conducted in Kentucky revealed which of the following to be characteristic of high-performing schools? a. more student independence b. individualized curriculum c. more open-ended discussion d. more focus on state standards
A B C
To help dispel sex-role stereotypes regarding career choices, one researcher concluded that which of the following needs to take place? a. Career education should be integrated throughout the educational process. b. Girls should be introduced to more traditionally masculine career options. c. Boys should be introduced to more traditionally feminine career options. d. Mothers should exercise more influence over their children's career choices than fathers.
A B C
Which of the following are among the factors necessary for creating an inclusive environment for students with disabilities? a. Schools must manage their own change to an inclusive environment. b. Inclusion programs must be individualized for each school. c. Differences among students should become an ordinary part of classroom life. d. There should be a specific schedule for accomplishing full inclusion.
A B C
Which of the following are described by Karen Hartman as skills young people will need in order to be prepared for adulthood? a. decision making b. focus c. independence d. spontaneity
A B C
Which of the following are included in a definition of discipline that retains its original, positive connotation? a. training that develops character b. orderliness and efficiency c. instruction in appropriate social behavior d. time-out
A B C
Barriers to a smooth transition among kindergarten, preschool, and primary grades include which of the following? a. inappropriate placement procedures b. ineffective instructional strategies c. children and parents who resist change d. lack of qualified teachers and administrators
A B D
Examples cited in the text of classroom activity areas that would support writing and other language skills include which of the following? a. a play kitchen stocked with food cartons b. a home center containing books, notepads, and pencils c. a farm center with plastic livestock and farm equipment d. a shopping center with handmade store signs and messages
A B D
Fine motor skills attained by a typical two-year-old include which of the following? a. grasps large crayon with fist b. opens doors by turning knobs c. drinks from glass or cup d. stacks four to six objects
A B D
Nel Noddings describes three types of caring, including which of the following? a. teachers who are conscientious b. teachers who are cruel and uncaring c. teachers who are indifferent d. teachers who build trusting relationships
A B D
Peer interaction can give primary-age children important experience in which of the following areas? a. decision making b. understanding that other people have different points of view c. approaching a group silently d. winning and losing
A B D
Principles for fostering moral growth include which of the following? a. Children learn sharing, cooperation, and fairness from peer interactions. b. Children learn social standards, rules, and conventions through relationships with adults. c. Moral growth in school settings is determined by the rules established by the school. d. Moral awareness is built from within, not imposed from others.
A B D
Programs designed to teach food nutrition to young children should include which of the following? a. food-related games b. opportunities to taste, touch, and prepare a variety of foods c. information about calorie values d. books and movies about food
A B D
Researchers describe which of the following characteristics of adult-child interactions that are critical to the encouragement of literacy development? a. positive reinforcement of children's responses b. labeling important parts of conversations c. discussing diverse topics d. verbal interactions during story reading
A B D
Researchers have described three types of social withdrawal behavior, including which of the following? a. playing quietly with objects b. solitary dramatizing c. playing with imaginary friends d. watching but not participating
A B D
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation programs designed to help children grow up at a healthy weight are based on which of the following priorities? a. Physical activity will be integrated into children's daily routine. b. Children ages 0-5 will no longer consume sugar sweetened beverages. c. Children ages 3-8 will eat a low-carb, no-fat diet. d. Healthy foods and beverages will be affordable.
A B D
Classroom practices that will help develop democratic character include which of the following? a. providing positive guidance b. teaching personal responsibility c. using preventive discipline d. implementing consequences
A B C
The text describes which of the following as basic preoperational concepts? a. classification b. seriation c. centering d. causality
A B D
Which of the following are described as structured activities that support bilingual development? a. repetitive rhymes b. puzzles c. worksheets d. songs
A B D
Which of the following are indicated as developmentally appropriate activities for a child in the concrete operational stage? a. integrated curriculum b. individualized instruction c. opportunities to plan and select activities d. ongoing, in-depth project work
A B D
Which of the following describe reasons why some child care professionals are opposed to "superhero" play? a. It is too prone to accidents. b. It is too male oriented. c. It is too unrealistic. d. It is too aggressive.
A B D
Which of the following describe ways intentional teachers create an environment that encourages learning? a. asking divergent questions b. supporting collaboration c. avoiding controversial subjects d. encouraging writing and drawing
A B D
Characteristics of induction, as a guidance technique, include which of the following? a. using logic to reason with the child b. inducing the child with the promise of reward c. involving the child in decision making d. withholding approval to communicate displeasure
A C
"Rough and tumble" play is encouraged for which of the following reasons? a. Evidence suggests it benefits decision making. b. It teaches aggressive behavior necessary for survival. c. It aids in muscle development. d. It benefits cognitive development.
