Chem I Final Exam Comprehensive Review
NaF: sodium oxidation number of fluorine is?
-1
What is the oxidation number of H in LiH?
-1
Calculate the internal energy change of a system that release 520kJ heat energy to the surrounding. Surrounding does a work of 120kJ on the system.
-400kJ
The combustion of butane produces heat according to the equation 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) --> 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l) ΔH°rxn = -4,519 kJ What is the heat of combustion per gram of butane in kJ? The MM of butane is 58.12 g/mol.
-4519/(58.12*2) -38.88
How do we calculate bond order in molecular orbital theory?
(bonding electrons - antibonding electrons)/2
What are the symbols used in chemical reactions?
(s), (l), (g), (aq)
What is the spin quantum number ms?
+1/2 (up) or -1/2 (down)
Cu(OH)2: the oxidation number of copper is?
+2
The charge on the iron ion in Fe2O3 is?
+3
What is the oxidation number of N in NO2-?
+3
What is the oxidation number of C in H2CO3?
+4
SO42-: the oxidation number of sulfur is?
+6
O3: the oxidation number of oxygen is?
0
What is the oxidation number of N in N2?
0
What is the oxidation number of free elements and diatomic molecules?
0
What is the pH scale?
0-14 measurement of acid-neutral-base
What is 5.0mL in L and with the right sigfigs?
0.0050
Convert 20*10^-6g/L into ppm and ppb
0.02mg/L = 0.02ppm 20.0ppb
What is 5.21cm in m?
0.0521m
The result of (3.8621 * 1.5630) - 5.98 is?
0.06
What is the concentration in ppb of PCB's in a chemical spill, if there is 0.060 mg in 4,600. kg of soil?
0.060/4.6 = 0.013ppb
What is the molarity of 0.20mol solute in 500.ml of solution?
0.20mol/0.500L = 0.40M
What is the mass of a 285 ml sample of neon at 22°C and 765 torr?
0.285(765/760)/295.15 0.0118 mol = 0.239g Ne
If theoretical yield is 0.52416g H2 and actual yield is 0.3500g H2, what is the percent yield?
0.35/0.52416 * 100 = 66.77%
How many grams are there in 0.356 moles of Zn?
0.356 * 65.37 = 23.3g
How many grams of calcium chloride will be needed to make 750. mL of a 0.100 M CaCl2 solution?
0.75 * .1 = .075mol CaCl2 .075 * (40.08 + 2*35.453) = 8.32g
How many sigfigs are in 0.002?
1
How many sigfigs are in 2,000?
1
Calculate the density of a solid rectangular block of aluminum with height of 1.0 inch, width of 1.5 in and length of 2.0 in knowing that its mass was 132.73 g. Express the result as g/cm3 and use appropriate sig. figs.
1 * 1.5 * 2 = 3in^3 3in^3 * 2.54^3 cm^3 = 49.161192 132.73g / 49.161192cm^3 = 2.7g/cm^3
What does a double bond consist of?
1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond
What does a triple bond consist of?
1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds
What is the result of 231 * 4378?
1,010,000
What are the pH values for acids?
1-7
What was Dalton's Theory?
1. All matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms 2. All atoms of a given element are identical: atoms of different elements have different properties 3. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed or subdivided 4. Chemical reaction involves the combination of atoms, not their destruction 5. When elements react to for compounds, they react in defined whole number ratios
How should we balance reactions?
1. Balance atoms that appear only in one reactant and one product first, and atoms that appear more than once later. 2. Balance polyatomic ions as a group, for example the SO4 2- ion. 3. In some cases the number of atoms of an element in the reactant may be odd, while the number in the products will always be even (due to an even subscript). In this case you need to double the balance of all atoms already balanced and continue the balancing.
What are the driving forces in aqueous reactions?
1. Formation of an insoluble compound (precipitate/solid(s)) 2. Formation of water (or of weak electrolyte) 3. Formation of a gas
The distance between carbon atoms in ethylene is 134 picometers. Which of the following expresses that distance in meters? 1.34 * 10^-10 1.34 * 10^-12 1.34 * 10^-6 1.34 * 10^-7 1.34 * 10^-13
1.34 * 10^-10
Convert 1.3mg/L into ppm
1.3ppm
1.50 L of a 2.50 M solution are diluted to a final volume of 4.50L. What is the final molarity?
1.5*2.5 = 4.5*M 0.833 M
A 40.0 mL volume of 1.80 M Fe(NO3)3 is mixed with 21.5 mL of 0.808M Fe(NO3)3 solution. Calculate the molar concentration of the final solution.
1.8 * 0.04 = 0.072mol Fe(NO3)3 0.808 * 0.0215 = 0.017372mol Fe(NO3)3 (0.072 + 0.017372)/0.0615 = 1.45M
If 3.62 L of hydrogen gas is reacted, what volume of oxygen s gas in Liters would be used at STP? The balanced chemical equation is: 2H2(g) + O2(g) ---> 2H2O(g)
1.81L
Convert 1cm^3 to in^3
1/(2.54^3) = 0.0610 in^3
What is the atomic number of Ne?
10
What is percent error?
100 * abs((exp. value - theor. value) / (theor. value))
Which of the following is the largest volume? 10 cm^3 100 mL 10,000 μL 1000 pL 10 nL
100 mL
What is percent by mass?
100*(mass of solute/mass of solution)
What is mass-volume percent?
100*(mass of solute/volume of solution)
What is percent by volume?
100*(volume of solute/volume of solution)
What is 1L equal to?
1000cm^3
How many moles of water correspond to 1.00L of water?
1000g = 1L 1000/18.02 = 5.55mol
The result of 16.18cm * 9.6114g / 1.4783cm^2 is?
105.2g/cm
What is the angle for Tetrahedral geometry?
109
What is pico?
10^-12 (p)
What is centi?
10^-2 (c)
What is milli?
10^-3 (m)
What is micro?
10^-6 (μ)
What is nano?
10^-9 (n)
What is kilo?
10^3 (k)
Sig figs: 11,254.1 + 0.1983 = ?
11,254.3
Mira obtains a bottle of 12.0 M HCl from the stockroom. She carefully pipettes 25.00 mL of this solution into a 100.00 mL volumetric flask, and dilutes to the mark with water. The concentration of this new, dilute, solution is?
12 * 25 = M * 100 3.00M
Which of the following has the fewest number of neutrons? 1. 12 6 C 2. 13 6 C 3. 14 7 N 4. 15 7 N 5. 16 8 O
12 6 C
Sig figs: 30,768/2564 = ?
12.00
What is the angle for Trigonal planer geometry?
120
Question: What is the volume of a plastic ball that weighs 125g and has a density of 0.500g/mL?
125/0.5 = 250mL
Sig figs: 2.8 * 4.5039 = ?
13
What is the correct answer with sig figs for (13.602 * 1.90 * 3.06) / (4.2 * 1.4097)?
13
The density of mercury, the only metal to exist as a liquid at room temperature is 13.6g/cm^3. What is that density in pound/in^3
13.6/ 453 * (2.54^3) = 0.491 lb/in^3
In a titration experiment, a 12.5 ml sample of Ba(OH)2 is neutralized by 14.5 ml of 0.0175M HNO3 solution. 2HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 -> Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O
14.5 * 0.0175 / 2 = 12.5 * M / 1 0.102M Ba(NO3)2
1421J of heat is required to raise the temperature of 350g of metal by 32.00C. Find the specific heat of the metal in J/gK.
1421 = 350 * (32 + 273.15) * C 0.13J/gK
How many sig figs are there in the result of 15.234 - 15.208?
15.234 - 15.208 = 0.026 2 sig figs
Convert 0.015mg/L into ppb
15ppb
How many atoms are in 16.3g of S?
16.3 / 32.064 * (6.022*10^23) = 3.06 * 10^23 atoms
Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water vapor. Hydrogen + oxygen --> water vapor If you burn 21.0 g of hydrogen and produce 187 g of water, how many grams of oxygen reacted?
166g
An atom of the isotope sulfur-31 consists of how many protons, neutrons, and electrons?
16p, 15n, 16e
What is the atomic number and mass number of chlorine-37?
17 and 37
You dilute 175 mL of a 1.6 M solution of LiCl to 1.0 L, determine the new concentration of the solution.
175 * 1.6 = 1000 * M2 M2 = 0.28 M
What is the Molar mass of H2O?
18.02g
What is the angle for Linear geometry?
180
36g of water is how many moles of water? How many moles of hydrogen? How many moles of Oxygen?
2.0 moles water, 4.0 moles hydrogen, 2.0 moles oxygen
What is 200 written with 2 sigfigs?
2.0*10^2
2.40g reacts with 10.0g O2, 2Mg + O2 -> 2MgO. The mass of MgO that can be produced is? What is the limiting reagent?
