Chem 109 Ch. 3 (Dr. B)
Naming ions: -most Polyatomic ions end in _______. The ending _____ is used for ions that have one fewer oxygen atom
"-ate", "-ite" (hydroxide (OH-), hydronium (H3O+), and cyanide (CN-) are exceptions)
Naming ions: -for nonmetals, the ______ replaces the last few letters of the name of the element
"-ide" (Ex: Fl- is floride)
Naming ions: -for metal ions, add the word "_____" to the name of the metal
"Ion" (Ex: NA+ is sodium ion)
Naming covalent compounds (metal & nonmetal): >Step 1- name the first element >Step 2- name the second element and change the ending to ______ >Step 3- designate the # of each element using a __________
-"Ide" -Greek prefix
Trends in ion formation: -among the main group elements, Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A form ________ w/ a charge equal to the ________ -Groups 5A, 6A, and 7A form _______ w/ a charge equal to 8 minus the ________ -Group 4A tends to gain stability in different ways
-cations, group # -anions, group #
Covalent bond formation: -when atoms share, the result is a ____________ compound -the smallest (or fundamental) unit of a covalent compound is a ________
-covalent -molecule
Molecular shape of larger molecules: -Most molecules contain many carbon atoms with ______ charge clouds -using VSEPR, the shape around any single atom that is bonded to at least _____ other atoms can be determined
-several -two
To achieve a valence octet, some atoms can do what three things?
1. Give up electrons 2. Accept electrons 3. Share electrons
What is the formula to determine the max number of electrons on an energy level?
2n^2, where n is the # of the energy level (for this class, just know that the first level can hold 2, the second level can hold 8, and the third level can hold 8)
The # of atoms present in one mole is about ______________ (Avogadro's number)
6.02 x 10^23 atoms (need to memorize)
Ions formed when atoms gain electrons and become negatively charged are called ________
Anions
One mole of a any element has a molar mass in grams numerically equal to the _______ of that element
Atomic mass
Ions formed when atoms lose electrons and become positively charged are called ________
Cations (tip: t looks like +)
Determining the shape of a molecule: >Step One:using VSEPR, you will first determine the __________. This is represented with a ______ in the VSEPR form.
Central atom, capital A
Formula of ionic compounds: -the # of ions that combine to form an ionic compound is determined by the ______ of the cations and the anions
Charges
The energy levels get ______ together the farther you get from the nucleus.
Closer
To name an ionic compound, the names of the two ions are _________. The word "ion" is omitted.
Combined with the cation first (Ex: Na+Cl- is sodium chloride)
Naming covalent compounds: -the # of covalent bonds that an atom will form is equal to the # of electrons necessary to ________
Complete its octet
Sharing of electrons results in the formation of a ______ bond >the valence electrons in the bond belong to _______ atom(s)
Covalent, both
What unit is the same as the amu, but is mainly used in biochemistry to measure the weight of large molecules such as proteins?
Dalton (Da)
If the first element in a covalent compound only has one atom, ___________
Don't put a prefix
The exact location of any given electron outside the nucleus is difficult to determine, but most of them lie within a space called the ____________
Electron cloud
Naming covalent bonds: -the _________ is used to show how atoms share electrons in covalent bonding >it consists of the _______ plus a _____ for each valence electrons
Electron-dot symbols, element symbol plus a dot
Elements in the same group on the PT have the same # of ___________
Electrons in their highest energy level (meaning the react the same) -Ex: B and Al have 3 electrons in their highest level (both in group 3A)
Bc electrons are charged and are in constant motion, they possess __________
Enery
The molar mass of a compound is numerically equal to the formula weight w/ units of _______
Grams/mole
The farther apart two nonmetals are on the PT, the _____ the polarity of the bond between them. >what is an exception to this rule?
Greater; carbon to hydrogen bonds are Nonpolar bc their electronegativities are not that diff (0.4 diff)
________ indicate the # of valence electrons in atoms for the main-group elements
Groups (columns)
What does knowing the # of electrons in each energy level tell you?
