chem test chapter 6,7,8

Use the electron configuration shown below to answer the following question. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 In the box below, provide the principle energy level of the valence electrons.

4

Use the electron configuration shown below to answer the following question. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 What element does the electron configuration describe?

Calcium

Quantum Theory states that ________ are particulate, massive, and wavelike. Choose all that apply. A)Temperature B)Mass C)Matter D)Energy E)Volume

Matter Energy

Energy, pressure, volume, and temperature are all examples of . A)Kinetic Energy B)Potential Energy C)State Functions D)Path Functions

State functions

Photosynthesis is one of the most important biochemical processes on Earth and is characterized by the reaction between chlorophyll, water, and CO2 to form glucose and O2. Photosynthesis requires energy from the sun to occur and, therefore, is an endothermic process. True False

true

How many valence electrons does chromium have?

6

Name the principle or rule. Electrons are always placed in the lowest available energy sublevel

Aufbau Principle

Name the principle or rule Each orbital contains a maximum of 2 electrons with opposite spins

Pauli's Exclusion Principle

For an element in its standard state, A)ΔHf° > 0 B)ΔHf° = 0 C)ΔHf° < 0 D)ΔHf° = 1

ΔHf° = 0

Approximately 2.5 billion kilograms of adipic acid, C6H10O4, are produced every year. It is primarily used during the production of nylon, but it can also be found within the ingredients of many jelly kits and gelatin mixes. When 4.260 g of adipic acid is burned within a bomb calorimeter, with a heat capacity of 10.369 J/K, the temperature increases from 430K to 460K under 0.08500 megapascals. What is the enthalpy for this combustion reaction? A)-0.500 J/mol B)-73.02 J/mol C)-10,700 J/mol D)-73.0 J/mol E)2505 J/mol

-10,700 J/mol

What is the specific heat of 85,885.86 mL of a substance, that has a recorded temperature of 429.2 K, if it changes the temperature of 1.000 kg of gaseous H2O from 383.15 K to 396.27 K? (Refer to the table of specific heat capacities in Table 6.2. The specific heat of water vapor is 1.996 kJ/kg∙K and the density of the unknown sample is 789 kg/m3)? Do not include units in your answer. 1mL = 1e-6 m3

.0111 or .012

Because energy states can only exist as positive integers, the lowest energy (ground state) occurs at n = _________.

1

Calculate the mass of water in grams when it cools from 97.0°C to 28.0°C. During the process, 925 calories were lost. The specific heat of liquid water is c = 1.00 (cal/g∙°C). A)13.4 g B)33.0 g C)9.54 g D)2.70 g

13.4g

How many orbitals are there in an energy level corresponding to n = 4? A)10 B)16 C)15 D)12

16

Azelaic acid, C9H16O4, is a naturally occurring organic molecule found in whole grain cereals, rye, barley, and animal products. When 3.200 grams of azelaic acid is burned in a bomb calorimeter the recorded enthalpy of combustion was -4,773.900 kJ/mol. This combustion reaction caused the temperature to rise from 20.00°C to 487.389°C. What is the heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter? (Azelaic acid = 188.223 g/mol) A)0.1736 J/K B)173.6 J/K C)10210 J/K D)32,684.723 J/K

173.6 J/K

Order the following energy levels starting from least energy to greatest energy: 1s, 3p, 3d, 2p, 2s, 3s. A)1s, 2p, 3d, 2s, 3p, 3s B)1s, 2s, 3s, 2p, 3p, 3d C)1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d D)3s, 3p, 3d, 2s, 2p, 1s

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d

Which of the following is the electron configuration of aluminum? 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 2d10 3p1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3p2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

For the following question, refer to a periodic table and look for chromium. Which of these electron configurations are correct for chromium? 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 4p4 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5

Use the electron configuration shown below to answer the following question. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 How many valence electrons does this atom have?