2.4/24.312 = 0.0987mol Mg 10.0/31.9988 = 0.3125mol O2 0.0987 - 2x = 0, x = 0.0493mol Mg 0.3125 - x = 0, x = 0.3125mol O2 Mg is the limiting reagent of 0.0493mol 0.0493 * 2 = 0.987mol MgO 0.987 * (24.312 + 15.9994) = 3.98g MgO
How much water could be produced by the complete reaction of 2.0 g of H2? 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
2/2 = 1 mol H2 1 - 2x = 0, x = 0.5mol H2 0.5mol * 2 = 1mol H2O 1*18 = 18g H2O
In the movie The Italian Job (2003), thieves steal a large amount of gold bullions. The thieves plan to carry the ingots of gold off in suitcases. Each suitcase is 20 inches × 8.0 inches × 5.0 inches (assume al sides of the suitcase are rectangles). If the density of gold is 18 g/cm3, what would be the weight of each suitcase in pounds?
20*8*5 = 800in^3 800in^3 * 2.54^3 cm^3 = 13109.6512 cm^3 *18 = 235973.7216 235973.7216g/453.592lb = 520lbs
Calculate the mass of AgCl that can be prepared from 200.g AlCl3 and sufficient AgNO3. 3AgNO3(aq) + AlCl3(aq) -> 3AgCl(s) + Al(NO3)3(aq) MM AlCl3 = 133.341g/mol MM AgCl = 143.323g/mol
200/133.341 = 1.499mol AlCl3 1.499 * 3 = 4.499mol AgCl 4.499mol * 143.323g/mol = 645g AgCl
The addition of 9.54 kJ of heat is required to raise the temperature of 225.0 g of a liquid hydrocarbon from 20.5ºC to 45.0ºC. What is the specific heat of this hydrocarbon?
24.5 * 225 * C = 9540 1.73J/gC
What will be the percent composition by mass of a solution made by dissolving 15.0 g of barium nitrate in 45.0 g of water?
25% BaNO3 75% H2O
Consider respiration, one of the most common chemical reactions on earth. C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy What mass of carbon dioxide forms in the reaction of 25 grams of glucose with 40 grams of oxygen?
25g/180.08g = 0.139mol C6H12O6 40g/(15.9994*2) = 1.25 mol O2 0.139 mol C6H12O6 1.25/6 = 0.208 mol O2 C6H12O6 is the limiting reagent of 0.139 mol 0.139 * 6 * (44.01) = 36.64g CO2
What is the Molecular Mass of Al2(SO4)3?
26.98*2 + 32.07 * 3 + 16*12 = 342.17amu
What is the correct answer with sig figs for 13.914 + 243.1 + 12.00460?
269.0
What is 82.4C in kelvin?
273.15 + 82.4 = 355.6K
What is STP?
273.15K and 1 atm
Which of the following are chemical properties of a sample of H? 1. The sample has a volume of 22.4 L 2. The mass of the sample is 2 g 3. It reacts with oxygen forming water 4. It is a gas 5. Hydrogenation (the process of adding hydrogen to organic molecules) converts liquid vegetable oils into solid or semi-solid fats, such as those present in margarine. 6. The density of hydrogen 0.089 g/L
3 and 5
How much Ti(s) can be produced from 3.54 *10^7 g of TiCl4 are reacted with 1.13*10^7 g of Mg? TiCl4 + 2Mg → Ti + 2 MgCl2
3.54*10^7g/ (47.9+4*35.453) = 1.87 * 10^5 mol TiCl4 1.13*10^7g/24.312 = 4.65*10^5 mol Mg 0 mol Ti 0 mol 2MgCl2 1.87*10^5 - x = 0, x = 1.87*10^5 4.65*10^5 - 2x = 0, x = 2.32*10^5 So 1.87*10^5 is the limiting reagent. Thus we have 1.87*10^5mol Ti and 3.74*10^5mol MgCl2
2 NaHSO4(s) àNa2SO4(s) + H2O(g) + SO3(g) ΔH = -231.3 kJ MM NaHSO4(s) = 120.1 g/mol If 3.60 grams of NaHSO4(s) reacts, how much heat is released?
3.6/120.1/2 = 0.0149875 * -231.3kJ -3.47kJ
To what volume (in mL) will you have to dilute 30.0 mL of a 12 M HCl solution to make a 0.35 M HCl solution?
30.0*12 = 0.35x 1,030 mL
How many moles of lead (II) iodide are produced from 300. g of potassium iodide (MM of KI= 166.0028 g/mol)? Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI --> PbI2 + 2KNO3
300/166.0028 = 1.8071 mol KI 1.8071 - 2x = 0, x = 0.9035mol 1 * 0.9035mol = 0.9035 mol PbI2
A sample of metal absorbs 3.05 kJ of heat, upon which the temperature of the sample increases of 7.3 °K. Since the specific heat capacity of the metal is 0.55 J/g-K, the mass of the sample is?
3050 = 7.3(0.55)m m = 760g
How many grams of aluminum chloride could be produced from 34.0g of aluminum and 39.0g of chlorine gas? 2Al + 3Cl2 -> 2AlCl3
34/26.9815 = 1.26 mol Al 39/(35.453*2) = 0.550 mol Cl2 1.26 - 2x = 0, x = 0.630mol Al 0.550 - 3x = 0, 0.183mol Cl2 Cl2 is the limiting reagent of 0.183mol Cl2 0.183 * 2 = 0.366mol AlCl3 0.366g * (26.9815 + 3*35.453) = 48.9g AlCl3
What is the result of 3115/89.00
35.00
Balance Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na3PO4(aq) -> Ca3(PO4)2(s) + NaNO3(aq)
3Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) + Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6NaNO3(aq)
Aqueous solutions of iron (II) nitrate and potassium phosphate are combined. Write a balanced molecular equation for this reaction, showing all states. Use the editing tools to properly format your answer.
3Fe(NO3)2 (aq) + 2K3PO4(aq) -> Fe3(PO4)2(s) + 6KNO3(aq)
Balance: KOH + H3PO4 -> K3PO4 + H2O
3KOH + H3PO4 -> K3PO4 + 3H2O
How many sigfigs are in 2,000.?
4
What is the atomic number of beryllium?
4
A neutral atom of silver-108 has how many protons, neutrons, and electrons?
47 p, 61n, 47e
Balance: Fe + O2 -> Fe2O3
4Fe + 3O2 -> 2Fe2O3
Balance: NH3 + O2 -> NO + H2O
4NH3 + 5O2 -> 4NO + 6H2O Have to do the weird double this to get the O's to balance with this question. 5/2 O2
Balance: NH3(g) + O2(g) -> N2(g) + H2O(l)
4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) -> 2N2(g) + 6H2O(l)
A flask containing neon gas is connected to an open-ended mercury manometer. The open end is exposed to the atmosphere, where the prevailing pressure is 745 torr. The mercury level in the open arm is 50. torr below that in the arm connected to the flask of neon. What is the neon pressure, in torr?
695torr
Sig figs: 20/3 = ?
7
What are the pH value for bases?
7-14
What is the concentration of HCl present in a water sample if 100. ml of the sample requires 7.2 ml of 0.25 M NaOH to be neutralized? HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
7.2 * 0.25 = 100 * M 0.018M
A compound consists of 72.2% Mg and 27.8% N by mass. What is the empirical formula?
72.2g/24.312 = 2.98 27.8g/14.0067 = 1.985 2.98/1.98 = 1.5 1.985/1.985 = 1 Multiply by by two to get rid of decimal... Mg3N2
How many main groups are there in the periodic table?
8
What is the oxidation number of Fe in Fe3O4?
8/3
What is direct combination?
A + B ->AB
What is single displacement?
A + BC -> AB + C
What is a covalent bond?
A group of 2 or more atoms with a specific arrangement and proportion. These are held together by covalent bonds and are known as molecules
What is an isoelectronic series?
A group of ions all containing the same number of electrons. O2-, F-, Ne, Na+, Mg2+
What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances.
What is a state function?
A mathematical function whose result only depends on the initial and final conditions, not on the path
What is an anion?
A negatively charged ion that gains electrons. Nonmetals
What is an electrolyte?
A substance that, when dissolved in water either dissociates (NaCl) or ionizes. The substance can then conduct electricity when dissolved or melted.
Silver
Ag
Ion Charge: Ag
Ag+
Aluminum
Al
Balance: Al2(SO4)3(aq) + KOH(aq) -> Al(OH)3(aq) + K2SO4(aq)
Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6KOH(aq) -> 2Al(OH)3(aq) + 3K2SO4(aq)
Aluminum oxide formula?
Al2O3
Ion Charge: Al
Al3+
What group is Rubidium in?
Alkali Metals
What is group 1 called?
Alkali Metals
What is group 2 called?
Alkaline Earth Metals
When is a solute soluble with exceptions?
All compounds of Cl-, Br-, I- except with Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2 2+. All compounds of SO4 2- except with Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Hg2 2+
When is a solute insoluble with exceptions?
All compounds of PO4 3-, CO3 2-, S2-, SO3 2- except with alkali metals or NH4+. All compounds of OH- or O2- except with alkali metals, NH4+, Ca2+, Sr2+, or Ba2+
What is diamagnetic?
All electrons are paired like Ne
How does metallic bonding work?
All metals atoms in the sample contribute their valence electrons to form a delocalized electron "sea". Metal ions lie in an orderly array within the mobile sea. All the atoms in the sample share electrons. Metal is held together by the attraction between the metal "cations" and the "sea" of valence electrons.
