Chem I Final Exam Comprehensive Review

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NaF: sodium oxidation number of fluorine is?

-1

What is the oxidation number of H in LiH?

-1

Calculate the internal energy change of a system that release 520kJ heat energy to the surrounding. Surrounding does a work of 120kJ on the system.

-400kJ

The combustion of butane produces heat according to the equation 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) --> 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l) ΔH°rxn = -4,519 kJ What is the heat of combustion per gram of butane in kJ? The MM of butane is 58.12 g/mol.

-4519/(58.12*2) -38.88

How do we calculate bond order in molecular orbital theory?

(bonding electrons - antibonding electrons)/2

What are the symbols used in chemical reactions?

(s), (l), (g), (aq)

What is the spin quantum number ms?

+1/2 (up) or -1/2 (down)

Cu(OH)2: the oxidation number of copper is?

+2

The charge on the iron ion in Fe2O3 is?

+3

What is the oxidation number of N in NO2-?

+3

What is the oxidation number of C in H2CO3?

+4

SO42-: the oxidation number of sulfur is?

+6

O3: the oxidation number of oxygen is?

0

What is the oxidation number of N in N2?

0

What is the oxidation number of free elements and diatomic molecules?

0

What is the pH scale?

0-14 measurement of acid-neutral-base

What is 5.0mL in L and with the right sigfigs?

0.0050

Convert 20*10^-6g/L into ppm and ppb

0.02mg/L = 0.02ppm 20.0ppb

What is 5.21cm in m?

0.0521m

The result of (3.8621 * 1.5630) - 5.98 is?

0.06

What is the concentration in ppb of PCB's in a chemical spill, if there is 0.060 mg in 4,600. kg of soil?

0.060/4.6 = 0.013ppb

What is the molarity of 0.20mol solute in 500.ml of solution?

0.20mol/0.500L = 0.40M

What is the mass of a 285 ml sample of neon at 22°C and 765 torr?

0.285(765/760)/295.15 0.0118 mol = 0.239g Ne

If theoretical yield is 0.52416g H2 and actual yield is 0.3500g H2, what is the percent yield?

0.35/0.52416 * 100 = 66.77%

How many grams are there in 0.356 moles of Zn?

0.356 * 65.37 = 23.3g

How many grams of calcium chloride will be needed to make 750. mL of a 0.100 M CaCl2 solution?

0.75 * .1 = .075mol CaCl2 .075 * (40.08 + 2*35.453) = 8.32g

How many sigfigs are in 0.002?

1

How many sigfigs are in 2,000?

1

Calculate the density of a solid rectangular block of aluminum with height of 1.0 inch, width of 1.5 in and length of 2.0 in knowing that its mass was 132.73 g. Express the result as g/cm3 and use appropriate sig. figs.

1 * 1.5 * 2 = 3in^3 3in^3 * 2.54^3 cm^3 = 49.161192 132.73g / 49.161192cm^3 = 2.7g/cm^3

What does a double bond consist of?

1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond

What does a triple bond consist of?

1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds

What is the result of 231 * 4378?

1,010,000

What are the pH values for acids?

1-7

What was Dalton's Theory?

1. All matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms 2. All atoms of a given element are identical: atoms of different elements have different properties 3. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed or subdivided 4. Chemical reaction involves the combination of atoms, not their destruction 5. When elements react to for compounds, they react in defined whole number ratios

How should we balance reactions?

1. Balance atoms that appear only in one reactant and one product first, and atoms that appear more than once later. 2. Balance polyatomic ions as a group, for example the SO4 2- ion. 3. In some cases the number of atoms of an element in the reactant may be odd, while the number in the products will always be even (due to an even subscript). In this case you need to double the balance of all atoms already balanced and continue the balancing.

What are the driving forces in aqueous reactions?

1. Formation of an insoluble compound (precipitate/solid(s)) 2. Formation of water (or of weak electrolyte) 3. Formation of a gas

The distance between carbon atoms in ethylene is 134 picometers. Which of the following expresses that distance in meters? 1.34 * 10^-10 1.34 * 10^-12 1.34 * 10^-6 1.34 * 10^-7 1.34 * 10^-13

1.34 * 10^-10

Convert 1.3mg/L into ppm

1.3ppm

1.50 L of a 2.50 M solution are diluted to a final volume of 4.50L. What is the final molarity?

1.5*2.5 = 4.5*M 0.833 M

A 40.0 mL volume of 1.80 M Fe(NO3)3 is mixed with 21.5 mL of 0.808M Fe(NO3)3 solution. Calculate the molar concentration of the final solution.

1.8 * 0.04 = 0.072mol Fe(NO3)3 0.808 * 0.0215 = 0.017372mol Fe(NO3)3 (0.072 + 0.017372)/0.0615 = 1.45M

If 3.62 L of hydrogen gas is reacted, what volume of oxygen s gas in Liters would be used at STP? The balanced chemical equation is: 2H2(g) + O2(g) ---> 2H2O(g)

1.81L

Convert 1cm^3 to in^3

1/(2.54^3) = 0.0610 in^3

What is the atomic number of Ne?

10

What is percent error?

100 * abs((exp. value - theor. value) / (theor. value))

Which of the following is the largest volume? 10 cm^3 100 mL 10,000 μL 1000 pL 10 nL

100 mL

What is percent by mass?

100*(mass of solute/mass of solution)

What is mass-volume percent?

100*(mass of solute/volume of solution)

What is percent by volume?

100*(volume of solute/volume of solution)

What is 1L equal to?

1000cm^3

How many moles of water correspond to 1.00L of water?

1000g = 1L 1000/18.02 = 5.55mol

The result of 16.18cm * 9.6114g / 1.4783cm^2 is?

105.2g/cm

What is the angle for Tetrahedral geometry?

109

What is pico?

10^-12 (p)

What is centi?

10^-2 (c)

What is milli?

10^-3 (m)

What is micro?

10^-6 (μ)

What is nano?

10^-9 (n)

What is kilo?

10^3 (k)

Sig figs: 11,254.1 + 0.1983 = ?

11,254.3

Mira obtains a bottle of 12.0 M HCl from the stockroom. She carefully pipettes 25.00 mL of this solution into a 100.00 mL volumetric flask, and dilutes to the mark with water. The concentration of this new, dilute, solution is?

12 * 25 = M * 100 3.00M

Which of the following has the fewest number of neutrons? 1. 12 6 C 2. 13 6 C 3. 14 7 N 4. 15 7 N 5. 16 8 O

12 6 C

Sig figs: 30,768/2564 = ?

12.00

What is the angle for Trigonal planer geometry?

120

Question: What is the volume of a plastic ball that weighs 125g and has a density of 0.500g/mL?

125/0.5 = 250mL

Sig figs: 2.8 * 4.5039 = ?

13

What is the correct answer with sig figs for (13.602 * 1.90 * 3.06) / (4.2 * 1.4097)?

13

The density of mercury, the only metal to exist as a liquid at room temperature is 13.6g/cm^3. What is that density in pound/in^3

13.6/ 453 * (2.54^3) = 0.491 lb/in^3

In a titration experiment, a 12.5 ml sample of Ba(OH)2 is neutralized by 14.5 ml of 0.0175M HNO3 solution. 2HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 -> Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O

14.5 * 0.0175 / 2 = 12.5 * M / 1 0.102M Ba(NO3)2

1421J of heat is required to raise the temperature of 350g of metal by 32.00C. Find the specific heat of the metal in J/gK.

1421 = 350 * (32 + 273.15) * C 0.13J/gK

How many sig figs are there in the result of 15.234 - 15.208?

15.234 - 15.208 = 0.026 2 sig figs

Convert 0.015mg/L into ppb

15ppb

How many atoms are in 16.3g of S?

16.3 / 32.064 * (6.022*10^23) = 3.06 * 10^23 atoms

Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water vapor. Hydrogen + oxygen --> water vapor If you burn 21.0 g of hydrogen and produce 187 g of water, how many grams of oxygen reacted?

166g

An atom of the isotope sulfur-31 consists of how many protons, neutrons, and electrons?

16p, 15n, 16e

What is the atomic number and mass number of chlorine-37?

17 and 37

You dilute 175 mL of a 1.6 M solution of LiCl to 1.0 L, determine the new concentration of the solution.

175 * 1.6 = 1000 * M2 M2 = 0.28 M

What is the Molar mass of H2O?

18.02g

What is the angle for Linear geometry?

180

36g of water is how many moles of water? How many moles of hydrogen? How many moles of Oxygen?

2.0 moles water, 4.0 moles hydrogen, 2.0 moles oxygen

What is 200 written with 2 sigfigs?

2.0*10^2

2.40g reacts with 10.0g O2, 2Mg + O2 -> 2MgO. The mass of MgO that can be produced is? What is the limiting reagent?