2

A hydrogen atom absorbs an x-ray photon and its electron enters the n = 8 energy level. Calculate the change in energy of the electron. Express your answer to 4 sig figs. A)2.146e-18 J B)1.10e7 J C)1.91e-18 J D)9.26e-8 J

2.146e-18 J

The Plug-In Optronic Payload 300 (pop300 for short) is a class 4 laser formerly used for laser designating during military reconnaissance missions. The pop300 is an ideal payload for light reconnaissance aircraft due to its small size. The laser emits an eye safe wavelength of EMR equal to 830 nm. What is the energy, in Joules, of one photon of the pop300 laser? (c = 3.00e8 m/s, h = 6.626e-34 J·s) A)5.45e47 J B)2.39e-19 J C)1.65e-31 J D)2.39e-28 J

2.39e-19 J

What is the wavelength, λ, in nanometers, of UV rays that have a frequency of 1.46e15 s-1? Assume the radiation travels at the speed of light, c = 3.00e8 m/s.

205.5

A particular atomic orbital has a principal quantum number of 2 and angular quantum number of 1. What is the name of this sublevel? A)1s B)2s C)2p D)1p

2p

A particular atomic orbital has a principal quantum number of 2 and angular quantum number of 1. How many orbitals does this sublevel have? A)3 orbitals B)7 orbitals C)5 orbitals D)1 orbital

3 orbitals

m Carbon tetrachloride is an acutely toxic liquid, with short-term exposure causing permanent damage to the liver and kidneys. If one is trying to carefully heat 42.00 mL of carbon tetrachloride (d = 1.590 g/mL, c = 0.8620 J/g∙K) from 24.00°C to 78.00°C, how much heat must be applied? A)1955 J B)4490 J C)1382 J D)3109 J

3109 J

You place 30.00 mL of 5.00 M potassium hydroxide into a coffee cup calorimeter at 50°C. You then add 25.00 mL of 5.00 M nitric acid that is also 50°C into the same coffee cup calorimeter. Assume that the total volume is the sum of the individual volumes and that the final solution has the same density (equal to 1 g/mL) and specific heat capacity is that of pure water. The final temperature of the product solution is equal to 91.76 °C. What is the total mass inside the coffee cup calorimeter (provide your answer in grams)? A)30 g B)55 g C)60 g D)25 g

55g

Answer the following questions about the 4f atomic orbital. How many orbitals exist for this sublevel? A)1 B)5 C)7 D)3

7

A hydrogen atom absorbs an x-ray photon and its electron enters the n = 8 energy level. Calculate the wavelength (in nm) of the absorbed photon. Express your answer to 3 sig figs.

92.6

When energy is transferred between objects, it appears as __________. Select all that apply A)Potential Energy B)Work C)Heat D)Thermal Energy E)Kinetic Energy

A,B,C

The First Law of Thermodynamics states . Choose all that apply. A)The total energy of the universe is constant. B)[Δ]Euniverse = 0 C)Energy is destroyed in the universe by endothermic reactions D)Energy is created in the universe by exothermic reactions E)The total energy of the universe is never constant F)Energy is neither created nor destroyed

A,B,F

Prior to the 20th century, light was thought to only behave as a wave. Which of the following experiments demonstrated that there are properties of light that cannot be explained by waves? Choose all that apply. A)Einstein's Theory of Relativity B)Einstein's Photoelectric effect C)Niels Bohr's Atomic Theory D)Max Planck's Blackbody Radiation

B D

A common method for obtaining water from a well is via the implementation of a constant pressure well pump. A constant pressure well pump maintains the pressure by adjusting the speed at which it pushes water through a drop pipe to accommodate changes in water flow. It has a check valve to prevent water from reentry into the pump once it has been pushed toward the surface for use. Therefore, the volume usually varies only slightly, and the change in enthalpy is: A)Greater than the change in energy in this system. B) About equal to the change in energy of this system. C)Less than the change in energy of this system.

B) About equal to the change in energy of this system

All matter exhibits properties of ___________. A)Waves only B)Particles and waves C)Particles only D)Light waves only

B)Particles and waves

You drop 5 ice cubes (5 oz) into a glass containing 8 oz. of water. Select which of the following are true statements. Select all that apply A)The liquid water has more chemical energy than the ice cubes. B)The liquid water has more thermal energy than the ice cubes. C)The ice cubes are cooling the glass of water. D)The water is heating the ice cubes. E)The total energy of the system and its surroundings does not equal zero until the ice has finished melting completely.