Is broiling steak a physical or chemical change?
Chemical
What is a compound?
Chemical combination of two or more elements with a precise formula
What are the four main molecular models?
Chemical formula, chemical structure, ball and stick, space fill
What is it called when a reaction with certain metals produces hydrogen gas?
Corrosion
Ionic or Covalent? PCl5
Covalent
Chromium
Cr
In the reaction Cr+ + Sn4+ -> Cr3+ + Sn2+ the species being oxidized is?
Cr+, it lost electrons and charge increased
Dichromate Ion
Cr2O7 2-
Ion Charge: Cr
Cr3+
Chromate Ion
CrO4 2-
Ion Charge: Cs
Cs+
Copper
Cu
What type of reaction is this: Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) -> Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Cu -> Cu2+ + 2e- (Oxidized, reducer) Ag2+ + 1e- -> Ag (Reduced, oxidizer) Redox Reaction
Ion Charge: Cu (I)
Cu+
Ion Charge: Cu (II)
Cu2+
The net ionic equation for the reaction, if any, which occurs when aqueous solutions of copper sulfate (CuSO4) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are mixed is?
Cu2+(aq) + CO3 2-(aq) -> CuCO3(s)
Copper (II) Fluoride formula?
CuF2
Copper (II) Iodide formula?
CuI2
What type of reaction is CuCO3 -> CuO + CO2?
Decomposition
What type of reaction is 2H2O -> 2H2 + O2?
Decomposition
What is the change from gas to solid called?
Deposition (Exothermic)
What is a phase?
Each physical state of matter, a physically distinct homogeneous part of a system
What is the smallest and lightest subatomic particle?
Electron
Is a test tube getting warmer endothermic or exothermic?
Exothermic
Is alcohol burning endothermic or exothermic?
Exothermic
Is vapor condensing exothermic or endothermic?
Exothermic
What kind of process is water vapor condensing?
Exothermic
What is heat given off called?
Exothermic (-)
Fluorine
F
Ion Charge: F
F-
How is formal charge calculated?
FC = Total Ve- in free atom - total # nonbonding electrons - number of bonds Ex. NH4 is 5-0-4= 1 for formal charge
Iron
Fe
Ion Charge: Fe (II)
Fe2+
Ion Charge: Fe (III)
Fe3+
What are some physical separation methods?
Filtration, evaporation, distillation, decantation, crystallization, chromatography, etc.
In a tritration, 15.00 mL of sulfuric acid solution is titrated with 33.50 mL of 0.153 M sodium hydroxide. What is the molarity of the sulfuric acid solution?
First we must write the reaction out. We find that there is 2 moles NaOH and 1 mole H2SO4. Thus we solve with M1V1/n1 = M2V2/n2. 33.50 * 0.153 / 2 = 15.00 * M / 1 0.171M
What are allotropes?
Forms of the same element that occur in the same physical state
What is the change from liquid to solid called?
Freezing (Exothermic)
What is the octet rule?
Atoms lose, gain, or share electrons to form the required octet in their highest remaining energy level
What are ions?
Atoms/groups of atoms with a charge?
Gold
Au
If a higher level is filled before a lower with electrons what principle does this violate?
Aufbau
Dihydrogen Phosphate Ion
H2PO4 -
Boron
B
In the reaction A + B --> C + D, if the quantity of B is insufficient to react with all of A then... What is the limiting reagent? What is the excess reagent? What is leftover? What determines the theoretical yield?
B, A, A, Limiting Reagent
What are the metalloid elements?
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, and At
What are the strong acids?
HBr, HCl, HI, HNO3, N2SO4, HClO4, HClO3
Write a net ionic equation for the reaction between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide: HC2H3O2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) --> H2O (l) + NaC2H3O2 (aq)...
HC2H3O2 (aq) + OH- (aq) -> H2O (l) + C2H3O2-(aq)
Hydrogen Carbonate (Bicarbonate) Ion
HCO3 -
Hydrochloric Acid formula?
HCl
Hydrogen Chloride/Hydrochloric Acid formula?
HCl
What are intramolecular forces?
Bonding forces that are found within a molecule. The chemical behavior of each phase of matter is the same because the same basic particle is present in each case.
Hypochlorous acid?
HClO
Chlorous acid formula?
HClO2
Chloric acid formula?
HClO3
Perchloric acid formula?
HClO4
Nitrous acid formula?
HNO2
Nitric acid formula?
HNO3
Hydrogen Phosphate Ion
HPO4 2-
Hydrogen Sulfate (Bisulfate) Ion
HSO4 -
What is atomic radius?
Half the diameter of a neutral atom
What is ionic radius?
Half the distance between two atoms that are just touching eachother
What is group 17 called?
Halogens
What are the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity properties of ionic compounds?
Hard, Rigid, Brittle with strong electrostatic forces keeping the ions in a fixed position. Poor conductors when solid but good when melted or aqueous solutions. High melting points and much higher boiling points.
Helium
He
Heterogeneous Mixture/Homogeneous Mixture/Element/Compound? Orange Juice with Pulp
Heterogeneous Mixture
Mercury
Hg
Ion Charge: Hg (I)
Hg2 2+
Mercury (I) Ion
Hg2 2+
Ion Charge: Hg (II)
Hg2+
What are the effects of strong intermolecular forces?
High BP, High MP, High Hvap/Hfus/Hsub, High viscosity, High surface tension, and Low Vapor Pressure
What are the characteristics of G? L? S?
High Compressibility, High Ability to Flow. Very Low Compressibility, Moderate Ability to Flow. Almost no Compressibility, Almost no Ability to Flow
Which of the following are examples of systematic errors? I. Weighing a precipitate on an electronic balance. II. Consistently reading burette volumes from the top of the meniscus. III. Using an incorrectly labelled standard solution in a titration.
II and III
How do we use bond order in molecular orbital theory to decide if something exists?
If bond order > 0 -> YES else NO
How can we classify matter?
If it is a pure substance then it is either a compound or element. If it is a mixture it is either a homogeneous mixture or a heterogeneous micture.
How can we check if a binary compound is ionic?
If the two elements are a metal and a nonmetal
A fictional green element is a metal, called Kermium (Ke). Kermium forms an oxide with formula Ke2O3. What type of compound is this?
Ionic
Ionic or Covalent? AgCl
Ionic
Ionic or Covalent? AlBr3
Ionic
Ionic or Covalent? K2O
Ionic
Ionic or Covalent? MoCl6
Ionic
Ionic or Covalent? NaCl
Ionic
Ionic or Covalent? PbCl2
Ionic
Ionic or Covalent? RbCl
Ionic
What are the three types of bonds?
Ionic, Metallic, Covalent
What are polyatomic ions?
Ions that are made up of more than one type of atom
FeCl2 name?
Iron (II) Chloride
FeI2 name?
Iron (II) Iodide
Fe2O3 name?
Iron (III) Oxide
What are chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 called?
Isotopes
What is the trend for electronegativity?
It increases across a period and decreases down a group.
A compound with empirical formula CH is found to have a molecular mass of 78.11 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
C6H6
Which has a higher BP: CH3NH2 or CH3F?
CH3NH2 because it has Hydrogen bonds where CH3F does not
Cyanide Ion
CN -
What is the outcome of a reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates?
CO2 is produced
Carbonate Ion
CO3 2-
Write the net ionic equation for the reaction, if any, which occurs when Na2CO3 and hydrochloric acid are mixed. Both are in aqueous solution if soluble.
CO3 2-(aq) + 2H+(aq) -> CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Calcium
Ca
Calcium Nitrate
Ca(NO3)2
Ion Charge: Ca
Ca2+
Calcium sulfide formula?
CaS
CaCO3 name?
Calcium carbonate
CO name?
Carbon monoxide
Pb(OH)2 name?
Lead (II) Hydroxide
Lithium
Li
Ion Charge: Li
Li+
What are the strong bases?
LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
What is the saying when it comes to predicting solubility?
Like dissolves like
What geometry is 2 EGs and 0 LPs?
Linear
What geometries are symmetrical?
Linear, Trigonal Planar, Tetrahedral, Trigonal Bipyramidal, Octahedral
What is the formula for combining two solutions and getting the new concentration/molarity?
M1V1 + M2V2 = M3V3
What is the formula for dilution of a solution?
M1V1 = M2V2
What is the equation used for titrations?
M1V1/n1 = M2V2/n2 n is the number of moles from the balanced equation
What is the percent carbon of C6H12O6? Percent hydrogen? Percent oxygen?
MM = 180.15g/mol 6*12.0112 = 72.0672g 72.0672/180.15 = 40.00% 12* 1.00797 = 12.09564 12.09564/180.15 = 6.71% 6*15.9994 = 95.964 95.964/180.15 =53.27%
What is the molecular formula for 30g/mol, 60 g/mol, and 180g/mol CH2O?
MM = 30.0g/mol 30g/mol = CH2O 60g/mol = C2H4O2 180g/mol = C6H12O6
How many moles in 6.07g of CH4?
MM CH4 = 16.04amu 6.07/16.04 = 0.378 moles
What is the percent composition (g) of H3PO4?