How the elements in a period or group are related to each other
The attraction of cations and anions is called an __________ >the result is an __________
Ionic bond, ionic compound
What kind of compound occurs when metals and nonmetals combine (electrons are given and taken & MUST have a net charge of 0)
Ionic compound
The newly charged atoms are called ________
Ions
An ion that has the same # of electrons as the nearest noble gas on the PT is said to be __________ with that noble gas.
Isoelectric
Where is the lowest energy level found?
It's the energy level closest to the nucleus
These different ways of achieving a valence octet lead to different __________
Kinds of compounds
What is this representation called?
Lewis Structure
Chemists use a unit called the ______ to relate to the mass of an element in grams to the # of atoms it contains
Mole (it's a unit for counting atoms just like how a "dozen" is a unit for things such as eggs)
The ________ for a covalent compound identifies ALL the components in a molecule.
Molecular formula
Are the charges of an ionic compound shown in the chemical formula?
No
Can electrons occupy the space between energy levels?
No
Does a mole of silver atoms & a mole of carbon atoms have the same mass?
No
Do molecular formulas show the structure?
No; the electron-dot symbols help us visualize the structure instead
Elements in Group 8A, the __________, are not reactive under all but extreme conditions
Noble (inert) gases
Trends in ion formation: -Polyatomic ions consist of a group of _______ that form an ion. The charge is for the _______ of atoms.
Nonmetals; entire group
What is the term for atoms reacting with other atoms to achieve 8 electrons in their valence shell?
Octet rule
The molar mass tells us the mass of _____ of a substance & corresponds to the mass of a single atom in ____
One mole, amu
________ indicate the outermost energy level contains electrons
Period (column)
Molecular polarity: -For molecules containing only two atoms connected by a covalent bond, the polarity of the molecule is determined from the ___________
Polarity of the bond (A polar bond means a polar molecule; Vice versa)
Molecular formulas of covalent compounds do NOT ___________ like those of ionic compounds
Reduce tot eh smallest whole # ration
Covalent compounds: -bonded pairs of electrons _______ each other equally.
Repel (This reasoning describes the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion model)
Naming ions: -transition metals that form more than one ion uses the __________ following the name of the metal to indicate the charge
Roman Numeral in Parentheses (Ex: Fe^2+ is iron (II) ion)
Naming ionic compounds: -for transitional metals, a _________ is used to represent the charge
Roman numeral (Ex: Cu^2+O^2- is copper (II) oxide)
Covalent bond formation: -nonmetals combine by ______ valence electrons to achieve an octet
Sharing
What kind of bonds can you have?
Single/double/or triple bonds
One of the reasons that elements form compounds is because the electron arrangement in the atoms are more _______ when elements combine
Stable
How do you represent the # of each particle in a chemical formula?
Subscripts
Which energy level will most electrons occupy first?
The lowest energy level
Which electrons have more energy?
The ones farther from the nucleus
What on the PT tells you how many energy levels?
The period number
Some covalent compounds are known by their ______ names. (Ex: water (H2O, ammonia (NH3))
Traditional
Ionic compounds: -When metals and nonmetals combine, electrons are ________ between the atoms, forming ______ charged ions
Transferred, oppositely
Trends in ion formation: -Some ________ form more than one ion (it is not possible to determine the charge of the ions formed by these elements from their group #)
Transition metals
Naming ionic compounds: -if a Polyatomic ion is present, the name of the ion ______ in the name of the complund
Unchanged (Ex: Ca3(PO4)2 is calcium phosphate)
If an atom gains/loses electrons to achieve an octet, the # of protons and electrons will be ______. It will also have a ________.
Unequal; net charge
Covalent bond formation: -to complete its octet through a covalent bond, an atom must share its ______ electron w/ another atom
Unpaired
The highest energy level that contains electrons is the ___________. The electrons in it are ________ electrons
Valence shell (valence level), valence
How is a shared pair of electrons (bonding pair/bond) represented on the electron-dot symbols?
With a dash or line connecting the two electrons-dot symbols
Cations and anions combine so that the net charge of the compound is ______
Zero
Valence electrons are ________ from the nucleus -these electrons combine when elements form __________
farthest, compounds
What is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a formula for a compound?
formula mass