B, D

Which of the following statements about heat are incorrect? Choose all that apply A)spicy food tastes hot due to its caloric content B)It is a form of energy that can be transferred C)1 calorie = 4.184 joules D)Correct! It is measured in grams and calories

B,D

What is the relationship between specific heat capacity (c) and heat capacity (C)? A)c = m x C x ΔT B)c = m x C C)C = m x c x ΔT D)C = m x c

C = m x c

The square of an atom's wave function yields its _______________. A)Nucleus density B)Proton density C)Probability density D)Neutron density

C)Probability density

The symbol ms denotes _________________. A)the angular quantum number which describes the angle of the magnetic field of the electron's spin. It has only two possible values: +s and -s. B)the magnetic quantum number which describes the direction of the magnetic field of the electron's spin. It has only two possible values: +½ and -½. C)the spin quantum number which describes the direction of the magnetic field of the electron's spin. It has only two possible values: +s and -s. D)the spin quantum number which describes the direction of the electron spin. It has only two possible values: +½ and -½.

D

Which of the following statements describes an error, if there is an error, in the electron configuration for arsenic? As: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4p3 (Hint: Write out the configuration for yourself and compare with the one shown, then answer the question.) A)The 4p subshell should have 6 electrons in it, not 3 electrons. B)The electron configuration shown is correct. C)The 3d subshell should have 12 electrons in it, not 10 electrons. D)The 2 electrons in the 4s subshell are missing in the electron configuration.

D)The 2 electrons in the 4s subshell are missing in the electron configuration.

Frequency, wavelength, speed, and amplitude all describe the wave properties of ______. A)Chemical radiation B)Thermal radiation C)Potential radiation D)Electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation

Determine whether the following reaction is endothermic or exothermic and determine the sign of ΔH. 120.4 J + KNO3 (s) → KNO3 (l) A)Exothermic, -ΔH B)Exothermic, +ΔH C)Endothermic, +ΔH D)Endothermic, -ΔH

Endothermic, +ΔH

The Schrodinger wave equation is used to solve for __________. A)The temperature of the system. B)The probability of finding an electron in a particular region. C)Energy states associated with a particular atom. D)Energy states associated with a particular atomic orbital.

Energy states associated with a particular atomic orbital.

Rank the sublevel energies from highest to lowest energy (SDFP)

F D P S

1 cal = 1 Cal True False

False

Electrons in phosphorus's 2s shell shield electrons in its 3p shell less effectively than the electrons that reside in the 3s shell. True False

False

Selenium must ____________ to be isoelectronic with krypton. Lose 2 electrons Gain 1 electron Lose 1 electron Gain 2 electrons

Gain two electrons

Enthalpy is the change in [A] for a system at constant pressure. A)Volume B)Heat C)Work D)Temperature E)Quantity

Heat

A 3d atomic orbital generally has a ________ energy than a 4s orbital.

Higher

Name the principle or rule. Orbitals of the same energy are the most stable with the maximum Number of unpaired electrons with parallel spins

Hund's Rule

Atomic size generally _______ as the principle quantum number increases.

Increases

Which of the following is a correct display of units for ΔHf°? kJ/mol K kJ kJ/mol kJ/K

KJ/Mol

Quantum theory is based on how molecules react with _____. A)Pressure B)Temperature C)Each other D)Light

Light

Energy absorption causes an electron to move from a _________________ ___________ state. Conversely, energy emission causes an electron to move from a ________ __________ energy state. Higher to lower Lower to higher

Lower to higher Higher to lower

A(n) _______ is the region of an orbital where the probability of finding the electron is zero.