2.4/24.312 = 0.0987mol Mg 10.0/31.9988 = 0.3125mol O2 0.0987 - 2x = 0, x = 0.0493mol Mg 0.3125 - x = 0, x = 0.3125mol O2 Mg is the limiting reagent of 0.0493mol 0.0493 * 2 = 0.987mol MgO 0.987 * (24.312 + 15.9994) = 3.98g MgO

How much water could be produced by the complete reaction of 2.0 g of H2? 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

2/2 = 1 mol H2 1 - 2x = 0, x = 0.5mol H2 0.5mol * 2 = 1mol H2O 1*18 = 18g H2O

In the movie The Italian Job (2003), thieves steal a large amount of gold bullions. The thieves plan to carry the ingots of gold off in suitcases. Each suitcase is 20 inches × 8.0 inches × 5.0 inches (assume al sides of the suitcase are rectangles). If the density of gold is 18 g/cm3, what would be the weight of each suitcase in pounds?

20*8*5 = 800in^3 800in^3 * 2.54^3 cm^3 = 13109.6512 cm^3 *18 = 235973.7216 235973.7216g/453.592lb = 520lbs

Calculate the mass of AgCl that can be prepared from 200.g AlCl3 and sufficient AgNO3. 3AgNO3(aq) + AlCl3(aq) -> 3AgCl(s) + Al(NO3)3(aq) MM AlCl3 = 133.341g/mol MM AgCl = 143.323g/mol

200/133.341 = 1.499mol AlCl3 1.499 * 3 = 4.499mol AgCl 4.499mol * 143.323g/mol = 645g AgCl

The addition of 9.54 kJ of heat is required to raise the temperature of 225.0 g of a liquid hydrocarbon from 20.5ºC to 45.0ºC. What is the specific heat of this hydrocarbon?

24.5 * 225 * C = 9540 1.73J/gC

What will be the percent composition by mass of a solution made by dissolving 15.0 g of barium nitrate in 45.0 g of water?

25% BaNO3 75% H2O

Consider respiration, one of the most common chemical reactions on earth. C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy What mass of carbon dioxide forms in the reaction of 25 grams of glucose with 40 grams of oxygen?

25g/180.08g = 0.139mol C6H12O6 40g/(15.9994*2) = 1.25 mol O2 0.139 mol C6H12O6 1.25/6 = 0.208 mol O2 C6H12O6 is the limiting reagent of 0.139 mol 0.139 * 6 * (44.01) = 36.64g CO2

What is the Molecular Mass of Al2(SO4)3?

26.98*2 + 32.07 * 3 + 16*12 = 342.17amu

What is the correct answer with sig figs for 13.914 + 243.1 + 12.00460?

269.0

What is 82.4C in kelvin?

273.15 + 82.4 = 355.6K

What is STP?

273.15K and 1 atm

Which of the following are chemical properties of a sample of H? 1. The sample has a volume of 22.4 L 2. The mass of the sample is 2 g 3. It reacts with oxygen forming water 4. It is a gas 5. Hydrogenation (the process of adding hydrogen to organic molecules) converts liquid vegetable oils into solid or semi-solid fats, such as those present in margarine. 6. The density of hydrogen 0.089 g/L

3 and 5

How much Ti(s) can be produced from 3.54 *10^7 g of TiCl4 are reacted with 1.13*10^7 g of Mg? TiCl4 + 2Mg → Ti + 2 MgCl2

3.54*10^7g/ (47.9+4*35.453) = 1.87 * 10^5 mol TiCl4 1.13*10^7g/24.312 = 4.65*10^5 mol Mg 0 mol Ti 0 mol 2MgCl2 1.87*10^5 - x = 0, x = 1.87*10^5 4.65*10^5 - 2x = 0, x = 2.32*10^5 So 1.87*10^5 is the limiting reagent. Thus we have 1.87*10^5mol Ti and 3.74*10^5mol MgCl2

2 NaHSO4(s) àNa2SO4(s) + H2O(g) + SO3(g) ΔH = -231.3 kJ MM NaHSO4(s) = 120.1 g/mol If 3.60 grams of NaHSO4(s) reacts, how much heat is released?

3.6/120.1/2 = 0.0149875 * -231.3kJ -3.47kJ

To what volume (in mL) will you have to dilute 30.0 mL of a 12 M HCl solution to make a 0.35 M HCl solution?

30.0*12 = 0.35x 1,030 mL

How many moles of lead (II) iodide are produced from 300. g of potassium iodide (MM of KI= 166.0028 g/mol)? Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI --> PbI2 + 2KNO3

300/166.0028 = 1.8071 mol KI 1.8071 - 2x = 0, x = 0.9035mol 1 * 0.9035mol = 0.9035 mol PbI2

A sample of metal absorbs 3.05 kJ of heat, upon which the temperature of the sample increases of 7.3 °K. Since the specific heat capacity of the metal is 0.55 J/g-K, the mass of the sample is?

3050 = 7.3(0.55)m m = 760g

How many grams of aluminum chloride could be produced from 34.0g of aluminum and 39.0g of chlorine gas? 2Al + 3Cl2 -> 2AlCl3

34/26.9815 = 1.26 mol Al 39/(35.453*2) = 0.550 mol Cl2 1.26 - 2x = 0, x = 0.630mol Al 0.550 - 3x = 0, 0.183mol Cl2 Cl2 is the limiting reagent of 0.183mol Cl2 0.183 * 2 = 0.366mol AlCl3 0.366g * (26.9815 + 3*35.453) = 48.9g AlCl3

What is the result of 3115/89.00

35.00

Balance Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na3PO4(aq) -> Ca3(PO4)2(s) + NaNO3(aq)

3Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) + Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6NaNO3(aq)

Aqueous solutions of iron (II) nitrate and potassium phosphate are combined. Write a balanced molecular equation for this reaction, showing all states. Use the editing tools to properly format your answer.

3Fe(NO3)2 (aq) + 2K3PO4(aq) -> Fe3(PO4)2(s) + 6KNO3(aq)

Balance: KOH + H3PO4 -> K3PO4 + H2O

3KOH + H3PO4 -> K3PO4 + 3H2O

How many sigfigs are in 2,000.?

4

What is the atomic number of beryllium?

4

A neutral atom of silver-108 has how many protons, neutrons, and electrons?

47 p, 61n, 47e

Balance: Fe + O2 -> Fe2O3

4Fe + 3O2 -> 2Fe2O3

Balance: NH3 + O2 -> NO + H2O

4NH3 + 5O2 -> 4NO + 6H2O Have to do the weird double this to get the O's to balance with this question. 5/2 O2

Balance: NH3(g) + O2(g) -> N2(g) + H2O(l)

4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) -> 2N2(g) + 6H2O(l)

A flask containing neon gas is connected to an open-ended mercury manometer. The open end is exposed to the atmosphere, where the prevailing pressure is 745 torr. The mercury level in the open arm is 50. torr below that in the arm connected to the flask of neon. What is the neon pressure, in torr?

695torr

Sig figs: 20/3 = ?

7

What are the pH value for bases?

7-14

What is the concentration of HCl present in a water sample if 100. ml of the sample requires 7.2 ml of 0.25 M NaOH to be neutralized? HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

7.2 * 0.25 = 100 * M 0.018M

A compound consists of 72.2% Mg and 27.8% N by mass. What is the empirical formula?

72.2g/24.312 = 2.98 27.8g/14.0067 = 1.985 2.98/1.98 = 1.5 1.985/1.985 = 1 Multiply by by two to get rid of decimal... Mg3N2

How many main groups are there in the periodic table?

8

What is the oxidation number of Fe in Fe3O4?

8/3

What is direct combination?

A + B ->AB

What is single displacement?

A + BC -> AB + C

What is a covalent bond?

A group of 2 or more atoms with a specific arrangement and proportion. These are held together by covalent bonds and are known as molecules

What is an isoelectronic series?

A group of ions all containing the same number of electrons. O2-, F-, Ne, Na+, Mg2+

What is a solution?

A homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances.

What is a state function?

A mathematical function whose result only depends on the initial and final conditions, not on the path

What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion that gains electrons. Nonmetals

What is an electrolyte?

A substance that, when dissolved in water either dissociates (NaCl) or ionizes. The substance can then conduct electricity when dissolved or melted.

Silver

Ag

Ion Charge: Ag

Ag+

Aluminum

Al

Balance: Al2(SO4)3(aq) + KOH(aq) -> Al(OH)3(aq) + K2SO4(aq)

Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6KOH(aq) -> 2Al(OH)3(aq) + 3K2SO4(aq)

Aluminum oxide formula?

Al2O3

Ion Charge: Al

Al3+

What group is Rubidium in?

Alkali Metals

What is group 1 called?

Alkali Metals

What is group 2 called?

Alkaline Earth Metals

When is a solute soluble with exceptions?

All compounds of Cl-, Br-, I- except with Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2 2+. All compounds of SO4 2- except with Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Hg2 2+

When is a solute insoluble with exceptions?

All compounds of PO4 3-, CO3 2-, S2-, SO3 2- except with alkali metals or NH4+. All compounds of OH- or O2- except with alkali metals, NH4+, Ca2+, Sr2+, or Ba2+

What is diamagnetic?

All electrons are paired like Ne

How does metallic bonding work?

All metals atoms in the sample contribute their valence electrons to form a delocalized electron "sea". Metal ions lie in an orderly array within the mobile sea. All the atoms in the sample share electrons. Metal is held together by the attraction between the metal "cations" and the "sea" of valence electrons.