MM H3PO4 = 97.99g 100(3.024g/97.99) = 3.086% H 100(30.97/97.99) = 31.61% P 100(64/97.99) = 65.31% O
Mg(CH3CO2)2 name?
Magnesium Acetate
How is being an electrolyte different from solubility?
Many substances/compounds are soluble but are non-electrolytes (sugar) and many are poorly soluble but strong electrolytes (Sr(OH)2)
What is an open system?
Mass and energy are exchanged
Density = ?
Mass/Volume
What is the law of conservation of mass?
Matter cannot be destroyed or created (E = mc^2)
What is a substance?
Matter that has a uniform and definite composition. Compounds and elements
What is the particle theory of light?
Max Planck - "Light is generated as a stream of light particles called photons"
What is theoretical yield?
Maximum amount of products that can be prepared (determined by the limiting reactant). It's 100% and it is practically impossible to achieve.
What is the change from solid to liquid called?
Melting (Endothermic)
How do we name a Binary (Metal + Nonmetal) Ionic compound?
Metal name + Nonmetal name-ide
What is Germanium?
Metalloid
How can silicon be described: Type, Period, Group?
Metalloid, 3, 4A
Magnesium
Mg
Ion Charge: Mg
Mg2+
Which of the following ions has the smallest radius? Cl-, S2-, Na+, Mg2+
Mg2+
Ammonium Ion
NH4 +
Nitrite Ion
NO2 -
Nitrate Ion
NO3 -
Sodium
Na
Ion Charge: Na
Na+
Neon
Ne
What is the slope of the solid liquid phase line on a phase diagram like for water? Why?
Negative slope because ice is less dense than water.
Is this an acid/base/neither: CH4?
Neither
Is this an acid/base/neither: CaCl2?
Neither
Nickel
Ni
Ion Charge: Ni
Ni2+
NH3 name?
Nitrogen Trihydride
HNO2 name?
Nitrous Acid
Are temperature and heat the same?
No
Would CuSO4 and MgI2 produce a precipitate?
No
Would KCl and LiF produce a precipitate?
No
Would NaBr and NH4OH produce a precipitate?
No
What is the net ionic equation for the reaction between HNO3 and NaCl if one accurs?
No Reaction
What is an isolated system?
No exchange of energy or mass
Is the gram an SI base unit?
No, kg is though.
Do physical changes alter the composition of the substances involved?
No, only chemical changes alter the composition of the substances involved
Is it possible to ever have a percent yield above 100%?
No, the math should be check and impurities should be checked for. This is a direct result of the law of conservation of mass.
What elements occur free in nature (monoatomic)?
Noble gases
What is group 18 called?
Noble gases
What are intermolecular forces?
Nonbonding forces that are found between molecules. The physical behavior of each phase of matter is different because the strength of the forces differ from state to state.
What type of electrolyte is glucose?
Nonelectrolyte
What is molarity (M)?
Number of moles per liter of solution. moles solute/L solution
What is the atomic number?
Number of protons
Oxygen
O
Peroxide Ion
O2 2-
Ion Charge: O
O2-
Hydroxide Ion
OH -
What geometry is 6 EGs and 0 LPs?
Octahedral
What is the difference between NH3 and NH4+?
One is (Nitrogen trihydride) ammonia and the other the ammonium ion.
What bonds can rotation occur with?
Only a single bond, not possible with double or triple bond.
Can sigma or pi bonds rotate?
Only sigma
What is Hund's Rule?
Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin state.
What is magnetic quantum number m?
Orientation of the orbital. Each subshell will have orientation numbers from -l to +l. -Ex. for the first shell with n=1 and l=0, there's only one orientation (spherical)
What does OIL RIG stand for?
Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
What is the most abundant element on Earth's crust?
Oxygen
Which element has a ground electron configuration:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3?
Phosphorous
PCl3 name?
Phosphorous Trichloride
Phosphorous
P
What is Guy-Lussac's Law?
P1/T1 = P2/T2
What is the combined gas law?
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
What is Boyle's Law?
P1V1=P2V2
Ion Charge: P
P3-
Phosphorous pentachloride formula?
PCl5
Phosphate Ion
PO4 3-
What is the ideal gas law?
PV=nRT
What is a system?
Part of the world of interest
Is work a state or path function?
Path
What is line spectra?
Pattern of line produced by light emitted by excited atoms of an element. This is unique for every element and is used to identify unknown elements.
If two electrons have the same configuration what principle does this violate?
Pauli Exclusion
Lead
Pb
Ion Charge: Pb (II)
Pb2+
Ion Charge: Pb (IV)
Pb4+
What measures accuracy?
Percent Error
What is the partial pressure equation?
Pgas = X(the mole fraction) * Ptotal
You have checked your weight at the last doctor appointment and it was 140 pounds. However, you scale at home gives you the following results in a short amount of time: 140.0, 144.0, 136.0 What can be said about your scale?
It is accurate but not precise
How does the meniscus differ for Hg?
It is convex (reaches up) and is different from most liquids which are concave.
What was Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle?
It is impossible to know simultaneously the position and the momentum of an electron
You have checked your weight at the last doctor appointment and it was 140 pounds. However, you scale at home gives you the following results in a short amount of time: 145.5, 145.6, 145.4 What can be said about your scale?
It is precise but not accurate
What is valence bond theory?
Used to explain chemical bonding. Atoms can overlap unpaired electrons to form a bond. A sigma bond forms when two atomic orbitals overlap between the nuclei of two atoms. Pi bonds occur when orbitals overlap outside the space between the nuclei and the strongest bonds form with maximum overlap between orbitals.
What color does phenolphthalein turn with bases?
Pink
What energy is added when the slope is 0 on a heating curve?
Potential
What is VSEPR model?
Predicts the geometry of the molecule from the electrostatic repulsions between the electron pairs.
What are intensive properties?
Properties that are independent of the amount of matter: Density, Specific Weight, Temperature...
What are extensive properties?
Properties that depend on the amount of matter: Mass, volume, heat...
What are the subatomic particles?
Proton (p+, mass: 1 amu) Neutron (n, mass 1 amu) Electron (e-, mass 1/1837 amu)
What is the atomic mass number?
Protons + Neutrons, how heavy (mass)?
Platinum
Pt
What is Dalton's law?
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ... + Pn
What is the order from low to high in frequency and strength of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible Spectrum, Ultraviolet, X-Ray, and Gamma
Ion Charge: Rb
Rb+
What color do acids turn litmus paper?
Red
What are the surroundings?
Region outside of a system
What are the four colligative properties of solutions?
Relative lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of BP, depression of MP, and osmotic pressure.
Sulfur
S
Ion Charge: S
S2-
Sulfite Ion
SO3 2-
Sulfate Ion
SO4 2-
What are isotopes?
Same elements with different mass (more neutrons). Protium 1 1 H, Deuterium 2 1 H, Tritium 3 1 H.
Why is Br2 lower BO than ICl?
Same number of electrons but the Molar mass of ICl is greater than Br2
How is the trend for IE and EA similar?
Same trend increases up a group and across a period. High IE means difficult to form a cation and high EA means easy to form an anion
Antimony
Sb
What is temperature?
Scale the measures thermal energy. When measured in Kelvin, T is proportional to the kinetic energy.
Selenium
Se
Ion Charge: Se
Se2-
How should we go about writing NIEs (Net Ionic Equations)?
Separate all the ions in the solution (aq), but not the (s), (l), or (g). Next eliminate all the spectator ions. We also never separate weak electrolytes. Subscripts should become coefficients.
Silicon
Si
How can sand and gravel be separated from one another? Decanter, Sieve, Distiller, Evaporating Dish?
Sieve
Which is stronger, pi or sigma bond?
Sigma
What type of reaction is Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2?
Single Displacement
What is EA like for metals?
Slightly negative EAs, they lose e- easily but attract them weakly
What is EA like for noble gases?
Slightly positive, they lose e- easily but attract them weakly/if at all, tend not to gain/lose e-
Tin
Sn
Ion Charge: Sn
Sn2+
Ion Charge: Sn (IV)
Sn4+
Strontium
Sr
Ion Charge: Sr
Sr2+
What measures precision?
Standard deviation
Is Enthalpy a state or path function?
State
Is Internal energy a state or path function?
State
Is pressure a state or path function?
State
Is temperature a state or path function?
State
Is volume a state or path function?
State
What type of electrolyte is Sodium Chloride?
Strong
What type of electrolyte is nitric acid?
Strong
What type of electrolyte is sodium hydroxide?
Strong
What are strong electrolytes?
Strong acids, strong bases, and salts
What is the change from solid to gas called?
Sublimation (Endothermic)
What is aqueous?
Substance dissolved in water
What are some of the most common nonelectrolytes?
Sucrose, Glucose, Alcohol, Acetone, Pure H2O
SO3 name?
Sulfur Trioxide
What is the difference between SO3 and SO3 2-?
Sulfur trioxide and Sulfate ion
The solubility of a substance is 60 g per 100 mL of water at 15oC. A solution of this substance is prepared by dissolving 75 g in 100 mL of water at 75oC. The solution is then cooled slowly to 15oC without any solid separating. The solution is now known as?
Supersaturated at 15C
Ion Charge: Te
Te2-
What does a high IE mean?
