Chem 109 Ch. 3 (Dr. B)

Naming ions: -most Polyatomic ions end in _______. The ending _____ is used for ions that have one fewer oxygen atom

"-ate", "-ite" (hydroxide (OH-), hydronium (H3O+), and cyanide (CN-) are exceptions)

Naming ions: -for nonmetals, the ______ replaces the last few letters of the name of the element

"-ide" (Ex: Fl- is floride)

Naming ions: -for metal ions, add the word "_____" to the name of the metal

"Ion" (Ex: NA+ is sodium ion)

Naming covalent compounds (metal & nonmetal): >Step 1- name the first element >Step 2- name the second element and change the ending to ______ >Step 3- designate the # of each element using a __________

-"Ide" -Greek prefix

Trends in ion formation: -among the main group elements, Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A form ________ w/ a charge equal to the ________ -Groups 5A, 6A, and 7A form _______ w/ a charge equal to 8 minus the ________ -Group 4A tends to gain stability in different ways

-cations, group # -anions, group #

Covalent bond formation: -when atoms share, the result is a ____________ compound -the smallest (or fundamental) unit of a covalent compound is a ________

-covalent -molecule

Molecular shape of larger molecules: -Most molecules contain many carbon atoms with ______ charge clouds -using VSEPR, the shape around any single atom that is bonded to at least _____ other atoms can be determined

-several -two

To achieve a valence octet, some atoms can do what three things?

1. Give up electrons 2. Accept electrons 3. Share electrons

What is the formula to determine the max number of electrons on an energy level?

2n^2, where n is the # of the energy level (for this class, just know that the first level can hold 2, the second level can hold 8, and the third level can hold 8)

The # of atoms present in one mole is about ______________ (Avogadro's number)

6.02 x 10^23 atoms (need to memorize)

Ions formed when atoms gain electrons and become negatively charged are called ________

Anions

One mole of a any element has a molar mass in grams numerically equal to the _______ of that element

Atomic mass

Ions formed when atoms lose electrons and become positively charged are called ________

Cations (tip: t looks like +)

Determining the shape of a molecule: >Step One:using VSEPR, you will first determine the __________. This is represented with a ______ in the VSEPR form.

Central atom, capital A

Formula of ionic compounds: -the # of ions that combine to form an ionic compound is determined by the ______ of the cations and the anions

Charges

The energy levels get ______ together the farther you get from the nucleus.

Closer

To name an ionic compound, the names of the two ions are _________. The word "ion" is omitted.

Combined with the cation first (Ex: Na+Cl- is sodium chloride)

Naming covalent compounds: -the # of covalent bonds that an atom will form is equal to the # of electrons necessary to ________

Complete its octet

Sharing of electrons results in the formation of a ______ bond >the valence electrons in the bond belong to _______ atom(s)

Covalent, both

What unit is the same as the amu, but is mainly used in biochemistry to measure the weight of large molecules such as proteins?

Dalton (Da)

If the first element in a covalent compound only has one atom, ___________

Don't put a prefix

The exact location of any given electron outside the nucleus is difficult to determine, but most of them lie within a space called the ____________

Electron cloud

Naming covalent bonds: -the _________ is used to show how atoms share electrons in covalent bonding >it consists of the _______ plus a _____ for each valence electrons

Electron-dot symbols, element symbol plus a dot

Elements in the same group on the PT have the same # of ___________

Electrons in their highest energy level (meaning the react the same) -Ex: B and Al have 3 electrons in their highest level (both in group 3A)

Bc electrons are charged and are in constant motion, they possess __________

Enery

The molar mass of a compound is numerically equal to the formula weight w/ units of _______

Grams/mole

The farther apart two nonmetals are on the PT, the _____ the polarity of the bond between them. >what is an exception to this rule?

Greater; carbon to hydrogen bonds are Nonpolar bc their electronegativities are not that diff (0.4 diff)

________ indicate the # of valence electrons in atoms for the main-group elements

Groups (columns)

What does knowing the # of electrons in each energy level tell you?