Is broiling steak a physical or chemical change?

Chemical

What is a compound?

Chemical combination of two or more elements with a precise formula

What are the four main molecular models?

Chemical formula, chemical structure, ball and stick, space fill

What is it called when a reaction with certain metals produces hydrogen gas?

Corrosion

Ionic or Covalent? PCl5

Covalent

Chromium

Cr

In the reaction Cr+ + Sn4+ -> Cr3+ + Sn2+ the species being oxidized is?

Cr+, it lost electrons and charge increased

Dichromate Ion

Cr2O7 2-

Ion Charge: Cr

Cr3+

Chromate Ion

CrO4 2-

Ion Charge: Cs

Cs+

Copper

Cu

What type of reaction is this: Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) -> Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Cu -> Cu2+ + 2e- (Oxidized, reducer) Ag2+ + 1e- -> Ag (Reduced, oxidizer) Redox Reaction

Ion Charge: Cu (I)

Cu+

Ion Charge: Cu (II)

Cu2+

The net ionic equation for the reaction, if any, which occurs when aqueous solutions of copper sulfate (CuSO4) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are mixed is?

Cu2+(aq) + CO3 2-(aq) -> CuCO3(s)

Copper (II) Fluoride formula?

CuF2

Copper (II) Iodide formula?

CuI2

What type of reaction is CuCO3 -> CuO + CO2?

Decomposition

What type of reaction is 2H2O -> 2H2 + O2?

Decomposition

What is the change from gas to solid called?

Deposition (Exothermic)

What is a phase?

Each physical state of matter, a physically distinct homogeneous part of a system

What is the smallest and lightest subatomic particle?

Electron

Is a test tube getting warmer endothermic or exothermic?

Exothermic

Is alcohol burning endothermic or exothermic?

Exothermic

Is vapor condensing exothermic or endothermic?

Exothermic

What kind of process is water vapor condensing?

Exothermic

What is heat given off called?

Exothermic (-)

Fluorine

F

Ion Charge: F

F-

How is formal charge calculated?

FC = Total Ve- in free atom - total # nonbonding electrons - number of bonds Ex. NH4 is 5-0-4= 1 for formal charge

Iron

Fe

Ion Charge: Fe (II)

Fe2+

Ion Charge: Fe (III)

Fe3+

What are some physical separation methods?

Filtration, evaporation, distillation, decantation, crystallization, chromatography, etc.

In a tritration, 15.00 mL of sulfuric acid solution is titrated with 33.50 mL of 0.153 M sodium hydroxide. What is the molarity of the sulfuric acid solution?

First we must write the reaction out. We find that there is 2 moles NaOH and 1 mole H2SO4. Thus we solve with M1V1/n1 = M2V2/n2. 33.50 * 0.153 / 2 = 15.00 * M / 1 0.171M

What are allotropes?

Forms of the same element that occur in the same physical state

What is the change from liquid to solid called?

Freezing (Exothermic)

What is the octet rule?

Atoms lose, gain, or share electrons to form the required octet in their highest remaining energy level

What are ions?

Atoms/groups of atoms with a charge?

Gold

Au

If a higher level is filled before a lower with electrons what principle does this violate?

Aufbau

Dihydrogen Phosphate Ion

H2PO4 -

Boron

B

In the reaction A + B --> C + D, if the quantity of B is insufficient to react with all of A then... What is the limiting reagent? What is the excess reagent? What is leftover? What determines the theoretical yield?

B, A, A, Limiting Reagent

What are the metalloid elements?

B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, and At

What are the strong acids?

HBr, HCl, HI, HNO3, N2SO4, HClO4, HClO3

Write a net ionic equation for the reaction between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide: HC2H3O2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) --> H2O (l) + NaC2H3O2 (aq)...

HC2H3O2 (aq) + OH- (aq) -> H2O (l) + C2H3O2-(aq)

Hydrogen Carbonate (Bicarbonate) Ion

HCO3 -

Hydrochloric Acid formula?

HCl

Hydrogen Chloride/Hydrochloric Acid formula?

HCl

What are intramolecular forces?

Bonding forces that are found within a molecule. The chemical behavior of each phase of matter is the same because the same basic particle is present in each case.

Hypochlorous acid?

HClO

Chlorous acid formula?

HClO2

Chloric acid formula?

HClO3

Perchloric acid formula?

HClO4

Nitrous acid formula?

HNO2

Nitric acid formula?

HNO3

Hydrogen Phosphate Ion

HPO4 2-

Hydrogen Sulfate (Bisulfate) Ion

HSO4 -

What is atomic radius?

Half the diameter of a neutral atom

What is ionic radius?

Half the distance between two atoms that are just touching eachother

What is group 17 called?

Halogens

What are the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity properties of ionic compounds?

Hard, Rigid, Brittle with strong electrostatic forces keeping the ions in a fixed position. Poor conductors when solid but good when melted or aqueous solutions. High melting points and much higher boiling points.

Helium

He

Heterogeneous Mixture/Homogeneous Mixture/Element/Compound? Orange Juice with Pulp

Heterogeneous Mixture

Mercury

Hg

Ion Charge: Hg (I)

Hg2 2+

Mercury (I) Ion

Hg2 2+

Ion Charge: Hg (II)

Hg2+

What are the effects of strong intermolecular forces?

High BP, High MP, High Hvap/Hfus/Hsub, High viscosity, High surface tension, and Low Vapor Pressure

What are the characteristics of G? L? S?

High Compressibility, High Ability to Flow. Very Low Compressibility, Moderate Ability to Flow. Almost no Compressibility, Almost no Ability to Flow

Which of the following are examples of systematic errors? I. Weighing a precipitate on an electronic balance. II. Consistently reading burette volumes from the top of the meniscus. III. Using an incorrectly labelled standard solution in a titration.

II and III

How do we use bond order in molecular orbital theory to decide if something exists?

If bond order > 0 -> YES else NO

How can we classify matter?

If it is a pure substance then it is either a compound or element. If it is a mixture it is either a homogeneous mixture or a heterogeneous micture.

How can we check if a binary compound is ionic?

If the two elements are a metal and a nonmetal

A fictional green element is a metal, called Kermium (Ke). Kermium forms an oxide with formula Ke2O3. What type of compound is this?

Ionic

Ionic or Covalent? AgCl

Ionic

Ionic or Covalent? AlBr3

Ionic

Ionic or Covalent? K2O

Ionic

Ionic or Covalent? MoCl6

Ionic

Ionic or Covalent? NaCl

Ionic

Ionic or Covalent? PbCl2

Ionic

Ionic or Covalent? RbCl

Ionic

What are the three types of bonds?

Ionic, Metallic, Covalent

What are polyatomic ions?

Ions that are made up of more than one type of atom

FeCl2 name?

Iron (II) Chloride

FeI2 name?

Iron (II) Iodide

Fe2O3 name?

Iron (III) Oxide

What are chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 called?

Isotopes

What is the trend for electronegativity?

It increases across a period and decreases down a group.

A compound with empirical formula CH is found to have a molecular mass of 78.11 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of the compound?

C6H6

Which has a higher BP: CH3NH2 or CH3F?

CH3NH2 because it has Hydrogen bonds where CH3F does not

Cyanide Ion

CN -

What is the outcome of a reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates?

CO2 is produced

Carbonate Ion

CO3 2-

Write the net ionic equation for the reaction, if any, which occurs when Na2CO3 and hydrochloric acid are mixed. Both are in aqueous solution if soluble.

CO3 2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) -> CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Calcium

Ca

Calcium Nitrate

Ca(NO3)2

Ion Charge: Ca

Ca2+

Calcium sulfide formula?

CaS

CaCO3 name?

Calcium carbonate

CO name?

Carbon monoxide

Pb(OH)2 name?

Lead (II) Hydroxide

Lithium

Li

Ion Charge: Li

Li+

What are the strong bases?

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

What is the saying when it comes to predicting solubility?

Like dissolves like

What geometry is 2 EGs and 0 LPs?

Linear

What geometries are symmetrical?

Linear, Trigonal Planar, Tetrahedral, Trigonal Bipyramidal, Octahedral

What is the formula for combining two solutions and getting the new concentration/molarity?

M1V1 + M2V2 = M3V3

What is the formula for dilution of a solution?

M1V1 = M2V2

What is the equation used for titrations?

M1V1/n1 = M2V2/n2 n is the number of moles from the balanced equation

What is the percent carbon of C6H12O6? Percent hydrogen? Percent oxygen?

MM = 180.15g/mol 6*12.0112 = 72.0672g 72.0672/180.15 = 40.00% 12* 1.00797 = 12.09564 12.09564/180.15 = 6.71% 6*15.9994 = 95.964 95.964/180.15 =53.27%

What is the molecular formula for 30g/mol, 60 g/mol, and 180g/mol CH2O?

MM = 30.0g/mol 30g/mol = CH2O 60g/mol = C2H4O2 180g/mol = C6H12O6

How many moles in 6.07g of CH4?

MM CH4 = 16.04amu 6.07/16.04 = 0.378 moles

What is the percent composition (g) of H3PO4?