A C D
Basic principles of Piaget's work that should be applied to teaching include which of the following? a. Learning should be designed from the child's point of view. b. Children should be taught abstract concepts to help develop imagination. c. Teaching should be appropriate to the child's developmental stage. d. Teaching should be individualized.
A C D
Child-guided reading experiences can help develop which of the following? a. knowledge of environmental print b. language fluency c. an interest in print materials d. visual discrimination skills
A C D
Conversation techniques used by caregivers should include which of the following? a. discussing feelings b. controlling the time of discussions c. talking with children in various sized groups d. introducing new vocabulary
A C D
Studies on the social development of children with disabilities have found which of the following to be true? a. Children with disabilities develop at a higher rate in integrated settings. b. Children with disabilities engage in more social play than parallel play. c. Inclusive preschool classes help typical children accept diversity in others. d. Parallel play provides a gateway into typical social life for children with disabilities.
A C D
The text suggests which of the following as supportive of creative thinking? a. guiding children to find answers b. a chaotic classroom c. allowing children to follow their passions d. encouraging role-playing
A C D
Which of the following are included in the list of multiple intelligences? a. musical intelligence b. environmental intelligence c. kinesthetic intelligence d. spatial intelligence
A C D
Which of the following questions might be used to promote creative thinking? a. What if fish had legs? b. Which horse is the biggest? c. What makes a bird fly? d. Why are oranges orange?
A C D
Being able to explain answers in math is just as important as getting the answer right during the primary years. Why is this so? a. because children can memorize math procedures without understanding what they are doing b. because students will have to show their work when they are older c. to reduce the possibility of copying from other students d. discussing answers to math questions can help add meaning, which supports learning
A D
Lack of appropriate play experience in early childhood can result in which of the following? a. increased aggressiveness b. gender-specific social issues c. inappropriate touching d. inhibited pretend play
A D
Which of the following are identified as NAEYC guidelines for adult decision making for teachers? a. creating a caring community of learners b. establishing reciprocal relationships with families c. Teachers are familiar with and understand skills key for each age group. d. teaching to enhance development and learning
A D
According to the text, toddlers are rapidly developing which of these sets of competencies? a. affective, cognitive, and intrinsic skills b. motor, cognitive, and affective skills c. cognitive, motor, and language skills d. affective, motor, and spatial skills
B
According to the text, which of the following is the foundation for good discipline? a. a clear set of rules b. unconditional love c. appropriately applied firmness d. consistent responses to behavior
B
Albert Einstein contributed to an understanding that which of the following are characteristic of a creative mind? a. a higher overall level of intelligence b. a high degree of connectivity c. above-average leadership ability d. an emphasis on convergent thinking
B
Authentic dialogue with children is important for which of the following reasons? a. It provides an opportunity to give guidance. b. It provides an opportunity to model language just above the child's ZPD. c. Scaffolding can't occur with authentic dialogue. d. It increases the child's trust in you because they know when adults aren't being authentic.
B
Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bandura all subscribed to which of the following ideas? a. Children cannot learn abstract concepts outside a social context. b. The ability to understand and use symbols is the foundation of cognition. c. Object permanence is a prerequisite to critical thinking skills. d. Real learning can occur only within the child's ZPD.
B
When teachers get to know their students well, listen to their students, plan individually, and are alert to signs of stress and trauma, they are addressing the requirements for which of the following DAP guidelines? a. Teachers are familiar with and understand skills key for each age group. b. teaching to enhance development c. establishing reciprocal relationships with families d. creating a caring community of learners
B
Which of the following describe ways adults can encourage creativity? a. Set up specific time periods for practicing creativity. b. Help children appreciate themselves for being different. c. Expose them to videos based on fairy tales. d. Help children judge other children's feelings.
B
Which of the following describes an activity that can be observed when assessing fine motor skill development? a. throwing b. cutting c. clapping d. singing
B
Which of the following describes the information-processing approach to understanding intelligence? a. Intelligence is composed of three ability areas: analytical, creative, and practical. b. Emphasis is placed on the process the individual uses to solve problems. c. Learners increase their cognitive abilities based on their innate abilities. d. Children are evaluated in their natural environments.
B
Why is important to provide primary-age children with tasks that fall within their range of abilities? a. During the primary years, children are separating ties from their parents and need feedback from other adults. b. Primary-age children are deeply affected by experiences that make them feel inferior and unproductive. c. The parents of primary-age children expect their children to show improvement. d. Children who receive positive feedback during the primary years perform better on standardized tests.