Tends to form anions
What does a low IE mean?
Tends to form cations
What geometry is 4 EGs and 0 LPs?
Tetrahedral
P4O6 name?
Tetraphosphorous Hexoxide
If you burn 21.0 g of hydrogen and produce 187 g of water, then 166g of oxygen reacted. This is a demonstration of?
The Law of Conservation of Mass
What is a titration?
Using the known concentration of one solution to determine the unknown of another.
Question: A 125g ball with a density of 0.500g/mL. How much water could the ball absorb before sinking in water?
V = 125/0.5 = 250mL Density of Water = 1.0 g/mL m = DV = 1 * 250 = 250 125 + x = 250 x = 125mL
What is Charle's Law?
V1/T1 = V2/T2
How does valence bond theory explain covalent bonds?
Valence bond theory describes a covalent bond as the overlap of half-filled atomic orbitals that yield a pair of electrons shared between two bonded atoms
What is the vapor pressure compared to atmospheric pressure when there is boiling?
Vapor Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure
What is the vapor pressure compared to atmospheric pressure when there is evaporation?
Vapor pressure < Atmospheric pressure
What is the change from liquid to gas called?
Vaporizing (Endothermic)
Two flasks are connected with a stopcock, The first one has a V of 5.0 L and contains N2 at a P of 0.75 atm. The second has a V of 8.0 L and contains O2 at a P of 1.25 atm. When the stopcock is opened and gases are free to mix, what will be the pressure of the mixture? Assume that the volume of the connection is negligible.
Vf = 13.0L P1V1 = P2V2 O2 -> 1.25 * 8.0 = 13x, x = 0.77atm N2 -> .75 * 5.0 = 13x, x = 0.29atm 0.77 + 0.29 = 1.06atm
Are volumes considered additive?
Volumes are not additive
Which of the following pairs of substances may best be separated through distillation? 1. Salt and Sand 2. Sand and Soil 3. Water and Alcohol 4. Water and Soil
Water and Alcohol
What is the bond order for Li2?
We have 6 total e-, so we fill 4 bonding MOs and then there are 2 nonbonding MOs. So we get (4-2)/2 = 1 so it exists.
What type of electrolyte is Acetic acid?
Weak
What type of electrolyte is nitrous acid?
Weak
What are weak electrolytes?
Weak acids and weak bases
According to atomic Bohr model which following pairs of electron transition, emits the most energy?
Whatever is the biggest difference in n.
What is the equivalence point in a titration?
The OH- added reached the same amount of the H+ in the flask.
Which statement is true for the combustion of ethanol? C2H5OH (l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O(l) ∆H = -1370 kJ
The PE of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants Products - Reactants
What is actual yield?
The actual amount of products that are produced in a certain reaction (this is always less than the theoretical yield).
What is molecular geometry?
The arrangement of atoms, shape
What is the trough of a wave?
The bottom of the wave
What is energy?
The capacity to do work
What did R. Millikan discover?
The charge of an electron as -1.60*10^-19 coulombs
What is wave-particle duality?
The concept that every elementary particle or quantic entity exhibits the properties of not only particles, but also waves
How do we read off a lab scale for sig figs?
The last digit shown is uncertain and is not included in the value.
How do we read off a ruler for sig figs?
The last digit we are guessing is the uncertain digit and is included in the value.
When drawing a dipole which is slightly greater than the other and the arrow points away from?
The less electronegative one.
What does surface area have to do with BP?
The less surface area the lower the BP is.
What is Oxidation?
The loss of electrons
Hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia according to the reaction, 3 H2 + N2 --> 2 NH3. A problem states "4.0 grams of H2 with 4.0 grams of N2 are reacted". How do you know this is a limiting reactant problem?
The mass of both reactants is provided in the question
What is solubility?
The maximum mass of the solute that can dissolve in unit mass of the solvent at a given temperature.
What does it mean when the successive IE is a huge jump?
The next species does not exist, like Al4+ does not exist.
What is the frequency of a wave?
The number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a set amount of time (Hz, 1/s)
Which lewis structure should be chosen?
The one with the lowest FC and with the - on the most electronegative atom
What is equilibrium vapor pressure?
The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its corresponding liquid at a given temperature
What is atomic orbital defined by?
The principal quantum number, the angular moment quantum number, and the magnetic quantum number
Why are all forms of energy state functions?
The principle of the conservation of energy
What is hydration?
The process in which an ion is surrounded by water molecules in a specific manner.
What did Rutherford discover?
The proton through his famous gold foil experiment
What is the speed of light (c)?
The rate at which all forms of electromagnetic radiation travel through a vacuum = 3.00*10^8m/s
What is the excess reagent?
The reactant that is not fully used up in a reaction.
What has the highest bond strength?
The shortest bond length
What is the end point in a titration?
The smallest excess of OH- will make the color of the indicator change (colorless to pink)
Why does freezing point depression occur?
The solute interferes with the crystallization of molecules of solvent
What is thermochemistry?
The study of heat change in chemical reactions
What is the angular momentum quantum number l?
The sublevels or subshells of the energy level. This defines the shape of the "volume" of space that the e- occupies.
What is solvent?
The substance present in the larger amount (dissolves solute)
What is solute?
The substance present in the smaller amount (gets dissolved)
What is the limiting reagent?
The substance that makes the least amount of product, it determines the yield.
What is an indicator in a titration?
The substance whose color is different when in the presence of an acid or a base.
What is the crest on a wave?
The top of the wave
According to the law of conservation of mass, what do we always know about the total mass of the reacting substances?
The total mass of the reacting substances is always equal to the total mass of the products
What do redox reactions involve?
The transfer of electrons between atoms.
What is heat?
The transfer of thermal energy from one object to another at a lower temperature
As part of an experiment to determine the density of a new plastic developed in her laboratory, Sara Ann Dippity measures the volume of a solid sample. Her four trials yield volumes of 12.39 cm3, 12.41 cm3, 12.42 cm3, and 12.38 cm3. Measurements of other scientists in the lab give an average volume of 12.55 cm3. What can be said about the results?
There is high precision and low accuracy
Why are electrolytes important?
They take part in electrochemical processes in living organisms and are used for many life processes.
What is resonance?
When we have double bonds close to single bonds, there can be multiple ways to write a Lewis structure
What were the problems with Rutherford's planetary model?
Where are the electrons and what are they doing? If the electrons are orbiting the nucleus, why don't they fall into the nucleus as predicted by classical physics? How is the internal structure of the atom related to the discrete emission lines produced by excited elements?
In an exothermic process where should the heat be?
With the products
In an endothermic process where should the heat be?
With the reactants
What is the mole fraction equation?
Xa = na/ntotal
Xenon
Xe
Are physical properties valid characteristics for identifying a substance?
Yes
Would NaCl and AgNO3 produce a precipitate?
Yes
Do chemical changes always produce substances different from the starting materials?
Yes, they are new substances
ZnCl2 name?
Zinc chloride
Zinc
Zn
How much hydrogen gas is produced by the reaction of 19.61 g of Zn and 10.38 g of HCl? Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) -> ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) -> ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 19.61g Zn/65.38g Zn = 0.2999mol 10.38g HCl/19.96g HCl = 0.52 mol 0 mol ZnCl2 0 mol H2 0.2999-x = 0, x = 0.2999 used up 0.52-2x = 0, x = 0.2600 used up So we have 0.0399 mol Zn left and we get 0.26 mol ZnCl2 and 0.26 mol H2.
What type of reaction is this: Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) -> ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Zn -> Zn2+ + 2e- (Oxidized, reducer) Cu2+ + 2e- -> Cu (Reduced, Oxidizer) Redox reaction
Ion Charge: Zn
Zn2+
What is the condensed electron configuration for Zn?
[Ar]4s2 3d10
The electron configuration of Strontium ions is_________.
[Kr]
What is Van der Waal's equation? What does a and b correct?
[P + a(n/V)^2] * [V-nb] = nRT a corrects the pressure value for the interactions among molecules, b corrects the volume occupied by the molecules
What is electronegativity?
ability of an atom to attract electrons
SI unit for electric current?
ampere (A)
How do we use bond energy with Hess's law?
bonds broken - bonds formed Have to draw them most of the time to perform this
What is the wavelength and frequency formula?
c = wavelength * frequency
Is lattice energy endothermic or exothermic?
exothermic (-)
What is l =3?
f orbital (far too complex) 7 orbitals
What are the Diatomic molecules?