MM H3PO4 = 97.99g 100(3.024g/97.99) = 3.086% H 100(30.97/97.99) = 31.61% P 100(64/97.99) = 65.31% O

Mg(CH3CO2)2 name?

Magnesium Acetate

How is being an electrolyte different from solubility?

Many substances/compounds are soluble but are non-electrolytes (sugar) and many are poorly soluble but strong electrolytes (Sr(OH)2)

What is an open system?

Mass and energy are exchanged

Density = ?

Mass/Volume

What is the law of conservation of mass?

Matter cannot be destroyed or created (E = mc^2)

What is a substance?

Matter that has a uniform and definite composition. Compounds and elements

What is the particle theory of light?

Max Planck - "Light is generated as a stream of light particles called photons"

What is theoretical yield?

Maximum amount of products that can be prepared (determined by the limiting reactant). It's 100% and it is practically impossible to achieve.

What is the change from solid to liquid called?

Melting (Endothermic)

How do we name a Binary (Metal + Nonmetal) Ionic compound?

Metal name + Nonmetal name-ide

What is Germanium?

Metalloid

How can silicon be described: Type, Period, Group?

Metalloid, 3, 4A

Magnesium

Mg

Ion Charge: Mg

Mg2+

Which of the following ions has the smallest radius? Cl-, S2-, Na+, Mg2+

Mg2+

Ammonium Ion

NH4 +

Nitrite Ion

NO2 -

Nitrate Ion

NO3 -

Sodium

Na

Ion Charge: Na

Na+

Neon

Ne

What is the slope of the solid liquid phase line on a phase diagram like for water? Why?

Negative slope because ice is less dense than water.

Is this an acid/base/neither: CH4?

Neither

Is this an acid/base/neither: CaCl2?

Neither

Nickel

Ni

Ion Charge: Ni

Ni2+

NH3 name?

Nitrogen Trihydride

HNO2 name?

Nitrous Acid

Are temperature and heat the same?

No

Would CuSO4 and MgI2 produce a precipitate?

No

Would KCl and LiF produce a precipitate?

No

Would NaBr and NH4OH produce a precipitate?

No

What is the net ionic equation for the reaction between HNO3 and NaCl if one accurs?

No Reaction

What is an isolated system?

No exchange of energy or mass

Is the gram an SI base unit?

No, kg is though.

Do physical changes alter the composition of the substances involved?

No, only chemical changes alter the composition of the substances involved

Is it possible to ever have a percent yield above 100%?

No, the math should be check and impurities should be checked for. This is a direct result of the law of conservation of mass.

What elements occur free in nature (monoatomic)?

Noble gases

What is group 18 called?

Noble gases

What are intermolecular forces?

Nonbonding forces that are found between molecules. The physical behavior of each phase of matter is different because the strength of the forces differ from state to state.

What type of electrolyte is glucose?

Nonelectrolyte

What is molarity (M)?

Number of moles per liter of solution. moles solute/L solution

What is the atomic number?

Number of protons

Oxygen

O

Peroxide Ion

O2 2-

Ion Charge: O

O2-

Hydroxide Ion

OH -

What geometry is 6 EGs and 0 LPs?

Octahedral

What is the difference between NH3 and NH4+?

One is (Nitrogen trihydride) ammonia and the other the ammonium ion.

What bonds can rotation occur with?

Only a single bond, not possible with double or triple bond.

Can sigma or pi bonds rotate?

Only sigma

What is Hund's Rule?

Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin state.

What is magnetic quantum number m?

Orientation of the orbital. Each subshell will have orientation numbers from -l to +l. -Ex. for the first shell with n=1 and l=0, there's only one orientation (spherical)

What does OIL RIG stand for?

Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

What is the most abundant element on Earth's crust?

Oxygen

Which element has a ground electron configuration:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3?

Phosphorous

PCl3 name?

Phosphorous Trichloride

Phosphorous

P

What is Guy-Lussac's Law?

P1/T1 = P2/T2

What is the combined gas law?

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

What is Boyle's Law?

P1V1=P2V2

Ion Charge: P

P3-

Phosphorous pentachloride formula?

PCl5

Phosphate Ion

PO4 3-

What is the ideal gas law?

PV=nRT

What is a system?

Part of the world of interest

Is work a state or path function?

Path

What is line spectra?

Pattern of line produced by light emitted by excited atoms of an element. This is unique for every element and is used to identify unknown elements.

If two electrons have the same configuration what principle does this violate?

Pauli Exclusion

Lead

Pb

Ion Charge: Pb (II)

Pb2+

Ion Charge: Pb (IV)

Pb4+

What measures accuracy?

Percent Error

What is the partial pressure equation?

Pgas = X(the mole fraction) * Ptotal

You have checked your weight at the last doctor appointment and it was 140 pounds. However, you scale at home gives you the following results in a short amount of time: 140.0, 144.0, 136.0 What can be said about your scale?

It is accurate but not precise

How does the meniscus differ for Hg?

It is convex (reaches up) and is different from most liquids which are concave.

What was Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle?

It is impossible to know simultaneously the position and the momentum of an electron

You have checked your weight at the last doctor appointment and it was 140 pounds. However, you scale at home gives you the following results in a short amount of time: 145.5, 145.6, 145.4 What can be said about your scale?

It is precise but not accurate

What is valence bond theory?

Used to explain chemical bonding. Atoms can overlap unpaired electrons to form a bond. A sigma bond forms when two atomic orbitals overlap between the nuclei of two atoms. Pi bonds occur when orbitals overlap outside the space between the nuclei and the strongest bonds form with maximum overlap between orbitals.

What color does phenolphthalein turn with bases?

Pink

What energy is added when the slope is 0 on a heating curve?

Potential

What is VSEPR model?

Predicts the geometry of the molecule from the electrostatic repulsions between the electron pairs.

What are intensive properties?

Properties that are independent of the amount of matter: Density, Specific Weight, Temperature...

What are extensive properties?

Properties that depend on the amount of matter: Mass, volume, heat...

What are the subatomic particles?

Proton (p+, mass: 1 amu) Neutron (n, mass 1 amu) Electron (e-, mass 1/1837 amu)

What is the atomic mass number?

Protons + Neutrons, how heavy (mass)?

Platinum

Pt

What is Dalton's law?

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ... + Pn

What is the order from low to high in frequency and strength of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible Spectrum, Ultraviolet, X-Ray, and Gamma

Ion Charge: Rb

Rb+

What color do acids turn litmus paper?

Red

What are the surroundings?

Region outside of a system

What are the four colligative properties of solutions?

Relative lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of BP, depression of MP, and osmotic pressure.

Sulfur

S

Ion Charge: S

S2-

Sulfite Ion

SO3 2-

Sulfate Ion

SO4 2-

What are isotopes?

Same elements with different mass (more neutrons). Protium 1 1 H, Deuterium 2 1 H, Tritium 3 1 H.

Why is Br2 lower BO than ICl?

Same number of electrons but the Molar mass of ICl is greater than Br2

How is the trend for IE and EA similar?

Same trend increases up a group and across a period. High IE means difficult to form a cation and high EA means easy to form an anion

Antimony

Sb

What is temperature?

Scale the measures thermal energy. When measured in Kelvin, T is proportional to the kinetic energy.

Selenium

Se

Ion Charge: Se

Se2-

How should we go about writing NIEs (Net Ionic Equations)?

Separate all the ions in the solution (aq), but not the (s), (l), or (g). Next eliminate all the spectator ions. We also never separate weak electrolytes. Subscripts should become coefficients.

Silicon

Si

How can sand and gravel be separated from one another? Decanter, Sieve, Distiller, Evaporating Dish?

Sieve

Which is stronger, pi or sigma bond?

Sigma

What type of reaction is Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2?

Single Displacement

What is EA like for metals?

Slightly negative EAs, they lose e- easily but attract them weakly

What is EA like for noble gases?

Slightly positive, they lose e- easily but attract them weakly/if at all, tend not to gain/lose e-

Tin

Sn

Ion Charge: Sn

Sn2+

Ion Charge: Sn (IV)

Sn4+

Strontium

Sr

Ion Charge: Sr

Sr2+

What measures precision?

Standard deviation

Is Enthalpy a state or path function?

State

Is Internal energy a state or path function?

State

Is pressure a state or path function?

State

Is temperature a state or path function?

State

Is volume a state or path function?

State

What type of electrolyte is Sodium Chloride?

Strong

What type of electrolyte is nitric acid?

Strong

What type of electrolyte is sodium hydroxide?

Strong

What are strong electrolytes?

Strong acids, strong bases, and salts

What is the change from solid to gas called?

Sublimation (Endothermic)

What is aqueous?

Substance dissolved in water

What are some of the most common nonelectrolytes?

Sucrose, Glucose, Alcohol, Acetone, Pure H2O

SO3 name?

Sulfur Trioxide

What is the difference between SO3 and SO3 2-?

Sulfur trioxide and Sulfate ion

The solubility of a substance is 60 g per 100 mL of water at 15oC. A solution of this substance is prepared by dissolving 75 g in 100 mL of water at 75oC. The solution is then cooled slowly to 15oC without any solid separating. The solution is now known as?

Supersaturated at 15C

Ion Charge: Te

Te2-

What does a high IE mean?