B
Studies conducted by Shirley Bryce Heath suggest which of the following to be true of effective approaches to teaching language? a. Teachers must repeat children's vocalizations to support understanding. b. Teachers must work with what the child brings to school. c. Teachers must understand the child's community language environment. d. Teachers must emphasize learning mainstream speech.
B C
According to Fogel, which of the following represent one of the three main aspects of affection giving? a. To be effective, the adult must feel that the child needs affection. b. Love helps children feel competent and secure. c. Adults' past experiences affect their reactions to children's needs for love. d. Children need love from a warm and accepting adult.
B C D
Adhering to developmentally appropriate practices in kindergarten classes can have a positive effect on which of the following in later grades? a. girls' reading comprehension b. math comprehension c. hostility and aggression d. the achievement gap between high- and low-SES children
B C D
In general terms, when dealing with questions about sexuality and reproduction, adult child care providers should follow which of the following guidelines? a. Defer questions to parents. b. Give honest answers. c. Keep explanations simple. d. Respect children's level of understanding.
B C D
Strategies for helping shy children adjust include which of the following? a. Pick them to make class presentations as often as possible. b. Don't use the label "shy." c. Tell the child about times when you acted bashful. d. Show empathy when the child feels afraid to interact.
B C D
The text describes which of the following as characteristics common to exemplary teachers? a. progress assessed on level of achievement attained from test results b. at least half the day devoted to reading and writing activities c. greater use of open-ended questions d. more complex assignments that take longer to complete
B C D
The text offers which of the following as the definition of affective development? a. the development of emotional response stimuli b. the development of social, emotional, and personality characteristics and self-concept c. the development of the id, the ego, and the superego d. the development of emotional, moral, and sexual self-awareness
B C D
The text offers which of the following guidelines for preschool physical activities? a. limited free play time for obese children b. opportunities for children with disabilities to engage c. several hours of unstructured play d. at least 60 minutes of structured physical activity
B C D
Though poverty is at the root of food insecurity, other contributing factors include which of the following? a. cultural differences b. level of support by a nonresident father c. the primary caregivers' mental and physical health d. marital status of household head
B C D
When creating play-based learning activities, the predominant teaching strategies should include which of the following? a. guided instruction b. movement exploration c. creative problem solving d. guided discovery
B C D
Which of the following are characteristic of moral reasoning in three-, four-, and five-year-olds? a. They use reasoning to distinguish between right and wrong. b. They are most interested in their own welfare and pleasure. c. They fear punishment and loss of approval. d. Their values are situation specific.
B C D
Which of the following are included in the criticisms of IQ scoring? a. Not enough research has been conducted to validate test results. b. Scores have been misused to label as developmentally disabled children who really were not. c. Test preparation and test taking raise stress levels. d. Test content is unfair to children who may not have strong English language skills.
B C D
Which of the following describes activities that, according to Snow and colleagues, parents should engage in with their children? a. practicing writing skills b. formal games such as peek-a-boo c. book reading accompanied by questions d. instructional games
B C D
Which of the following describes the role that the expressive arts play in learning? a. They are an important component of CCSS. b. They enhance symbolic development. c. They provide a medium for creativity. d. They foster reflective learning.
B C D
Why is it important for adults who work with young children to be considerate of the cultural customs and environmental circumstances of the children in their care? a. Teachers who get to know their students well and plan individually are alert to signs of stress and trauma. b. The place of authority figures in a child's life may vary among different ethnic groups. c. Issues like economic hardship and family ecology influence the affective development of young children. d. Different ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic groups may have different views on what acceptable behavior is.
B C D
According to the text, the potential negative side effects of using corporal punishment to discipline a child include which of the following? a. developing a fear of the parent b. developing a fear of physical contact c. developing the belief that hitting is okay d. poor self-esteem e. aggressive behavior/bullying
B C D E
According to Piaget, which of the following describes the order of development of cognitive structure? a. schema, schemata, concept b. generalization, preconcept, concept c. schemata, preconcept, concept d. preconcept, concept, schema
C
All but which of the following are characteristic of an early childhood programs that emphasize the emotional nature of the teacher-child relationship? a. adult awareness of children's emotional responses b. the selection of activities to meet children's emotional needs c. time and training devoted to individual emotional assessments d. the open expression of feelings by children and adults
C
Research into the results of educational programs focused on character development reveal which of the following? a. Teaching character as a separate subject provides a heightened awareness of its importance. b. Character education should be taught as a separate subject in school curricula. c. Character education should be integrated into other subjects and routine activities. d. Children enjoyed a period of success that dwindled as CORE standards replaced nontraditional curriculum.