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine (Have no fear of ice cold beer)
SI unit for temperature?
kelvin (K)
SI unit for mass?
kilogram (kg)
What is the equation for work?
w = P(Vf-Vi)
What is the de Broglie wavelength?
wavelength = h/mu u is speed in m/s m is mass in kg
SI unit for length?
meter (m)
SI unit for amount of substance?
mole (mol)
What is the equation for partial pressure?
mole fraction x total pressure
What is the equation for Molality (m)?
moles of solute/kg of solvent
What are the possible quantum numbers for the last (outermost) electron in Barium?
n = 6, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = -1/2
According to atomic Bohr model which following pairs of electron transition, produces the emission with longest wavelength?
n=2 -> n=1
What is l = 1?
p orbital (Peanut) 3 orbitals
When 1.00 g of fructose, C6H12O6(s), a sugar commonly found in fruits, is burned in oxygen in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of the calorimeter increases by 1.61 °C. If the heat capacity of the calorimeter and its contents is 8.95 kJ/°C, what is q for this combustion reaction?
q = 1(1.61)(8.95) = 14.41 qsolution = -qreaction so -14.41
What is the equation for heat (q)?
q = mc(Tf - Ti)
What is l = 0?
s orbital (Sphere) 1 orbital
SI unit for time?
second (s)
What hybridization is for 2ER?
sp
What hybridization is for 3ER?
sp2
What hybridization is for 4ER?
sp3
What hybridization is for 5ER?
sp3d
What is the result of 4300 + 230?
4500
What is the angle for Trigonal Pyramidal geometry?
<109
What is the angle for Bent geometry 3EGs?
<120
What is the angle for Bent geometry 4EGs?
<<109
What volume of 0.166 M Ca(OH)2 is needed to neutralize 0.500 L of 0.261 M HNO3? 2HNO3 (aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) -> 2H2O (l) + Ca(NO3)2 (aq)
(.5 * 0.261)/2 = 0.06525 0.06525 * 0.166 = .393L
A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH4 (methane), 0.421 moles of C2H6 (ethane), and 0.116 moles of C3H8 (propane). If the total pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the partial pressure of propane?
(0.116/(8.24+0.421+0.116) = 0.013 = Xpropane Ppropane = 0.013 * 1.37atm = 0.018atm
A sample of gas with a mass of 26 g occupies a volume of 392 L at 32C and at a pressure of 0.95 atm. Find the density of the gas at STP in g/L.
(0.95*392*273.15)/(273.15+32) = 0.078g/L We used PV/T = PV/T for this question. Need to convert to K and find the volume.
What are the columns of the periodic table called?
(1-18) Groups
What are the horizontal rows of the periodic table called?
(1-7) Periods
Sucrose, C12H22O11, is common table sugar. The equation for the complete burning of 1 mole of sucrose in oxygen to give CO2 (g) and H2O (l) in standard condition is provided below. C12H22O11 (s) + 12 O2 (g) --> 12 CO2 (g) + 11 H2O (l) ΔH0 rxn= ? kJ Calculate the standard enthalpy of the reaction in kJ knowing the following: ΔH0f of CO2 (g) = -242.2 kJ/mol ΔH0f of H2O (l) = -315.2 kJ/mol ΔH0f of C2H22O11 (s) = -2,338 kJ/mol
(12 * -242.2 + 11 * -315.2) - (-2338) = -4,036
How many moles of helium are in a 45.0 liter tank at 293 K and 15.0 atm? R = 0.08206
(15*45)/(293*0.08206) = 28.1 mol
How many milliliters of water at 23C with a density of 1.00 g/mL must be mixed with 180. mL of coffee at 95C so that the resulting combination will have a temperature of 60C? Assume that coffee and water have the same density and the same specific heat (4.184 J/gC) and the system is isolated?
(180)(60-95) = -m(60-23) m = 170mL
The numeric value of work done in (atm x L)s by the system in expanding from 1.50L to 2.3L against a constant atmospheric pressure of about 1.3atm is?
(2.3-1.5) * 1.3 = 1.04
What are the transition metals?
(3-12) the elements in the middle of the table.
What is percent yield?
(Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield) * 100
What is average atomic weight?
(Atomic Weight 1)(abundance 1) + (Atomic Weight 2)(abundance 2)
Ammonium sulfide formula?
(NH4)2S
What is 1mL equal to?
1cm^3
What is the density of water?
1g/mL
What is 1in equal to? 1in^2?
1in = 2.54cm, 1in^2 = (2.54)^2 cm^2
What is ppb?
1mg/10^3L (1mg/1000kg)
What is ppm?
1mg/1L (1mg/1kg)
What is the order of electron configuration for the periodic table?
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p,6s, 4f, 5d,6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, and 7p
How many significant zeros are there in 0.01030?
2
What is the oxidation number of Zn in Zn(OH)4 2-?
2
What combination of protons, neutrons, and electrons is correct for the isotope of 63 atomic number Cu.
29p, 34n, 29e
Balance: CuFeS2(s) + O2(g) -> Cu(s) + FeO(s) + SO2(g)
2CuFeS2(s) + 5O2(g) -> 2Cu(s) + 2FeO(s) + 4SO2(g) This one you find that the O is odd so you must make FeO(s) include a 2 to make it even so all previously picked coefficients must be doubled.
Balance: Fe + Cl2 —> FeCl3
2Fe + 3Cl2 --> 2FeCl3
Balance: Fe + H2SO4 -> Fe2(SO4)3 + H2
2Fe + 3H2SO4 -> Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2
Balance FeBr3 + H2SO4 -> Fe2(SO4)3 + HBr
2FeBr3 + 3H2SO4 -> Fe2(SO4)3 + 6HBr
Balance: H2(g) + O2(g) -> H2O(g)
2H2(g) + O2(g) -> 2H2O(g)
Balance: KClO3(s) -> KCl(s) + O2(g)
2KClO3(s) -> 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
What type of reaction is this: 2Mg(s) + O2(g) -> 2MgO(s)
2Mg -> 2Mg2+ + 4e- (Oxidation -lose e-) O2 + 4e- -> 2O2- (Reduction -gain e-) Redox reaction
What is the NIE for: 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) -> H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)
2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) -> H2O(l)
How many sigfigs are in 2.00?
3
How many sig figs are there? 62.40g
4 sig figs
If 4.00 L of H2 gas at 1.43 Atm is at standard temperature, and the pressure were to increase by a factor of 7/3, what is the final volujme of the gas?
4.00(3/7) = 1.71
Hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia according to the reaction 3 H2 + N2 -> 2 NH3 When 4.0 moles of H2 are reacted with 2.0 mol of N2, how many moles of ammonia are produced? What is the limiting reactant? How many moles of the excess reactant are there after the reaction?
4/3 = 1.333mol H2 2/1 = 2 mol N2 1.333 * 2 = 2.666mol ammonia The limiting reactant is H2. 0.67 mol N2 is leftover
40.0 mL of 0.400 M NaOH solution is diluted to a final volume of 200.0 mL. What is the final concentration?
40 * 0.4 = 200 * M 0.08M
Determine the empirical formula of ascorbic acid with the following mass composition. 40.92% C 54.50% O 4.58% H
40.92g/12.01g = 3.407mol C 54.50g/16.00g = 3.406mol O 4.58g/1.00797g = 4.54mol H 3.407/3.407 = 1 4.54/3.407 = 1.33 1* 3 = 3, 1.33 * 3 = 4 C3H4O3
A mixture of 40.0 g of oxygen and 40.0 g of helium has a total pressure of 0.9 atm. What are the partial pressures?
40/32 = 1.25mol O2 40/4 = 10mol He 11.25 mol total XO2 = 1.25/11.25 = 0.11111 0.11111*0.9 = 0.1atm Thus He partial pressure is 0.8atm
A 45-g aluminum spoon (specific heat 0.88 J/gC) at 24C is placed in 180.mL of coffee at 85C inside an insulated coffee mug and the temperature of the two become equal. What is the final temperature when the two become equal? Assume that coffee has the same specific heat and density as water.
45*0.88*(Tf - 24) = -180*4.184(Tf -85) Tf = 82C
The mass of a sample is 550 milligrams. Which of the following expresses that mass in kilograms? 5.5 * 10^-6 5.5 * 10^-4 5.5 * 10^-1 5.5 * 10^8
5.5 * 10^-4
5.60 g of NaCl are dissolved in enough water to make 250.00 mL of solution. What is the molarity of this solution?.
5.6/(22.9898+35.453)/.250 = 0.383M
A chemist starts with 50.0 mL of a 0.40 M NaCl solution and dilutes it to 1000 mL. What is the concentration of NaCl in the new solution?
50*0.4 = 1000*M2 M2 = 0.020M
What is Avogadro's number?
6.022 * 10^23
Metallic lithium reacts with water producing lithium hydroxide. How many moles of H2 would be produced from a complete reaction of 6.23 moles of Li with water? 2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) -> 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
6.23/2 = 3.12mol H2
How many moles are there in 6.46g of He?
6.46/4.0026 = 1.61moles
What is Planck's constant?
6.626 x 10^-34 J x s
A compound contains 6.0 g of carbon and 1.0 g of hydrogen. The percent composition of the compound is?
6/(6+1) = 86% C 1/(6+1) = 14% H
What is the molar mass of NH4NO3?
80.043g/mol
How many grams of H2 are formed from a complete reaction of 80.57g of Li?
80.57g/6.939 = 11.61mol Li 11.61/2 = 5.805 mol H2 5.805 * (1.00797 * 2) = 11.70g H2
85.0 mL of a solution of NaOH is diluted to a final volume of 290.0 mL and the new molarity is 0.0500 M. Calculate the original molarity of the base.
85 * M = 290 * 0.0500 0.171M
What is the energy required to evaporate two moles of liquid water given the following equations? 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) ∆H = -483.6 kJ 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) ∆H = -571.6 kJ
88.0kJ
A circular object has a diameter of 19.0cm, what is the length of the radius of the object with the correct number of sigfigs?