Tends to form anions

What does a low IE mean?

Tends to form cations

What geometry is 4 EGs and 0 LPs?

Tetrahedral

P4O6 name?

Tetraphosphorous Hexoxide

If you burn 21.0 g of hydrogen and produce 187 g of water, then 166g of oxygen reacted. This is a demonstration of?

The Law of Conservation of Mass

What is a titration?

Using the known concentration of one solution to determine the unknown of another.

Question: A 125g ball with a density of 0.500g/mL. How much water could the ball absorb before sinking in water?

V = 125/0.5 = 250mL Density of Water = 1.0 g/mL m = DV = 1 * 250 = 250 125 + x = 250 x = 125mL

What is Charle's Law?

V1/T1 = V2/T2

How does valence bond theory explain covalent bonds?

Valence bond theory describes a covalent bond as the overlap of half-filled atomic orbitals that yield a pair of electrons shared between two bonded atoms

What is the vapor pressure compared to atmospheric pressure when there is boiling?

Vapor Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure

What is the vapor pressure compared to atmospheric pressure when there is evaporation?

Vapor pressure < Atmospheric pressure

What is the change from liquid to gas called?

Vaporizing (Endothermic)

Two flasks are connected with a stopcock, The first one has a V of 5.0 L and contains N2 at a P of 0.75 atm. The second has a V of 8.0 L and contains O2 at a P of 1.25 atm. When the stopcock is opened and gases are free to mix, what will be the pressure of the mixture? Assume that the volume of the connection is negligible.

Vf = 13.0L P1V1 = P2V2 O2 -> 1.25 * 8.0 = 13x, x = 0.77atm N2 -> .75 * 5.0 = 13x, x = 0.29atm 0.77 + 0.29 = 1.06atm

Are volumes considered additive?

Volumes are not additive

Which of the following pairs of substances may best be separated through distillation? 1. Salt and Sand 2. Sand and Soil 3. Water and Alcohol 4. Water and Soil

Water and Alcohol

What is the bond order for Li2?

We have 6 total e-, so we fill 4 bonding MOs and then there are 2 nonbonding MOs. So we get (4-2)/2 = 1 so it exists.

What type of electrolyte is Acetic acid?

Weak

What type of electrolyte is nitrous acid?

Weak

What are weak electrolytes?

Weak acids and weak bases

According to atomic Bohr model which following pairs of electron transition, emits the most energy?

Whatever is the biggest difference in n.

What is the equivalence point in a titration?

The OH- added reached the same amount of the H+ in the flask.

Which statement is true for the combustion of ethanol? C2H5OH (l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O(l) ∆H = -1370 kJ

The PE of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants Products - Reactants

What is actual yield?

The actual amount of products that are produced in a certain reaction (this is always less than the theoretical yield).

What is molecular geometry?

The arrangement of atoms, shape

What is the trough of a wave?

The bottom of the wave

What is energy?

The capacity to do work

What did R. Millikan discover?

The charge of an electron as -1.60*10^-19 coulombs

What is wave-particle duality?

The concept that every elementary particle or quantic entity exhibits the properties of not only particles, but also waves

How do we read off a lab scale for sig figs?

The last digit shown is uncertain and is not included in the value.

How do we read off a ruler for sig figs?

The last digit we are guessing is the uncertain digit and is included in the value.

When drawing a dipole which is slightly greater than the other and the arrow points away from?

The less electronegative one.

What does surface area have to do with BP?

The less surface area the lower the BP is.

What is Oxidation?

The loss of electrons

Hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia according to the reaction, 3 H2 + N2 --> 2 NH3. A problem states "4.0 grams of H2 with 4.0 grams of N2 are reacted". How do you know this is a limiting reactant problem?

The mass of both reactants is provided in the question

What is solubility?

The maximum mass of the solute that can dissolve in unit mass of the solvent at a given temperature.

What does it mean when the successive IE is a huge jump?

The next species does not exist, like Al4+ does not exist.

What is the frequency of a wave?

The number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a set amount of time (Hz, 1/s)

Which lewis structure should be chosen?

The one with the lowest FC and with the - on the most electronegative atom

What is equilibrium vapor pressure?

The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its corresponding liquid at a given temperature

What is atomic orbital defined by?

The principal quantum number, the angular moment quantum number, and the magnetic quantum number

Why are all forms of energy state functions?

The principle of the conservation of energy

What is hydration?

The process in which an ion is surrounded by water molecules in a specific manner.

What did Rutherford discover?

The proton through his famous gold foil experiment

What is the speed of light (c)?

The rate at which all forms of electromagnetic radiation travel through a vacuum = 3.00*10^8m/s

What is the excess reagent?

The reactant that is not fully used up in a reaction.

What has the highest bond strength?

The shortest bond length

What is the end point in a titration?

The smallest excess of OH- will make the color of the indicator change (colorless to pink)

Why does freezing point depression occur?

The solute interferes with the crystallization of molecules of solvent

What is thermochemistry?

The study of heat change in chemical reactions

What is the angular momentum quantum number l?

The sublevels or subshells of the energy level. This defines the shape of the "volume" of space that the e- occupies.

What is solvent?

The substance present in the larger amount (dissolves solute)

What is solute?

The substance present in the smaller amount (gets dissolved)

What is the limiting reagent?

The substance that makes the least amount of product, it determines the yield.

What is an indicator in a titration?

The substance whose color is different when in the presence of an acid or a base.

What is the crest on a wave?

The top of the wave

According to the law of conservation of mass, what do we always know about the total mass of the reacting substances?

The total mass of the reacting substances is always equal to the total mass of the products

What do redox reactions involve?

The transfer of electrons between atoms.

What is heat?

The transfer of thermal energy from one object to another at a lower temperature

As part of an experiment to determine the density of a new plastic developed in her laboratory, Sara Ann Dippity measures the volume of a solid sample. Her four trials yield volumes of 12.39 cm3, 12.41 cm3, 12.42 cm3, and 12.38 cm3. Measurements of other scientists in the lab give an average volume of 12.55 cm3. What can be said about the results?

There is high precision and low accuracy

Why are electrolytes important?

They take part in electrochemical processes in living organisms and are used for many life processes.

What is resonance?

When we have double bonds close to single bonds, there can be multiple ways to write a Lewis structure

What were the problems with Rutherford's planetary model?

Where are the electrons and what are they doing? If the electrons are orbiting the nucleus, why don't they fall into the nucleus as predicted by classical physics? How is the internal structure of the atom related to the discrete emission lines produced by excited elements?

In an exothermic process where should the heat be?

With the products

In an endothermic process where should the heat be?

With the reactants

What is the mole fraction equation?

Xa = na/ntotal

Xenon

Xe

Are physical properties valid characteristics for identifying a substance?

Yes

Would NaCl and AgNO3 produce a precipitate?

Yes

Do chemical changes always produce substances different from the starting materials?

Yes, they are new substances

ZnCl2 name?

Zinc chloride

Zinc

Zn

How much hydrogen gas is produced by the reaction of 19.61 g of Zn and 10.38 g of HCl? Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) -> ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) -> ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 19.61g Zn/65.38g Zn = 0.2999mol 10.38g HCl/19.96g HCl = 0.52 mol 0 mol ZnCl2 0 mol H2 0.2999-x = 0, x = 0.2999 used up 0.52-2x = 0, x = 0.2600 used up So we have 0.0399 mol Zn left and we get 0.26 mol ZnCl2 and 0.26 mol H2.

What type of reaction is this: Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) -> ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Zn -> Zn2+ + 2e- (Oxidized, reducer) Cu2+ + 2e- -> Cu (Reduced, Oxidizer) Redox reaction

Ion Charge: Zn

Zn2+

What is the condensed electron configuration for Zn?

[Ar]4s2 3d10

The electron configuration of Strontium ions is_________.

[Kr]

What is Van der Waal's equation? What does a and b correct?

[P + a(n/V)^2] * [V-nb] = nRT a corrects the pressure value for the interactions among molecules, b corrects the volume occupied by the molecules

What is electronegativity?

ability of an atom to attract electrons

SI unit for electric current?

ampere (A)

How do we use bond energy with Hess's law?

bonds broken - bonds formed Have to draw them most of the time to perform this

What is the wavelength and frequency formula?

c = wavelength * frequency

Is lattice energy endothermic or exothermic?

exothermic (-)

What is l =3?

f orbital (far too complex) 7 orbitals

What are the Diatomic molecules?

hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine (Have no fear of ice cold beer)

SI unit for temperature?

kelvin (K)

SI unit for mass?

kilogram (kg)

What is the equation for work?

w = P(Vf-Vi)

What is the de Broglie wavelength?

wavelength = h/mu u is speed in m/s m is mass in kg

SI unit for length?

meter (m)

SI unit for amount of substance?

mole (mol)

What is the equation for partial pressure?

mole fraction x total pressure

What is the equation for Molality (m)?

moles of solute/kg of solvent

What are the possible quantum numbers for the last (outermost) electron in Barium?

n = 6, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = -1/2

According to atomic Bohr model which following pairs of electron transition, produces the emission with longest wavelength?

n=2 -> n=1

What is l = 1?

p orbital (Peanut) 3 orbitals

When 1.00 g of fructose, C6H12O6(s), a sugar commonly found in fruits, is burned in oxygen in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of the calorimeter increases by 1.61 °C. If the heat capacity of the calorimeter and its contents is 8.95 kJ/°C, what is q for this combustion reaction?

q = 1(1.61)(8.95) = 14.41 qsolution = -qreaction so -14.41

What is the equation for heat (q)?

q = mc(Tf - Ti)

What is l = 0?

s orbital (Sphere) 1 orbital

SI unit for time?

second (s)

What hybridization is for 2ER?

sp

What hybridization is for 3ER?

sp2

What hybridization is for 4ER?

sp3

What hybridization is for 5ER?

sp3d

What is the result of 4300 + 230?