C
The ability to classify is important for which of the following reasons? a. Classification assists children in the process of organizing their belongings. b. It is first in the learning sequence of classification, conservation, and seriation. c. Classification is a fundamental part of math and science. d. It supports understanding the fact that you don't drive a sweater.
C
Which of the following describes the sequence of cognitive functioning? a. input, output, feedback, processing b. perception, processing, output c. stimulus, mental activity, response, feedback d. input, output, processing, feedback
C
The Goal 1 assessment resource group identified four reasons to conduct assessments, including which of the following? a. to assure fairness in the assessment criteria b. to establish trends and standards for advancing students c. to promote learning and development d. to identify children who need health and special services
C D
According to Piaget's theories, primary-age children are in which stage of development? a. concrete operational b. preoperational c. in transition to preoperational d. in transition to concrete operational
D
According to Piaget, which of the following provide the environment through which children can learn moral behavior? a. feedback from siblings and peers b. direct instruction in moral principles c. application of strict disciplinary action d. freedom to determine how to apply moral rules in different situations
D
Multiple studies have shown that adult involvement in young children's play becomes less beneficial to the child starting at about what age? a. three b. six c. four d. five
D
Social interaction is a valuable part of developing intellectual autonomy for which of the following reasons? a. Most of our education is based on the belief that knowledge comes from the teacher. b. Children prefer interacting with each other during games with rules. c. Interaction is the means by which children establish social order. d. Comparing answers forces children to think about what they are doing.
D
Studies on peer reinforcement behavior have found which of the following to be true? a. Children give more positive reinforcement to others when drawing or playing with toys. b. Girls give more positive reinforcement to others than boys. c. The older children get, the less positive reinforcement they give each other. d. Children who give the most positive reinforcement to others receive the most in return.
D
The text describes which of the following safety hazards that are faced by preschoolers today in the US? a. playground accidents b. exposure to violence c. parents who smoke d. environmental hazards
D
The text offers which of the following cautions with regard to the value of love? a. Adults need children to whom they can express their feelings of love and affection. b. Any good relationship must be based on love and affection. c. Adults who do not love a child can do more harm than good. d. Acceptance and respect are the most necessary ingredients for a good relationship.
D
What behavior modification approaches are intended to create an opportunity to engage an aggressive, antisocial, destructive child in positive social behavior? a. distraction and redirection b. logic and reason c. reward and punishment d. shaping and modeling
D
Which of the following accurately describes motor skills attained by a typical one-year-old? a. uses feet to propel wheeled toys b. squats when playing c. falls less often d. picks up objects and throws them
D
Which of the following describes an indication that a child has entered the concrete operational stage? a. He or she begins to think about what could be rather than what is. b. He or she has reached the age of seven. c. Actions take place internally. d. He or she can mentally retain several variables at once.
D
Which of the following represent more positive techniques for creating an effective learning environment? a. behavior management b. classic conditioning c. classroom management d. guidance techniques
D
Which of the following theorists focused his social theory on sociomoral development as the child moves toward autonomy and self-regulation? a. Skinner b. Bandura c. Vygotsky d. Piaget
D
T or F? A socially competent individual is someone who can use environmental and personal resources to distinguish themselves as better than their peers.
False
T or F? According to Isenberg and Jalongo, to be considered creative, a behavior must meet four basic criteria of the child's thinking process, including originality, relevancy, fluency, and scalability.
False
T or F? According to the text, health education can be most effectively taught when presented independently through a health/science curriculum.
False
T or F? Preschoolers are capable of empathizing with a variety of feelings such as happiness, sadness, frustration, and embarrassment.
False
T or F? Studies by Eley and colleagues demonstrated that nonaggressive antisocial behavior is most strongly influenced by genetics, while aggressive antisocial behavior is influenced by environmental factors.
False
T or F? The text defines self-esteem as how the child views himself or herself, how he or she looks, and how his or her body acts.
False
T or F? The text describes the natural progression of gross motor skills as a pattern from preparation, to action, and reaction.
False
T or F? Though the results of studies have been inconsistent, the overall conclusion is that computer-assisted instruction will help children learn to read better, faster, and at an earlier age.
False
Which of the following are described as characteristics of attachment? a. Infants become attached to the people who play and interact with them. b. After an absence, the infant responds with caution. c. By twelve months the infant responds mainly to the primary caregiver. d. During the first six months the infant responds positively to any person.
A
Which of the following describe ways in which frequent turnover in child care centers can have an impact on infant attachment security? a. Nine months appears to be the critical amount of time needed for infants to develop a secure relationship. b. High turnover creates unwanted stress on care center staff and administrators. c. The cost of hiring and training new employees takes funds away from programs children need. d. Separation from the parent can cause both the infant and parent to become distressed.