9.50
he Haber process for producing ammonia commercially is represented by the equation N2 (g) + 3H2(g) -> 2NH3(g) To completely convert 9.0 mol hydrogen gas to ammonia gas, how many moles of nitrogen gas are required?
9/3 = 3.0mol N2
What is the angle for Octahedral geometry?
90
What is the angle for Trigonal Bipyramidalgeometry?
90 and 120
Sig figs: 89.332 + 1.1 = ?
90.4
A scientist discovers a new element, called "Rainium". There are two isotopes of Rainium. Rainium-99 is the most common, making up 75.50% of all Rainium, and has a mass of 99.3551 amu. The other isotope, Rainium-101, makes up the remaining 24.50%, and has a mass of 101.1135 amu. What is the atomic mass for Rainium, in amu?
99.3551(.7550) + 101.1135(.2450) = 99.79amu
What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of a base?
A base is a proton (hydrogen ion) acceptor.
What is a mixture?
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.
What is visible light?
A form of electromagnetic radiation that is perceivable to human beings and is seen in the colors of the rainbow
What are electromagnetic waves?
A form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion that loses electrons. Metals
What is an extensive property?
A property that depends on the system size: Volume, number of moles.
What is an intensive property?
A property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
What does one combination of n, l, ms, and ml signify for an atom?
A single electron
What is an unsaturated solution?
A solution in which more solute can be dissolved.
What is a saturated solution?
A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved.
What is a supersaturated solution?
A solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution under the same conditions, this is unstable and crystals form.
What is double displacement?
AB + CD -> AD + BC
What is decomposition?
AB -> A + B
The difference between a student's experimental measurement of the density of sodium chloride and the known density of the compound reflects the _________ of the student's result?
Accuracy
Is this an acid/base/neither: H2CO3?
Acid
What type of reaction is 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)?
Acid-Base
What is the Arrhenius acid definition?
Acids are substances that release H+ when dissolved in water. HCl(aq) -> H+ + Cl-
What is the Aufbau principle?
An electron must occupy the LOWEST ENERGY orbital that is available to receive it
What is the empirical formula?
An empirical formula is the simplest ratio of whole number atoms of each element in a compound.
What are diamond, graphite, and fullerene known as?
Allotropes
What are oxygen and ozone known as?
Allotropes
Al2(CO3)3 name?
Aluminum Carbonate
Al2(SO4)3 name?
Aluminum Sulfate
What are London dispersion forces?
Always present intermolecular forces that are negligible if other stronger interactions are present. These increase with the molar mass
NH4Br name?
Ammonium Bromide
What is acid-base?
An acid and a base produce a salt and H2O
What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid?
An acid is a proton (hydrogen ion) donor.
What is an atom?
An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. Indivisible. Single unit of an element.
What did W. Bothe and H. Becker discover?
An electrically neutral radiation when they bombarded beryllium with alpha particles.
Which is bigger in atomic size? Cations or anions?
Anions will be larger
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and occupies space
What are the metal elements?
Anything that is not to the right of the metalloids.
Argon
Ar
How can we decide if a molecule is polar?
Are there polar bonds: No: Is it O3 No: Nonpolar Yes: Polar Yes: Is it Symmetric No: Polar Yes: Nonpolar
What is electron group geometry?
Arrangement of all electron groups.
Arsenic
As
What is the relation with gas solubility to T and P?
As T increases solubility decreases and as P increases solubility increases. The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the press of the gas over the solution.
What is a vaporization curve?
As T increases the Vapor pressure increases and as intermolecular forces increa the vapor pressure decreases
Barium
Ba
Ion Charge: Ba
Ba2+
Is this an acid/base/neither: Ca(OH)2?
Base
Is this an acid/base/neither: NH3?
Base
How is the modern periodic table organized?
Based on a classification of elements in terms of their physical and chemical properties
What is the Arrhenius base definition?
Bases are substances that release OH- when dissolved in water. NaOH(aq) -> Na+ + OH-
Beryllium
Be
What are the three exceptions to the octet rule?
Be or B do not have an octet, molecules with odd-electron atoms have free radicals (paramagnetic) and this is the case for NO (O is full tho), expanded octet whenever the principal quantum number n >= 3
What geometry is 3 EGs and 1 LP?
Bent
What geometry is 4 EGs and 2 LPs?
Bent
Bismuth
Bi
What is the trend for atomic size?
Bigger from right to left and down a group
What color do bases turn litmus paper?
Blue
Bromine
Br
Ion Charge: Br
Br-
What is the excited state?
By absorbing energy electrons can more to a higher-energy less-stable state
Carbon
C
Balance: C4H10O + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
C4H10O + 6O2 -> 4CO2 + 5H2O
What is the empirical formula of C8H10N4O2?
C4H5N2O
Balance: C4H6O3 + H2O -> C2H4O2
C4H6O3 + H2O -> 2C2H4O2
What is the formula for concentration of two solutions?
C1V1 = C2V2
100.0 mL of a solution that is 5.0% (m/v) in NaCl is diluted to 500 mL. what is the new concentation?
C1V1 = C2V2 0.05 * 100 = x * 500 1%
Acetate Ion
C2H3O2 -
Oxalate Ion
C2O4 2-
Balance: C3H8(g) + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
C3H8(g) + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O
Ion Charge: C
C4-
Cadmium
Cd
Ion Charge: Cd
Cd2+
What is the boiling point elevation and freezing point lowering equation?
Change in T = i * K * m where i is the van't Hoff factor K is the constant provided, and m is molality
Chlorine
Cl
Ion Charge: Cl
Cl-
What is the NIE for: NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) -> NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)
Cl-(aq) + Ag+(aq) -> AgCl(s)
In the reaction 2As(s) + 3Cl2(g) -> 2AsCl3 the oxidizer is?
Cl2
Hypochlorite Ion
ClO -
Chlorite Ion
ClO 2-
Chlorate Ion
ClO3 -
Perchlorate Ion
ClO4 -
Ion Charge: Co (II)
Co2+
Ion Charge: Co (III)
Co3+
What color does phenolphthalein turn with acids?
Colorless
What type of reaction is CH4 + O2 -> CO2 + H3O?
Combustion
Heterogeneous Mixture/Homogeneous Mixture/Element/Compound? Pure Sugar
Compound
What is the change from gas to liquid called?
Condensing (Exothermic)
What are some properties of metals?
Conductors of electricity and heat, Malleable (thin layers), and ductile (drawn into wires)
When is a solute always soluble?
Contains any alkali metal (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+), contains NH4+ (ammonium), NO3- (nitrate), ClO4- (perchlorate), ClO3- (chlorate), or CH3CO2- (acetate)
What is Proust's Law of Definite Proportions?
Different samples of the same compound contain the same proportion of its constituent elements (in mass). Ex. C + O = 100 + 133 = CO C + O2 = 100 + 266 = CO2
Who created the periodic table?
Dimitri Mendeleev
N2O5 name?
Dinitrogen Pentoxide
N2O3 name?
Dinitrogen trioxide
What type of reaction is 2Na + Cl2 -> 2NaCl?
Direct combination
What type of reaction is 8Fe + S8 -> 8FeS
Direct combination
What are the six types of chemical reactions?
Direct combination, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, acid-base, and combustion.
How are intermolecular forces ranked from weakest to strongest?
Dispersion (London) < Dipole-Dipole < Hydrogen Bonds < Ion-Dipole
Which of the following are considered to be a "pure substance"? Toothpaste, Sea Water, Distilled Water, Tap Water, Air
Distilled Water
What are monoprotic acids?
Donates only one proton
What are triprotic acids?
Donates up to three protons
What are diprotic acids?
Donates up to two protons
What type of reaction is 2NaCl + AgNO3 -> AgCl + NaNO3?
Double Displacement
What type of reaction is NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)?
Double Displacement
What is the ground state?
E level normally occupied
How does ionic bonding work?
Electron transfer from cation to anion
How is electronegativity different from electron affinity?
Electronegativity is the ability of an to attract electrons while electron affinity is the energy associated with the acquisition of one electron
What was Bohr's model of the atom?
Electrons could have only certain energy levels and light emitted or absorbed as one electron moved between E levels. There is the principal quantum number. Going from a high quantum number to a low one emitted a photon.
What is a covalent polar bond?
Electrons forming a bond are unequally distributed
How does covalent bonding work?
Electrons sharing between atoms
Heterogeneous Mixture/Homogeneous Mixture/Element/Compound? Pure Gold
Element
What is the photelectric effect?
Emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation hits a material.
Is baking a potato endothermic or exothermica?
Endothermic
What is heat absorbed called?
Endothermic (+)
When a material in the liquid state is vaporized and then condensed to a liquid, the steps in the process are, respectively?
Endothermic and exothermic
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed.
What is a closed system?
Energy is exchanged
What is kinetic energy?
Energy that an object has by virtue of its motion
What is potential energy?
Energy that an object has in virtue of its position
What is the photoelectric effect?