4500

What is the angle for Trigonal Pyramidal geometry?

<109

What is the angle for Bent geometry 3EGs?

<120

What is the angle for Bent geometry 4EGs?

<<109

What volume of 0.166 M Ca(OH)2 is needed to neutralize 0.500 L of 0.261 M HNO3? 2HNO3 (aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) -> 2H2O (l) + Ca(NO3)2 (aq)

(.5 * 0.261)/2 = 0.06525 0.06525 * 0.166 = .393L

A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH4 (methane), 0.421 moles of C2H6 (ethane), and 0.116 moles of C3H8 (propane). If the total pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the partial pressure of propane?

(0.116/(8.24+0.421+0.116) = 0.013 = Xpropane Ppropane = 0.013 * 1.37atm = 0.018atm

A sample of gas with a mass of 26 g occupies a volume of 392 L at 32C and at a pressure of 0.95 atm. Find the density of the gas at STP in g/L.

(0.95*392*273.15)/(273.15+32) = 0.078g/L We used PV/T = PV/T for this question. Need to convert to K and find the volume.

What are the columns of the periodic table called?

(1-18) Groups

What are the horizontal rows of the periodic table called?

(1-7) Periods

Sucrose, C12H22O11, is common table sugar. The equation for the complete burning of 1 mole of sucrose in oxygen to give CO2 (g) and H2O (l) in standard condition is provided below. C12H22O11 (s) + 12 O2 (g) --> 12 CO2 (g) + 11 H2O (l) ΔH0 rxn= ? kJ Calculate the standard enthalpy of the reaction in kJ knowing the following: ΔH0f of CO2 (g) = -242.2 kJ/mol ΔH0f of H2O (l) = -315.2 kJ/mol ΔH0f of C2H22O11 (s) = -2,338 kJ/mol

(12 * -242.2 + 11 * -315.2) - (-2338) = -4,036

How many moles of helium are in a 45.0 liter tank at 293 K and 15.0 atm? R = 0.08206

(15*45)/(293*0.08206) = 28.1 mol

How many milliliters of water at 23C with a density of 1.00 g/mL must be mixed with 180. mL of coffee at 95C so that the resulting combination will have a temperature of 60C? Assume that coffee and water have the same density and the same specific heat (4.184 J/gC) and the system is isolated?

(180)(60-95) = -m(60-23) m = 170mL

The numeric value of work done in (atm x L)s by the system in expanding from 1.50L to 2.3L against a constant atmospheric pressure of about 1.3atm is?

(2.3-1.5) * 1.3 = 1.04

What are the transition metals?

(3-12) the elements in the middle of the table.

What is percent yield?

(Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield) * 100

What is average atomic weight?

(Atomic Weight 1)(abundance 1) + (Atomic Weight 2)(abundance 2)

Ammonium sulfide formula?

(NH4)2S

What is 1mL equal to?

1cm^3

What is the density of water?

1g/mL

What is 1in equal to? 1in^2?

1in = 2.54cm, 1in^2 = (2.54)^2 cm^2

What is ppb?

1mg/10^3L (1mg/1000kg)

What is ppm?

1mg/1L (1mg/1kg)

What is the order of electron configuration for the periodic table?

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p,6s, 4f, 5d,6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, and 7p

How many significant zeros are there in 0.01030?

2

What is the oxidation number of Zn in Zn(OH)4 2-?

2

What combination of protons, neutrons, and electrons is correct for the isotope of 63 atomic number Cu.

29p, 34n, 29e

Balance: CuFeS2(s) + O2(g) -> Cu(s) + FeO(s) + SO2(g)

2CuFeS2(s) + 5O2(g) -> 2Cu(s) + 2FeO(s) + 4SO2(g) This one you find that the O is odd so you must make FeO(s) include a 2 to make it even so all previously picked coefficients must be doubled.

Balance: Fe + Cl2 —> FeCl3

2Fe + 3Cl2 --> 2FeCl3

Balance: Fe + H2SO4 -> Fe2(SO4)3 + H2

2Fe + 3H2SO4 -> Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2

Balance FeBr3 + H2SO4 -> Fe2(SO4)3 + HBr

2FeBr3 + 3H2SO4 -> Fe2(SO4)3 + 6HBr

Balance: H2(g) + O2(g) -> H2O(g)

2H2(g) + O2(g) -> 2H2O(g)

Balance: KClO3(s) -> KCl(s) + O2(g)

2KClO3(s) -> 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

What type of reaction is this: 2Mg(s) + O2(g) -> 2MgO(s)

2Mg -> 2Mg2+ + 4e- (Oxidation -lose e-) O2 + 4e- -> 2O2- (Reduction -gain e-) Redox reaction

What is the NIE for: 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) -> H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)

2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) -> H2O(l)

How many sigfigs are in 2.00?

3

How many sig figs are there? 62.40g

4 sig figs

If 4.00 L of H2 gas at 1.43 Atm is at standard temperature, and the pressure were to increase by a factor of 7/3, what is the final volujme of the gas?

4.00(3/7) = 1.71

Hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia according to the reaction 3 H2 + N2 -> 2 NH3 When 4.0 moles of H2 are reacted with 2.0 mol of N2, how many moles of ammonia are produced? What is the limiting reactant? How many moles of the excess reactant are there after the reaction?

4/3 = 1.333mol H2 2/1 = 2 mol N2 1.333 * 2 = 2.666mol ammonia The limiting reactant is H2. 0.67 mol N2 is leftover

40.0 mL of 0.400 M NaOH solution is diluted to a final volume of 200.0 mL. What is the final concentration?

40 * 0.4 = 200 * M 0.08M

Determine the empirical formula of ascorbic acid with the following mass composition. 40.92% C 54.50% O 4.58% H

40.92g/12.01g = 3.407mol C 54.50g/16.00g = 3.406mol O 4.58g/1.00797g = 4.54mol H 3.407/3.407 = 1 4.54/3.407 = 1.33 1* 3 = 3, 1.33 * 3 = 4 C3H4O3

A mixture of 40.0 g of oxygen and 40.0 g of helium has a total pressure of 0.9 atm. What are the partial pressures?

40/32 = 1.25mol O2 40/4 = 10mol He 11.25 mol total XO2 = 1.25/11.25 = 0.11111 0.11111*0.9 = 0.1atm Thus He partial pressure is 0.8atm

A 45-g aluminum spoon (specific heat 0.88 J/gC) at 24C is placed in 180.mL of coffee at 85C inside an insulated coffee mug and the temperature of the two become equal. What is the final temperature when the two become equal? Assume that coffee has the same specific heat and density as water.

45*0.88*(Tf - 24) = -180*4.184(Tf -85) Tf = 82C

The mass of a sample is 550 milligrams. Which of the following expresses that mass in kilograms? 5.5 * 10^-6 5.5 * 10^-4 5.5 * 10^-1 5.5 * 10^8

5.5 * 10^-4

5.60 g of NaCl are dissolved in enough water to make 250.00 mL of solution. What is the molarity of this solution?.

5.6/(22.9898+35.453)/.250 = 0.383M

A chemist starts with 50.0 mL of a 0.40 M NaCl solution and dilutes it to 1000 mL. What is the concentration of NaCl in the new solution?

50*0.4 = 1000*M2 M2 = 0.020M

What is Avogadro's number?

6.022 * 10^23

Metallic lithium reacts with water producing lithium hydroxide. How many moles of H2 would be produced from a complete reaction of 6.23 moles of Li with water? 2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) -> 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

6.23/2 = 3.12mol H2

How many moles are there in 6.46g of He?

6.46/4.0026 = 1.61moles

What is Planck's constant?

6.626 x 10^-34 J x s

A compound contains 6.0 g of carbon and 1.0 g of hydrogen. The percent composition of the compound is?

6/(6+1) = 86% C 1/(6+1) = 14% H

What is the molar mass of NH4NO3?

80.043g/mol

How many grams of H2 are formed from a complete reaction of 80.57g of Li?

80.57g/6.939 = 11.61mol Li 11.61/2 = 5.805 mol H2 5.805 * (1.00797 * 2) = 11.70g H2

85.0 mL of a solution of NaOH is diluted to a final volume of 290.0 mL and the new molarity is 0.0500 M. Calculate the original molarity of the base.

85 * M = 290 * 0.0500 0.171M

What is the energy required to evaporate two moles of liquid water given the following equations? 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) ∆H = -483.6 kJ 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) ∆H = -571.6 kJ

88.0kJ

A circular object has a diameter of 19.0cm, what is the length of the radius of the object with the correct number of sigfigs?