A
The Center for Law and Social Policy, along with Zero to Three, developed a policy framework for infant child care that includes which of the following? a. healthy and safe environments in which to explore and learn b. family access to quality options for infant care c. monthly meetings with parents d. fully paid health care
A B
According to the text, children of teenage mothers are more likely to be subject to which of the following? a. low birth weight b. mental retardation c. death d. anoxia
A B C
In the first stage of development the zygote forms two layers of cells that become which of the following? a. the placenta b. the amniotic sac c. the embryo d. the umbilical cord
A B C
Motor skills development is influenced by which of the following? a. nutrition b. ethnicity c. genetics d. birth time
A B C
Recommended precautions for someone having a child include which of the following? a. regular medical checkups while pregnant b. attending childbirth education classes c. having a complete physical checkup before getting pregnant d. having an ultrasound examination
A B C
The text cites which of the following as contributing to an infant's ability to develop sensory competencies? a. Some infants are born without all the necessary sensory and/or motor capabilities. b. experiences that provide many types of stimuli c. Children must have practice in perceiving: tasting, touching, hearing, smelling, and seeing. d. cognitive, physical, social, emotional, and adaptive development
A B C
Which of the following describe maternal experiences and personal habits that can influence a developing fetus? a. x-ray exposure b. substance abuse c. smoking d. genital herpes
A B C
Which of the following represent basic principles of physical growth? a. sequential growth b. variations in growth c. directional growth d. specific to general growth
A B C
Which of the following represent laws that were enacted to address the needs of children with disabilities? a. the Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986 b. the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 c. the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1978 d. the Autism Spectrum Disorders Act (ASDA) of 2010
A B C
Delivery practices that have been criticized as being too hard on both the newborn and the parents include which of the following? a. separating the mother from her newborn infant b. routinely using forceps for delivery c. delaying labor with chemicals d. separating the mother from her family during labor and childbirth
A B D
Newborns move in and out of six different states of arousal, including which of the following? a. drowsiness b. crying c. irregular sleepiness d. active alertness
A B D
Play is the major vehicle for development in which of the following areas? a. affective b. motor c. reflective d. cognitive
A B D
Self-confidence, critical to maintaining an interest in learning, can be encouraged by employing which of the following? a. introducing challenges incrementally so children can achieve success at different levels b. noticing each child's accomplishments c. providing time and encouragement to promote social competence d. creating a well-organized space and a consistent schedule
A B D
The text cites a number of challenges parents face with regard to finding suitable child care for infants. These include which of the following? a. caregiver wages b. the cost of child care c. low child-adult ratios d. caregiver training
A B D
The text cites which of the following as important design elements in creating a high-quality infant environment? a. The environment must be interesting and rich. b. The environment must not be overstimulating. c. The environment must provide a sense of excitement. d. The environment must be physically and psychologically safe.
A B D
The text cites which of the following as important factors in the health of infants? a. nutrition b. poverty c. infant mortality d. proper medical care
A B D
The text cites which of the following as practices that might help avoid burnout? a. Learn how to advocate for your own needs. b. Carve out time for self-indulgence, whatever that means for you. c. Set high standards to increase your sense of accomplishment. d. Be aware of the unique ways in which you respond to stress.
A B D
The text describes three major areas of cognitive development that occur during infancy, including which of the following? a. planning b. object manipulation c. object recognition d. categorization
A B D
The text describes which of the following effective behavior modification techniques? a. positive reinforcement b. substitution c. punishment d. redirection
A B D
Which of the following are described as risks posed by exposure to digital media? a. Television fails to support the development of an understanding of how people are alike and different. b. Television gives a distorted picture of sex roles. c. Digital media leads to physical trauma. d. Digital media does not help children develop a sense of autonomy and connection.
A B D
Which of the following describe ways to encourage true cooperative problem solving in the classroom? a. Provide opportunities for children to test the validity of their solutions. b. Plan activities in which children have a shared goal. c. Provide an environment that supports cognitive growth problems. d. Include goals that are intrinsically interesting to the children.
A B D
Which of the following represent characteristics of beginning speakers? a. Expressive speakers use pronouns extensively. b. Expressive speakers use much more diverse speech. c. Referential speakers tend to use compressed sentences. d. Referential speakers mainly use nouns.
A B D
Which of the following should be addressed in order to ensure a quality learning environment? a. the number of male staff members b. a high staff-per-child ratio c. complementary ethnic representation d. low staff turnover
A B D
Which one of the following is a characteristic of children in the primary years? a. They can better manage school responsibilities. b. They understand the need for privacy. c. Their developmental issues are more evident. d. They enjoy being challenged.