Ephoton = hv If light consists of tiny particles called "photons" then these particles will be able to interact with other particles
What are elements?
Fundamental substances that cannot be broken down further by chemical means. Pure or combined, name and symbol.
What is the order from low to high in wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Gamma, X-Ray, Ultraviolet, Visible Spectrum, Infrared, Microwave, and Radio
Do metallic compounds or ionic compounds have higher BP?
Generally ionic
Which of the following is an example of an allotrope? 1. Ice and Liquid Water 2. 12-C and 13-C 3. Graphite and Diamond 4. Pure Iron and Rusted Iron
Graphite and Diamond
Do periods or groups tend to have similar properties with one another?
Groups
Hydrogen
H
What is ΔH?
H(products) - H(reactants)
What is the correct net ionic equation for the reaction (if a reaction occurs) between H2SO4 and NaOH?
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) -> H2O(l)
What are the nonmetal elements?
H, He, C, N, O, F, Ne, P, S, Cl, Ar, Se, Br, Kr, I, Xe, and Rn
Carbonic acid formula?
H2CO3
What is EA like for nonmetals?
Highly negative EAs, they attract e- strongly and lose e- with difficulty
What was the Rutherford model of the atom?
His model described the atom as a positively charged core called a nucleus, in which nearly all the mass is concentrated, where electrons at the circulate at same distance
Heterogeneous Mixture/Homogeneous Mixture/Element/Compound? Ketchup
Homogeneous Mixture
What are the two types of mixtures?
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
What is accuracy?
How close a measurement is to the actual value. How correct is the measurement? Random error leads to no accuracy.
What is precision?
How closely two subsequent measures of the same quantity agree with one another. How reproducible is the measurement. Systematic error leads to lack of precision.
If not all electrons when not fully full don't have the same spin what principle does this violate?
Hund
If not all of the shell is filled before adding two electrons to the same spot what principle does this violate?
Hund
What is the most abundant element in the universe?
Hydrogen
Iodine
I
Ion Charge: I
I-
What is specific heat?
The heat (q) required to raise the temperature of 1g of the substance by C
What is parallax error?
Incorrectly reading the meniscus by not looking eye level with the meniscus.
What is the trend for ionization energy?
Increase up a group and across a period
What is the trend for metallic behavior>
Increases from right to left and down a group
What are some properties of metalloids?
Intermediate properties, shiny solids (like metals), brittle (like nonmetals), and semiconductors
What are ion-dipole forces?
Intermolecular forces between an ion and a polar molecule
What are dipole-dipole forces?
Intermolecular forces between polar molecules
Which is stronger, inter or intra molecular forces?
Intramolecular forces
What were the limitations of the Bohr Model?
It works well only for hydrogen, it doesn't explain some details of spectra, it doesn't include the wave-nature of the electron, it is in violation of the Heisenberg Uncertainty principle.
Potassium
K
Which among the following element has the strongest metallic characteristic? Potassium, Sodium, Oxygen and Calcium
K
Which among the following has the lowest ionization energy: Berillium, Fluorine, Nitrogen, Potassium
K
Ion Charge: K
K+
Predict the product(s) for the following reaction. H2SO4(aq) + KOH(aq) -> ???
K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
A fictional green element is a metal, called Kermium (Ke), forms an oxide with the formula Ke2O3. What is the formula for Kermium chloride? Write the formula and explain your answer. To receive full credit use proper capitalization, subscripts and superscripts (use the rich text editor above)
KeCl3 would be the formula for Kermium chloride. We know from the formula for the oxide formed with Ke that Ke has a +3 charge, Ke3+, since in order to have a neutral charge and form an ionic bond there are 3 O. This means that we have Ke2 having a net +6 charge and O3 having a net -6 charge, since it is O2-. Therefore, the net charge on Ke2O3 is 0, so Ke3+ is our Kermium ion. Then we know that the chloride ion is Cl- and our oxide must have a net charge of 0. Then we have KeCl3, the net charge of Ke is then +3 and the net charge of Cl3 is -3. Therefore, the net charge on KeCl3 is 0 and we now have Kermium chloride, KeCl3.
What unit of temperature do you need to use for gas law problems?
Kelvin
A fictional element is a non metal called Klingon. The symbol of Klingon is Kg. Only two oxyacids are known: H2KgO4, called klingonic acid, and H2KgO3 called klingonous acid. What is the formula of sodium klingonite?
KgO3 2- is the formula -ite ending means -ous acid Na2KgO3
What energy is added when the slope is > 0 on a heating curve?
Kinetic
Which has a higher BP: MgCl2 or PCl3?
MgCl2 since it has ionic bonding forces, while PCl3 has only dipole-dipole forces
Which ionic compounds in the following pairs has the higher lattice energy? (I) KCl or MgO (II) LiF or LiBr (III) MgF2 or NaCl
MgO, LiF, MgF2
What is hybridization?
Mixing of two or more atomic orbitals to form a new set of hybrid orbitals.
Manganese
Mn
Ion Charge: Mn
Mn2+
Permanganate Ion
MnO4 -
Nitrogen
N
Which among the following has the highest (most negative) electron affinity? Barium, Gallium, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
N
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
N two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.
Ion Charge: N
N3-
Thiocyanate Ion
NCS -
Na2S name?
Sodium Sulfide
What are some properties of nonmetals?
Solids/liquids/gases, nonconductors, solids are brittle
What are colligative properties?
Solution properties that are determined by the ratio solute particles/solvent molecules. They are independent of the nature of the solute.
What are the three types of interactions in the solution process?
Solvent-solvent interactions (+), solute-solute interactions (+), and solvent-solute interactions (-).
What are hydrogen bonds?
Special dipole-dipole interaction between hydrogen atoms in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond and an electronegative N, O, or F, atom
What is the SI derived unit for volume?
The cubic meter (m^3)
The density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm3. If you drop that block in a tank full of water would it sink of float? Explain why.
The density of water is 1g/mL or 1g/cm3. Knowing this anything that has a higher density than that of water would tend to sink rather than float. Objects that have a lower density than that of water, such as a tennis ball, would tend to float on the top of the water. Density is equal to mass / volume, the greater the mass of something in a small volume the higher the density will be. For example, if we had 1cm3 for the volumes of both water and the aluminum the mass of the water would be equal to 1g and the mass of the aluminum would be 2.70g. This means that the mass of the aluminum is greater than that of the water. Hence, the solid block of aluminum would then sink to the bottom of the water.
What is the wavelength of a wave?
The distance from crest to crest or trough to trough (m, nm)
What is amplitude of a wave?
The distance from the origin to the crest or the trough of a wave, this is the height (intensity/brightness) of a wave
What is polarizability?
The ease with which the electron distribution in the atom or molecule can be distorted. This increases with a greater number of electrons and more diffuse electron cloud. This is different from polarity.
What did JJ Thomson Discover?
The electron through his cathode ray experiments
What is electron affinity?
The energy accompanying the addition of 1 mol of e- during the formation of one mole of monovalent gaseous anion. The first EA is typically negative
What is the principal quantum number n?
The energy level or shell of the electron, the greater n the greater the distance from the nucleus
What is ionization energy?
The energy required to completely remove 1 mole of e- from 1 mole of gaseous atoms/ions
What is lattice energy?
The energy required to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions.
What is standard enthalpy of reaction?
The enthalpy of a reaction carried out at 1atm. ΔH0rxn = ΣnΔH0f (products) - ΣmΔH0f (reactants)
What happen when wavelength increases?
The frequency decreases
What is Reduction?
The gain of electrons
How do we know when a chemical equation is balanced?
The same number of each kind of atom appears in the reactants and in the products
In an exothermic reaction where does heat go?
To the surroundings
How is an element written?
Top left atomic mass number, bottom left atomic number, top right charge, and bottom right number of atoms.
What is enthalpy?
Total heat content of a system
What geometry is 5 EGs and 0 LPs?
Trigonal Bipyramidal
What geometry is 3 EGs and 0 LPs?
Trigonal Planar
What geometry is 4 EGs and 1 LP?
Trigonal Pyramidal
What is a nonpolar bond?
Two nonmetals with the same electronegativity.
What is a redox reaction?
Two reactions that occur at the same time, oxidation and reduction. Transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Uranium
U
What is paramegnetic?
Unpaired electrons like Oxygen
What is the lattice energy trend?
Up a group and across a period lattice energy increases
SI unit for luminous intensity?
candela (cd)
What is l = 2?
d orbital (double peanut) 5 orbitals
Between chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 which is more abundant?
x + y = 1 y = 1 - x 35x + 37(1-x) = 35.453 x = .7735 35 is more abundant Also we just know by the weight since it's closer to 35.
Nitrogen is made up of two isotopes, N-14 and N-15. Given nitrogen's average atomic weight of 14.007, what is the percent abundance of each isotope?
x + y = 1 y = 1 - x 14x + 15y = 14.007 14x + 15(1-x) = 14.007 x = 0.993 y = 0.007
What if H(products) < H(reactants)?
ΔH < 0 and is exothermic
What if H(products) > H(reactants)?
ΔH > 0 and is endothermic
What is Hess's Law?
ΔHtot = ΔH1 + ΔH2 ...+ ΔHn