9.50

he Haber process for producing ammonia commercially is represented by the equation N2 (g) + 3H2(g) -> 2NH3(g) To completely convert 9.0 mol hydrogen gas to ammonia gas, how many moles of nitrogen gas are required?

9/3 = 3.0mol N2

What is the angle for Octahedral geometry?

90

What is the angle for Trigonal Bipyramidalgeometry?

90 and 120

Sig figs: 89.332 + 1.1 = ?

90.4

A scientist discovers a new element, called "Rainium". There are two isotopes of Rainium. Rainium-99 is the most common, making up 75.50% of all Rainium, and has a mass of 99.3551 amu. The other isotope, Rainium-101, makes up the remaining 24.50%, and has a mass of 101.1135 amu. What is the atomic mass for Rainium, in amu?

99.3551(.7550) + 101.1135(.2450) = 99.79amu

What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of a base?

A base is a proton (hydrogen ion) acceptor.

What is a mixture?

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.

What is visible light?

A form of electromagnetic radiation that is perceivable to human beings and is seen in the colors of the rainbow

What are electromagnetic waves?

A form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space

What is a cation?

A positively charged ion that loses electrons. Metals

What is an extensive property?

A property that depends on the system size: Volume, number of moles.

What is an intensive property?

A property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter

What does one combination of n, l, ms, and ml signify for an atom?

A single electron

What is an unsaturated solution?

A solution in which more solute can be dissolved.

What is a saturated solution?

A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved.

What is a supersaturated solution?

A solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution under the same conditions, this is unstable and crystals form.

What is double displacement?

AB + CD -> AD + BC

What is decomposition?

AB -> A + B

The difference between a student's experimental measurement of the density of sodium chloride and the known density of the compound reflects the _________ of the student's result?

Accuracy

Is this an acid/base/neither: H2CO3?

Acid

What type of reaction is 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)?

Acid-Base

What is the Arrhenius acid definition?

Acids are substances that release H+ when dissolved in water. HCl(aq) -> H+ + Cl-

What is the Aufbau principle?

An electron must occupy the LOWEST ENERGY orbital that is available to receive it

What is the empirical formula?

An empirical formula is the simplest ratio of whole number atoms of each element in a compound.

What are diamond, graphite, and fullerene known as?

Allotropes

What are oxygen and ozone known as?

Allotropes

Al2(CO3)3 name?

Aluminum Carbonate

Al2(SO4)3 name?

Aluminum Sulfate

What are London dispersion forces?

Always present intermolecular forces that are negligible if other stronger interactions are present. These increase with the molar mass

NH4Br name?

Ammonium Bromide

What is acid-base?

An acid and a base produce a salt and H2O

What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid?

An acid is a proton (hydrogen ion) donor.

What is an atom?

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. Indivisible. Single unit of an element.

What did W. Bothe and H. Becker discover?

An electrically neutral radiation when they bombarded beryllium with alpha particles.

Which is bigger in atomic size? Cations or anions?

Anions will be larger

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and occupies space

What are the metal elements?

Anything that is not to the right of the metalloids.

Argon

Ar

How can we decide if a molecule is polar?

Are there polar bonds: No: Is it O3 No: Nonpolar Yes: Polar Yes: Is it Symmetric No: Polar Yes: Nonpolar

What is electron group geometry?

Arrangement of all electron groups.

Arsenic

As

What is the relation with gas solubility to T and P?

As T increases solubility decreases and as P increases solubility increases. The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the press of the gas over the solution.

What is a vaporization curve?

As T increases the Vapor pressure increases and as intermolecular forces increa the vapor pressure decreases

Barium

Ba

Ion Charge: Ba

Ba2+

Is this an acid/base/neither: Ca(OH)2?

Base

Is this an acid/base/neither: NH3?

Base

How is the modern periodic table organized?

Based on a classification of elements in terms of their physical and chemical properties

What is the Arrhenius base definition?

Bases are substances that release OH- when dissolved in water. NaOH(aq) -> Na+ + OH-

Beryllium

Be

What are the three exceptions to the octet rule?

Be or B do not have an octet, molecules with odd-electron atoms have free radicals (paramagnetic) and this is the case for NO (O is full tho), expanded octet whenever the principal quantum number n >= 3

What geometry is 3 EGs and 1 LP?

Bent

What geometry is 4 EGs and 2 LPs?

Bent

Bismuth

Bi

What is the trend for atomic size?

Bigger from right to left and down a group

What color do bases turn litmus paper?

Blue

Bromine

Br

Ion Charge: Br

Br-

What is the excited state?

By absorbing energy electrons can more to a higher-energy less-stable state

Carbon

C

Balance: C4H10O + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

C4H10O + 6O2 -> 4CO2 + 5H2O

What is the empirical formula of C8H10N4O2?

C4H5N2O

Balance: C4H6O3 + H2O -> C2H4O2

C4H6O3 + H2O -> 2C2H4O2

What is the formula for concentration of two solutions?

C1V1 = C2V2

100.0 mL of a solution that is 5.0% (m/v) in NaCl is diluted to 500 mL. what is the new concentation?

C1V1 = C2V2 0.05 * 100 = x * 500 1%

Acetate Ion

C2H3O2 -

Oxalate Ion

C2O4 2-

Balance: C3H8(g) + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

C3H8(g) + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O

Ion Charge: C

C4-

Cadmium

Cd

Ion Charge: Cd

Cd2+

What is the boiling point elevation and freezing point lowering equation?

Change in T = i * K * m where i is the van't Hoff factor K is the constant provided, and m is molality

Chlorine

Cl

Ion Charge: Cl

Cl-

What is the NIE for: NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) -> NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)

Cl-(aq) + Ag+(aq) -> AgCl(s)

In the reaction 2As(s) + 3Cl2(g) -> 2AsCl3 the oxidizer is?

Cl2

Hypochlorite Ion

ClO -

Chlorite Ion

ClO 2-

Chlorate Ion

ClO3 -

Perchlorate Ion

ClO4 -

Ion Charge: Co (II)

Co2+

Ion Charge: Co (III)

Co3+

What color does phenolphthalein turn with acids?

Colorless

What type of reaction is CH4 + O2 -> CO2 + H3O?

Combustion

Heterogeneous Mixture/Homogeneous Mixture/Element/Compound? Pure Sugar

Compound

What is the change from gas to liquid called?

Condensing (Exothermic)

What are some properties of metals?

Conductors of electricity and heat, Malleable (thin layers), and ductile (drawn into wires)

When is a solute always soluble?

Contains any alkali metal (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+), contains NH4+ (ammonium), NO3- (nitrate), ClO4- (perchlorate), ClO3- (chlorate), or CH3CO2- (acetate)

What is Proust's Law of Definite Proportions?

Different samples of the same compound contain the same proportion of its constituent elements (in mass). Ex. C + O = 100 + 133 = CO C + O2 = 100 + 266 = CO2

Who created the periodic table?

Dimitri Mendeleev

N2O5 name?

Dinitrogen Pentoxide

N2O3 name?

Dinitrogen trioxide

What type of reaction is 2Na + Cl2 -> 2NaCl?

Direct combination

What type of reaction is 8Fe + S8 -> 8FeS

Direct combination

What are the six types of chemical reactions?

Direct combination, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, acid-base, and combustion.

How are intermolecular forces ranked from weakest to strongest?

Dispersion (London) < Dipole-Dipole < Hydrogen Bonds < Ion-Dipole

Which of the following are considered to be a "pure substance"? Toothpaste, Sea Water, Distilled Water, Tap Water, Air

Distilled Water

What are monoprotic acids?

Donates only one proton

What are triprotic acids?

Donates up to three protons

What are diprotic acids?

Donates up to two protons

What type of reaction is 2NaCl + AgNO3 -> AgCl + NaNO3?

Double Displacement

What type of reaction is NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)?

Double Displacement

What is the ground state?

E level normally occupied

How does ionic bonding work?

Electron transfer from cation to anion

How is electronegativity different from electron affinity?

Electronegativity is the ability of an to attract electrons while electron affinity is the energy associated with the acquisition of one electron

What was Bohr's model of the atom?

Electrons could have only certain energy levels and light emitted or absorbed as one electron moved between E levels. There is the principal quantum number. Going from a high quantum number to a low one emitted a photon.

What is a covalent polar bond?

Electrons forming a bond are unequally distributed

How does covalent bonding work?

Electrons sharing between atoms

Heterogeneous Mixture/Homogeneous Mixture/Element/Compound? Pure Gold

Element

What is the photelectric effect?

Emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation hits a material.

Is baking a potato endothermic or exothermica?

Endothermic

What is heat absorbed called?

Endothermic (+)

When a material in the liquid state is vaporized and then condensed to a liquid, the steps in the process are, respectively?

Endothermic and exothermic

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed.

What is a closed system?

Energy is exchanged

What is kinetic energy?

Energy that an object has by virtue of its motion

What is potential energy?

Energy that an object has in virtue of its position

What is the photoelectric effect?

Ephoton = hv If light consists of tiny particles called "photons" then these particles will be able to interact with other particles

What are elements?