A B D
When a child encounters a new object, he or she usually goes through a sequence of four activities. According to the text, these include which of the following? a. repetition b. exploration c. experimentation d. practice e. manipulation
A B D E
According to the text, which of the following represents an important guideline when introducing digital media to the classroom? a. Carefully select technology, and make sure it is used in developmentally appropriate ways. b. Use technology as an effective substitute for hands-on materials, when available. c. Provide infants and toddlers with toy representations of digital objects so they can incorporate these items into their play. d. Provide opportunities for school-age children to explore a wide range of electronic platforms.
A C D
Adults can promote focus and self-control in infants and toddlers by doing which of the following? a. providing positive feedback when learning has occurred b. providing prompt punishment when children are aggressive c. guiding the child to success without interfering d. figuring out how the child calms down
A C D
Applying a constructivist approach to educating young children involves which of the following? a. helping children extend their own ideas b. encouraging young children to keep trying until they get the right answer c. creating an atmosphere conducive to learning d. providing materials and activities and assessing what the children are thinking
A C D
Jean Piaget identified six substages of sensorimotor development. Which of the following describe characteristics of these stages? a. Inborn reflexes make the baby's first connections to the outside world. b. Infants invent circular reactions to accomplish goal-directed behavior. c. Infants can coordinate secondary circular reactions. d. Infants can repeat actions that connect them with the environment.
A C D
The text cites which of the following as positive results that can be gained from appropriate parent-child/teacher-child interactions? a. enhanced language development b. equal attention is given to each student c. greater social and cognitive competence d. reduced stress
A C D
The text describes which of the following ways adults can create an appropriate learning environment for children identified as ADD or ADHD? a. Provide materials and activities that interest young children. b. Provide a traditional classroom setting to promote inclusivity. c. Provide meaningful tasks and opportunities for repetition. d. Provide timely and appropriate feedback.
A C D
Vaccines recommended for toddlers protect against which of the following? a. varicella b. chicken pox c. diphtheria d. pneumococcal disease
A C D
Which of the following are described as characteristics of motivation? a. The desire to learn seems to dwindle as children progress through school. b. Providing incentives such as reward and punishment. c. Motivation involves creating the inspiration to do or to achieve. d. Motivation reflects a natural desire to solve problems and figure out how objects work.
A C D
Which of the following does the text describe as a recognized vehicle for play in a child's life? a. playing with motion and interaction b. playing with exuberance c. playing with language d. playing with objects
A C D
Which of the following does the text say is true of the value of play in learning? a. Play helps develop the ability to separate thought from actions and objects. b. Play helps children prepare for participating in games with rules set by adults. c. Play helps develop a Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). d. Play supports the development of both assimilation and accommodation.
A C D
Which of the following symptoms indicate that a child may not be developing emotional well-being? a. pushing away rather than cuddling b. dull, brown eyes c. crying inconsolably for hours d. having wild tantrums
A C D
Which three of the following interdependent characteristics of early education aimed at fostering development are described in the text? a. adult-guided learning opportunities b. minimal adult authority and control over children c. opportunities for cooperation and conflict d. methods that appeal to the child's spontaneous mental activity
A C D
Which of the following is true of temperamental extremes? a. Low-reactive babies are quiet, and will babble or laugh when confronted with unfamiliar stimuli. b. High-reactive behavior will stay with children from infancy to adulthood. c. Low-reactive babies tend to smile less and appear more tense. d. High-reactive babies become active and distressed when confronted with unfamiliar stimuli.
A D
According to the text, the term "young child" applies to what age range? a. two to five b. prenatal to seven c. birth to eight d. one to eight
C
A behaviorist would focus study on which of the following? a. the growth rate of gross motor skills b. environmental factors that affect learning c. the relationship among neurological, cognitive, and motor growth d. the relationship between learning and play
B
According to the text, which of the following is a recognizable marker by which you can tell that learning has taken place? a. The child demonstrates curiosity by asking questions about the world around them. b. The child's behavior changes as a result of experience. c. The child demonstrates a greater interest in the process of learning than in the end product. d. Young children begin to mimic the behavior of older siblings.
B
An atypically developing child might be observed a. struggling with puzzles others his age have mastered b. performing tasks as if she were a puppy c. pouting and refusing to eat the food he is offered d. running, laughing hysterically, and waving her arms
B
Behaviorists emphasize which of the following as critical to supporting learning and growth in a young child? a. selecting the right theory for practical application b. supporting natural motivations to learn c. a consistently applied set of rewards and punishments d. asking the right kinds of questions
B
Current thinking in nature/nurture research suggests which of the following? a. It is more productive to look for ways to alter embryonic development that can influence the development of inherited characteristics. b. It is more productive to look for interventions in the environment that can alter the development of inherited characteristics. c. The interaction between heredity and environment is one-way: heredity can be influenced by environment, but environment does not influence genetics. d. Individual differences among siblings are influenced more by genetic factors than environmental factors.
