chem 110 exam 2
CO2 structure
180 degrees
F. Sherwood rowland
shared the 1995 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with chemists Mario Molina and Paul Crutzen for research on the depletion of the Earth's ozone layer. His research was on atmospheric chemistry and chemical kinetics.
the greenhouse effect
the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.
CFCs are
unreactive in troposphere but reactive in stratosphere bc ozone layer
The paris agreement 2015
wants all countries to reduce emissions, unites to fight climate change,
What infrared (IR) radiation does to molecules
whens heyy interact, it causes vibrations
gases in our atmosphere and percentages
nitrogen - 78%, oxygen - 21%, argon - 0.9%, carbon dioxide - 0.4%
Montreal Protocol mandates
on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
automobile CO2 productions
A typical passenger vehicle emits about 4.7 metric tons of carbon dioxide per year.
how is heat used to generate a powerplant
Heat boils water to make steam, which drives a turbine which spins a generator.
climate change consequences
Climate change affects all regions around the world. Polar ice shields are melting and the sea is rising. In some regions extreme weather events and rainfall are becoming more common while others are experiencing more extreme heat waves and droughts.
how electricity is produced
Electricity for powering our homes is made in power stations. A power station contains large machines called turbines, which are turned very quickly. Power stations need large amounts of energy to turn the turbines. Most use heat energy produced from burning coal.
michael faraday
English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.
fossil fuel reserves
Flows are production of fossil fuels from these reserves. The most important part of primary energy sources are the carbon based fossil energy sources. Coal, oil, and natural gas provided 79.6% of primary energy production during 2002
how O3 and O2 interact with ultraviolet radiation
In the stratosphere, ozone is created primarily by ultraviolet radiation. When high-energy ultraviolet rays strike ordinary oxygen molecules (O2), they split the molecule into two single oxygen atoms, known as atomic oxygen. A freed oxygen atom then combines with another oxygen molecule to form a molecule of ozone.
global ozone depletion
Ozone depletion is the term commonly used to describe the thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion occurs when the natural balance between the production and destruction of ozone in the stratosphere is tipped in favour of destruction. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halogenated ozone depleting substances (ODS) are mainly responsible for man-made chemical ozone depletion. The total amount of effective halogens (chlorine and bromine) in the stratosphere can be calculated and are known as the equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC).
how is ozone (O3) made
Ozone is produced naturally in the stratosphere when highly energetic solar radiation strikes molecules of oxygen, O2, and cause the two oxygen atoms to split apart in a process called photolysis. If a freed atom collides with another O2, it joins up, forming ozone O3.
potential energy vs. kinetic energy
Potential energy is the stored energy in an object due of its position or its configuration whereas Kinetic energy is the energy which a body possesses because of its motion
james watt
Scottish instrument maker and inventor whose steam engine contributed substantially to the Industrial Revolution.
CO2 concentration changing consequences
When carbon dioxide concentrations drop, Earth cools, some water vapor falls out of the atmosphere, and the greenhouse warming caused by water vapor drops. ... At the same time global average temperatures are rising as a result of heat trapped by the additional CO2 and increased water vapor concentration.
how do CFC's destroy the ozone layer
When ultraviolet light waves (UV) strike CFC* (CFCl3) molecules in the upper atmosphere, a carbon-chlorine bond breaks, producing a chlorine (Cl) atom. The chlorine atom then reacts with an ozone (O3) molecule breaking it apart and so destroying the ozone.
gases that are and not greenhouse gases
a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
the kyoto protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) human-made CO2 emissions have caused it. - industrialized countries
What makes a vibration able to absorb IR radiation
only greenhouse gases can absorb IR radiation, Oxygen and nitrogen the major gases in the atmosphere do not have this property. The infrared radiation strikes a molecule such as carbon dioxide and causes the bonds to bend and vibrate - this is called the absorption of IR energy. The molecule gains kinetic energy by this absorption of IR radiation.
what is a Joule
energy transferred (or work done) when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of its motion through a distance of one metre
how CO2 vibrates
have three different vibration modes,
Observations and Indicators of a warming world
higher sea level, higher humidity, higher temperature over land, lower glaciers and sea ice
EPA mandates
The mission of EPA is to protect human health and the environment.
ozone depletion potential
The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause, with trichlorofluoromethane (R-11 or CFC-11) being fixed at an ODP of 1.0.
what is a cal
The small calorie or gram calorie (symbol: cal) is the approximate amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere.
what is a watt
The unit is defined as 1 joule per second and can be used to express the rate of energy conversion or transfer with respect to time.
stratosphere
layer above the troposphere, clouds rarely form here, jets fly through this layer,
CFCs are
liquids or gases with low boiling points
troposphere
lowest layer in earth's atmosphere, almost all weather occurs in this layer including clouds and vapor and dust particles
current CO2 concentrations
about 400 parts per million
earth's average temperature
about 61 degrees F, 16 C
mesosphere
above the stratosphere, meteors and comets are destroyed here, coldest layer
oxygen and ozone are
allotropes
HCFCs and HFCs
any of a class of compounds of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine, typically gases used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants. They are harmful to the ozone layer in the earth's atmosphere owing to the release of chlorine atoms upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
properties of CFC's
are a family of chemicals based upon hydrocarbon skeletons (most often methane), where some or all of the hydrogens have been replaced with chlorine and/or fluorine atoms. These compounds are non-flammable, tasteless and odourless, and chemically stable.
CFC's
are nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. They are used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials, as solvents, and as refrigerants.
what are allotropes
different forms of the same elemetn
mario molina
discovery of the role of CFCs in ozone depletion. & antarctic ozone hole
thomas midgley jr.
merican mechanical engineer and chemist. He was a key figure in a team of chemists, led by Charles F. Kettering, that developed the tetraethyllead (TEL) additive to gasoline as well as some of the first chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).