Fundamental substances that cannot be broken down further by chemical means. Pure or combined, name and symbol.

What is the order from low to high in wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Gamma, X-Ray, Ultraviolet, Visible Spectrum, Infrared, Microwave, and Radio

Do metallic compounds or ionic compounds have higher BP?

Generally ionic

Which of the following is an example of an allotrope? 1. Ice and Liquid Water 2. 12-C and 13-C 3. Graphite and Diamond 4. Pure Iron and Rusted Iron

Graphite and Diamond

Do periods or groups tend to have similar properties with one another?

Groups

Hydrogen

H

What is ΔH?

H(products) - H(reactants)

What is the correct net ionic equation for the reaction (if a reaction occurs) between H2SO4 and NaOH?

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) -> H2O(l)

What are the nonmetal elements?

H, He, C, N, O, F, Ne, P, S, Cl, Ar, Se, Br, Kr, I, Xe, and Rn

Carbonic acid formula?

H2CO3

What is EA like for nonmetals?

Highly negative EAs, they attract e- strongly and lose e- with difficulty

What was the Rutherford model of the atom?

His model described the atom as a positively charged core called a nucleus, in which nearly all the mass is concentrated, where electrons at the circulate at same distance

Heterogeneous Mixture/Homogeneous Mixture/Element/Compound? Ketchup

Homogeneous Mixture

What are the two types of mixtures?

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous

What is accuracy?

How close a measurement is to the actual value. How correct is the measurement? Random error leads to no accuracy.

What is precision?

How closely two subsequent measures of the same quantity agree with one another. How reproducible is the measurement. Systematic error leads to lack of precision.

If not all electrons when not fully full don't have the same spin what principle does this violate?

Hund

If not all of the shell is filled before adding two electrons to the same spot what principle does this violate?

Hund

What is the most abundant element in the universe?

Hydrogen

Iodine

I

Ion Charge: I

I-

What is specific heat?

The heat (q) required to raise the temperature of 1g of the substance by C

What is parallax error?

Incorrectly reading the meniscus by not looking eye level with the meniscus.

What is the trend for ionization energy?

Increase up a group and across a period

What is the trend for metallic behavior>

Increases from right to left and down a group

What are some properties of metalloids?

Intermediate properties, shiny solids (like metals), brittle (like nonmetals), and semiconductors

What are ion-dipole forces?

Intermolecular forces between an ion and a polar molecule

What are dipole-dipole forces?

Intermolecular forces between polar molecules

Which is stronger, inter or intra molecular forces?

Intramolecular forces

What were the limitations of the Bohr Model?

It works well only for hydrogen, it doesn't explain some details of spectra, it doesn't include the wave-nature of the electron, it is in violation of the Heisenberg Uncertainty principle.

Potassium

K

Which among the following element has the strongest metallic characteristic? Potassium, Sodium, Oxygen and Calcium

K

Which among the following has the lowest ionization energy: Berillium, Fluorine, Nitrogen, Potassium

K

Ion Charge: K

K+

Predict the product(s) for the following reaction. H2SO4(aq) + KOH(aq) -> ???

K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

A fictional green element is a metal, called Kermium (Ke), forms an oxide with the formula Ke2O3. What is the formula for Kermium chloride? Write the formula and explain your answer. To receive full credit use proper capitalization, subscripts and superscripts (use the rich text editor above)

KeCl3 would be the formula for Kermium chloride. We know from the formula for the oxide formed with Ke that Ke has a +3 charge, Ke3+, since in order to have a neutral charge and form an ionic bond there are 3 O. This means that we have Ke2 having a net +6 charge and O3 having a net -6 charge, since it is O2-. Therefore, the net charge on Ke2O3 is 0, so Ke3+ is our Kermium ion. Then we know that the chloride ion is Cl- and our oxide must have a net charge of 0. Then we have KeCl3, the net charge of Ke is then +3 and the net charge of Cl3 is -3. Therefore, the net charge on KeCl3 is 0 and we now have Kermium chloride, KeCl3.

What unit of temperature do you need to use for gas law problems?

Kelvin

A fictional element is a non metal called Klingon. The symbol of Klingon is Kg. Only two oxyacids are known: H2KgO4, called klingonic acid, and H2KgO3 called klingonous acid. What is the formula of sodium klingonite?

KgO3 2- is the formula -ite ending means -ous acid Na2KgO3

What energy is added when the slope is > 0 on a heating curve?

Kinetic

Which has a higher BP: MgCl2 or PCl3?

MgCl2 since it has ionic bonding forces, while PCl3 has only dipole-dipole forces

Which ionic compounds in the following pairs has the higher lattice energy? (I) KCl or MgO (II) LiF or LiBr (III) MgF2​ or NaCl

MgO, LiF, MgF2

What is hybridization?

Mixing of two or more atomic orbitals to form a new set of hybrid orbitals.

Manganese

Mn

Ion Charge: Mn

Mn2+

Permanganate Ion

MnO4 -

Nitrogen

N

Which among the following has the highest (most negative) electron affinity? Barium, Gallium, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,

N

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

N two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.

Ion Charge: N

N3-

Thiocyanate Ion

NCS -

Na2S name?

Sodium Sulfide

What are some properties of nonmetals?

Solids/liquids/gases, nonconductors, solids are brittle

What are colligative properties?

Solution properties that are determined by the ratio solute particles/solvent molecules. They are independent of the nature of the solute.

What are the three types of interactions in the solution process?

Solvent-solvent interactions (+), solute-solute interactions (+), and solvent-solute interactions (-).

What are hydrogen bonds?

Special dipole-dipole interaction between hydrogen atoms in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond and an electronegative N, O, or F, atom

What is the SI derived unit for volume?

The cubic meter (m^3)

The density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm3. If you drop that block in a tank full of water would it sink of float? Explain why.

The density of water is 1g/mL or 1g/cm3. Knowing this anything that has a higher density than that of water would tend to sink rather than float. Objects that have a lower density than that of water, such as a tennis ball, would tend to float on the top of the water. Density is equal to mass / volume, the greater the mass of something in a small volume the higher the density will be. For example, if we had 1cm3 for the volumes of both water and the aluminum the mass of the water would be equal to 1g and the mass of the aluminum would be 2.70g. This means that the mass of the aluminum is greater than that of the water. Hence, the solid block of aluminum would then sink to the bottom of the water.

What is the wavelength of a wave?

The distance from crest to crest or trough to trough (m, nm)

What is amplitude of a wave?

The distance from the origin to the crest or the trough of a wave, this is the height (intensity/brightness) of a wave

What is polarizability?

The ease with which the electron distribution in the atom or molecule can be distorted. This increases with a greater number of electrons and more diffuse electron cloud. This is different from polarity.

What did JJ Thomson Discover?

The electron through his cathode ray experiments

What is electron affinity?

The energy accompanying the addition of 1 mol of e- during the formation of one mole of monovalent gaseous anion. The first EA is typically negative

What is the principal quantum number n?

The energy level or shell of the electron, the greater n the greater the distance from the nucleus

What is ionization energy?

The energy required to completely remove 1 mole of e- from 1 mole of gaseous atoms/ions

What is lattice energy?

The energy required to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions.

What is standard enthalpy of reaction?

The enthalpy of a reaction carried out at 1atm. ΔH0rxn = ΣnΔH0f (products) - ΣmΔH0f (reactants)

What happen when wavelength increases?

The frequency decreases

What is Reduction?

The gain of electrons

How do we know when a chemical equation is balanced?

The same number of each kind of atom appears in the reactants and in the products

In an exothermic reaction where does heat go?

To the surroundings

How is an element written?

Top left atomic mass number, bottom left atomic number, top right charge, and bottom right number of atoms.

What is enthalpy?

Total heat content of a system

What geometry is 5 EGs and 0 LPs?

Trigonal Bipyramidal

What geometry is 3 EGs and 0 LPs?

Trigonal Planar

What geometry is 4 EGs and 1 LP?

Trigonal Pyramidal

What is a nonpolar bond?

Two nonmetals with the same electronegativity.

What is a redox reaction?

Two reactions that occur at the same time, oxidation and reduction. Transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Uranium

U

What is paramegnetic?

Unpaired electrons like Oxygen

What is the lattice energy trend?

Up a group and across a period lattice energy increases

SI unit for luminous intensity?

candela (cd)

What is l = 2?

d orbital (double peanut) 5 orbitals

Between chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 which is more abundant?

x + y = 1 y = 1 - x 35x + 37(1-x) = 35.453 x = .7735 35 is more abundant Also we just know by the weight since it's closer to 35.

Nitrogen is made up of two isotopes, N-14 and N-15. Given nitrogen's average atomic weight of 14.007, what is the percent abundance of each isotope?

x + y = 1 y = 1 - x 14x + 15y = 14.007 14x + 15(1-x) = 14.007 x = 0.993 y = 0.007

What if H(products) < H(reactants)?

ΔH < 0 and is exothermic

What if H(products) > H(reactants)?

ΔH > 0 and is endothermic

What is Hess's Law?

ΔHtot = ΔH1 + ΔH2 ...+ ΔHn


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