How the elements in a period or group are related to each other

The attraction of cations and anions is called an __________ >the result is an __________

Ionic bond, ionic compound

What kind of compound occurs when metals and nonmetals combine (electrons are given and taken & MUST have a net charge of 0)

Ionic compound

The newly charged atoms are called ________

Ions

An ion that has the same # of electrons as the nearest noble gas on the PT is said to be __________ with that noble gas.

Isoelectric

Where is the lowest energy level found?

It's the energy level closest to the nucleus

These different ways of achieving a valence octet lead to different __________

Kinds of compounds

What is this representation called?

Lewis Structure

Chemists use a unit called the ______ to relate to the mass of an element in grams to the # of atoms it contains

Mole (it's a unit for counting atoms just like how a "dozen" is a unit for things such as eggs)

The ________ for a covalent compound identifies ALL the components in a molecule.

Molecular formula

Are the charges of an ionic compound shown in the chemical formula?

No

Can electrons occupy the space between energy levels?

No

Does a mole of silver atoms & a mole of carbon atoms have the same mass?

No

Do molecular formulas show the structure?

No; the electron-dot symbols help us visualize the structure instead

Elements in Group 8A, the __________, are not reactive under all but extreme conditions

Noble (inert) gases

Trends in ion formation: -Polyatomic ions consist of a group of _______ that form an ion. The charge is for the _______ of atoms.

Nonmetals; entire group

What is the term for atoms reacting with other atoms to achieve 8 electrons in their valence shell?

Octet rule

The molar mass tells us the mass of _____ of a substance & corresponds to the mass of a single atom in ____

One mole, amu

________ indicate the outermost energy level contains electrons

Period (column)

Molecular polarity: -For molecules containing only two atoms connected by a covalent bond, the polarity of the molecule is determined from the ___________

Polarity of the bond (A polar bond means a polar molecule; Vice versa)

Molecular formulas of covalent compounds do NOT ___________ like those of ionic compounds

Reduce tot eh smallest whole # ration

Covalent compounds: -bonded pairs of electrons _______ each other equally.

Repel (This reasoning describes the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion model)

Naming ions: -transition metals that form more than one ion uses the __________ following the name of the metal to indicate the charge

Roman Numeral in Parentheses (Ex: Fe^2+ is iron (II) ion)

Naming ionic compounds: -for transitional metals, a _________ is used to represent the charge

Roman numeral (Ex: Cu^2+O^2- is copper (II) oxide)

Covalent bond formation: -nonmetals combine by ______ valence electrons to achieve an octet

Sharing

What kind of bonds can you have?

Single/double/or triple bonds

One of the reasons that elements form compounds is because the electron arrangement in the atoms are more _______ when elements combine

Stable

How do you represent the # of each particle in a chemical formula?

Subscripts

Which energy level will most electrons occupy first?

The lowest energy level

Which electrons have more energy?

The ones farther from the nucleus

What on the PT tells you how many energy levels?

The period number

Some covalent compounds are known by their ______ names. (Ex: water (H2O, ammonia (NH3))

Traditional

Ionic compounds: -When metals and nonmetals combine, electrons are ________ between the atoms, forming ______ charged ions

Transferred, oppositely

Trends in ion formation: -Some ________ form more than one ion (it is not possible to determine the charge of the ions formed by these elements from their group #)

Transition metals

Naming ionic compounds: -if a Polyatomic ion is present, the name of the ion ______ in the name of the complund

Unchanged (Ex: Ca3(PO4)2 is calcium phosphate)

If an atom gains/loses electrons to achieve an octet, the # of protons and electrons will be ______. It will also have a ________.

Unequal; net charge

Covalent bond formation: -to complete its octet through a covalent bond, an atom must share its ______ electron w/ another atom

Unpaired

The highest energy level that contains electrons is the ___________. The electrons in it are ________ electrons

Valence shell (valence level), valence

How is a shared pair of electrons (bonding pair/bond) represented on the electron-dot symbols?

With a dash or line connecting the two electrons-dot symbols

Cations and anions combine so that the net charge of the compound is ______

Zero

Valence electrons are ________ from the nucleus -these electrons combine when elements form __________

farthest, compounds

What is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a formula for a compound?

formula mass