B
Health risks associated with obesity include which of the following? a. loose-bowel syndrome b. diabetes c. low blood pressure d. problems with aggression
B
How is authentic assessment defined in the text? a. educational practices that prepare children for proficiency tests b. monitoring progress every eight to ten weeks c. assessing early literacy skills using the Dynamic Indicators of Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) system d. describing a child's behavior at playtime and samples of his or her work
B
In addition to developmental theories, when considering the education of a young child, which of the following should educators pay attention to? a. psychological and educational research b. personal experience and family roles c. suggestions and estimations that help organize thoughts d. anthropological, sociological, ideological, and cultural differences
B
The neonatal period is described as which of the following? a. the first week after birth b. the first two weeks after birth c. the last week of pregnancy d. the first month after birth
B
The text offers which of the following as a way digital media can be used to support learning for children with disabilities? a. There is strong support for the application of electronic media as a means of assisting children with disabilities. b. Assistive technology can promote healthy development by helping students interact and improve their functional capabilities. c. Using electronic media to educate children with disabilities encourages adults to keep up with the latest advances in technology. d. Electronic media can be a valuable tool for occupying the attention of a student with disabilities when other classroom activities may be inappropriate for them.
B
Which of the following best describes why it is important that teachers and caregivers understand sociocultural differences that exist among the various ethnic groups? a. Europeans, Asians, Africans, and Indians grow up with different attitudes toward education. b. A lack of cultural understanding can lead to misinterpretation of children's language and cognitive competencies. c. The United States has always been a country of immigrants from all over the globe. d. It forms the basis of education that incorporates the histories, values, beliefs, and perspectives of people from different cultural backgrounds.
B
Which of the following describe cultural differences observed in parent-child relationships? a. Native American mothers expressed a concern about neglecting their children from lack of attention. b. Latina mothers expressed the objective of educating their children. c. African American mothers talked the most and did the most amount of game playing with their infants. d. Mexican American mothers tended to be less tactile and more verbal in stimulating their infants compared with European American mothers.
B
Which of the following researchers carried out the first research project on a large group of children? a. Sigmund Freud b. G. Stanley Hall c. Jean Piaget d. B. F. Skinner
B
Homeless children are more likely to experience which of the following? a. exclusion from foster care b. emotional stress c. family disruptions d. disruption in their education
B C D
Symptoms of poor health that may indicate more serious problems include which of the following? a. brain damage b. ear infections c. chronic runny nose d. abnormal fatigue
B C D
The text cites several important functions served by infant-adult interactions, including which of the following? a. Deferred imitation helps develop a complex level of cognitive processing. b. A parent's immediate response to an infant's vocalizing encourages the infant to continue. c. When the infant begins to babble and vocalize, synchrony and caregiver response are critical for good speech development. d. The amount of time spent interacting with the infant seems to be the most critical factor related to the child's later competence.
B C D
The text describes which of the following as examples of sociocultural influences on learning and development for Hispanic children in the United States? a. Most Hispanic children grow up in small, one-parent households without an emphasis on family. b. Most Hispanic children under the age of three have limited, or no, access to healthcare providers. c. About one-quarter of Hispanic children live in homes where only Spanish is spoken. d. Most Hispanic children come from households where the mother did not attend or complete college
B C D
Which of the following are described in the text as the three major components to the role a father plays in the child-parent relationship? a. providing discipline, with rewards and punishment as needed b. meeting the child's emotional, social, and economic needs c. direct contact through play, caretaking, and leisure time activities d. an acceptable degree of availability
B C D
Which of the following describes a type of memory? a. applying meaning to recognized objects b. recognizing the correct answer among options c. pairing associated items d. recalling something directly
B C D
Starting with the initial development of guidelines for Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) in 1987, which of the following has been part of the history of childhood development theory? a. Some early childhood educators believe that appropriate developmental and cultural practices need to be developed independently for Asian, African, Latino, and Native American populations. b. Emphasis on a strong sociocultural theoretical foundation to early education and development has gained growing support. c. Based on the concern that the initial guidelines were too narrowly focused on the children of European Americans, legislation, such as IDEA and NCLB, was developed to mandate culturally appropriate practices. d. The expansion of DAP was at least partially driven by concern for the care and education of minority and lower-socioeconomic-level children.
B D
Which three of the following describe a category of play? a. idle play b. parallel play c. interdependent play d. onlooker activity e. cooperative or organized supplementary play
B D E
According to Brazelton's research, reciprocity is necessary for which of the following reasons? a. It provides social structure and relevance. b. It helps infants sharpen their senses and see themselves as competent. c. It supports reflective development, as well as cognitive and motor growth. d. It helps children establish a rhythmic pattern when they encounter a stranger.
C
Developmental events that occur during the fetal period include which of the following? a. By the twenty-eighth week, the fetus can potentially survive outside the uterus. b. By the sixth week, male and female external genitalia are visible. c. All the teeth have formed by the sixteenth week. d. The fetus takes over production of hormones.
C
Methods used to control the possibility of fertility include which of the following? a. condoms b. excessive exercise c. intracytoplasmic injection d. excessive alcohol use
C
The NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct addresses responsibilities in which of the following areas? a. children b. community c. school boards d. families
C
The text describes several basic concepts that children learn through movement, including which of the following? a. time b. counting c. space d. color
C
Two areas of danger to children that are especially rampant in the US include which of the following? a. natural and human-made disasters b. poverty and social inequality c. substance abuse and AIDS d. toxic waste and industrial pollution
C
What is the difference between learning and growth? a. Growth can take place without learning, but learning can't take place without growth. b. Growth is a biological phenomenon, learning is a psychological phenomenon. c. Growth is a sequence of changes, learning reflects behavioral changes. d. Growth is determined by genetic factors, learning occurs as a result of experience.
C
According to Vygotsky, one of the distinguishing characteristics of the toddler years is which of the following? a. the capacity for observational learning b. autonomous behavior balanced with self-control c. the development of adult-like mental images d. thought is not yet verbal
D
According to the text, infants begin to imitate speech at about what age? a. 14 months b. 8 months c. 12 months d. 10 months
D
Important guidelines for supporting concept and language development include which of the following? a. speak slowly to increase comprehension b. employ direct instruction techniques c. plan activities that involve hand-eye coordination d. allow time for discovery and problem solving
D
Major themes explored in the study of child development from 1963 to 1983 include all but which of the following? a. cognitive development b. infant sensitiveness c. social learning d. motor development
D
One of the most import roles an adult can play in a young child's life is: a. developing and demonstrating sensitivity b. understanding the development of the brain c. understanding the child's temperament d. providing a foundation for success
D
Representational thinking is described as which of the following? a. the ability to remember the location of objects hidden from view b. the ability to represent concrete ideas with abstract images c. the ability to connect visual representations of objects with verbal labels d. the ability to represent, or think through, a problem in their minds before going into action
D
The failure to ovulate may result from which of the following factors? a. marijuana and cigarettes b. excessive nervousness c. excessively tight underwear d. excessive exercise, weight loss, or obesity
D
The text defines perception as which of the following? a. learning, cognition, and language b. interpreting the meaning of messages c. taste, touch, sight, hearing, and smell d. the brain's interpretation of physical sensations
D
Which of the following describe characteristics of Vygotsky's first stage of development? a. The child manages social interaction with others. b. Mobility enables an infant to explore his or her environment. c. Children learn to use their senses as a means to find out new things. d. The child does not view himself or herself as separate from the adult.
D
Which of the following is described as a socioeconomic and/or cultural factor that may affect infant development? a. language b. geographic location c. self-reliance d. cultural identity
D
Which of the following is the primary concern of providing appropriate learning opportunities for children with disabilities? a. discovering speech difficulties that may indicate language problems b. obtaining test scores that satisfy the demands of NCLB and Common Core c. reaching agreement on the definition of "inclusion" d. defining the type of setting that will provide the most appropriate learning environment
D
Which of the following are addressed in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Research model? a. the mesosystem, which includes influences such as the local school board, local government, parents' workplaces, mass media, and local industry. b. the macrosystem, which encompasses the dominant beliefs and ideologies of the culture c. the child's microsystem, which includes his or her relationship to home, school, neighborhood, peer group, and church d. the child's exosystem, which includes the interactions and relationships between and among home, school, church, peer group, and neighborhood
Microsystem, Macrosystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem
T or F? Current research tells us the left side of the brain processes more academic information, such as language and mathematics, and the right side processes more creative information.
True
T or F? In Piaget's view, the infant is in the first stage of cognitive development, called the sensorimotor period, which lasts from birth until age three.
True
T or F? In Vygotsky's view, education involves children learning the culture's psychological and technical tools, such as reading, writing, speech, counting, and diagrams.
True
T or F? The cephalocaudal, proximodistal, and general-to-specific patterns of growth are also evident in the development of motor skills. a. True b. False
True