Node

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle states that it is not possible to simultaneously know which properties of a particle? Choose all that apply. A)Position B)Mass C)Temperature D)Energy E)Momentum

Position and momentum

For the process of melting ice, ΔH would be __________. A)0 B)1 C)positive D)negative

Positive

The energy levels of hydrogen depend only on the A)Principle quantum number B)Angular momentum quantum number C)Magnetic quantum number D)Temporal quantum number

Principle quantum number

Why does a pebble being thrown into a pond not experience refraction? A)Refraction occurs when the speed of a light wave changes immediately upon passing through a medium. When a pebble is thrown into a pond, its speed changes gradually, thus no refraction occurs. B)Pebbles do not experience refraction when thrown into a pond because they experience diffraction instead. C)Refraction occurs when the speed of a light wave changes gradually upon passing through a medium. When a pebble is thrown into a pond, its speed changes immediately, thus no refraction occurs. D)A pebble does experience refraction upon being thrown into a pond because its speed changes immediately when passing through the water.

Refraction occurs when the speed of a light wave changes immediately upon passing through a medium. When a pebble is thrown into a pond, its speed changes gradually, thus no refraction occurs.

The laws of classical mechanics argue that the frequency of the radiation emitted in a line spectrum should change smoothly as the negative particle approaches the positively charged nucleus of the atom, therefore resulting in a continuous spectrum. As you have been shown, this is not what has been observed. Bohr's atomic model provided which explanation for this phenomenon? A)The kinetic energy of an electron's motion must counterbalance the potential energy of attraction. B)A negative particle moving in a curved path around a positive particle must emit radiation and therefore lose energy. C)Since an atom does not emit all wavelengths with various continuous energies, an atomic spectrum is also not continuous. D)The neutral charge of the neutron counterbalanced the attractive forces between the protons and electrons.

Since an atom does not emit all wavelengths with various continuous energies, an atomic spectrum is also not continuous.

When taking line spectra of an element, the film will show ___________. A)Specific lines dependent on the wavelengths emitted by the element. B)A continuous spectrum of one color of visible light. C)Specific lines of all visible wavelengths. D)A continuous spectrum of all visible wavelengths

Specific lines dependent on the wavelengths emitted by the element.

Why does the 3d orbital become more stable than the 4s orbital in elements after Sc? A)The energy of an orbital increases as it fills with electrons. The 3d orbital energy increases as it is filled with electrons and becomes higher energy than the 4s orbital. B)The energy of an orbital changes as it fills with electrons. As the 3d orbital fills, it becomes less stable than the filled 4s orbital. C)The energy of an orbital changes as it fills with electrons. As the 3d orbital fills, it becomes more stable than the filled 4s orbital. D)The energy of an orbital remains constant as it fills with electrons. The 4s orbital is higher energy than a 3d orbital with electrons so, electrons are removed first from the 4s orbital.

The energy of an orbital changes as it fills with electrons. As the 3d orbital fills, it becomes more stable than the filled 4s orbital.

If energy from the system is released to the surroundings, then which of the following conditions must also be true? A)The system absorbed heat and work was done by the system. B)The system absorbed heat and work was done on the system. C)The system released heat and work was done by the system. D)The system released heat and work was done on the system.

The system released heat and work was done by the system.

Color and intensity of blackbody radiation change as ___________. A)The volume of the object changes. B)The mass of the object changes. C)The temperature of the object changes. D)The phase of the object changes.

The temperature of the object changes.

Einstein's Photoelectric Effect Experiment liberated electrons by exciting a metal surface with light, thus generating an electrical current. Why would a bright red light (Amplitude = 1.0e-14; λ = 700 nm) not release more electrons from a metal surface than a dim red light (Amplitude = 1.0e-28 m; λ = 700 nm)? Assume that the speed of both EMR waves travel at the speed of light, c = 3.00e8 m/s (1 Hz = 1 s-1). A)There is no frequency threshold provided that, when exceeded, would liberate electrons. Therefore, it cannot be determined whether one of the lights would elicit electrons from the metal's surface. B)The amplitude of a wave increases with greater intensity, because the bright red light has a greater amplitude, or intensity, more electrons would be released from the surface of the metal when the bright red light shines on it than the dim red light. C)Frequency determines whether electrons are released from the metal. Because red light has the lowest frequency of the visible light spectrum fewer electrons will be released from the metal surface. D)Because both light samples have the same wavelength, they have the same frequency (ν = 4.29e14 Hz). Therefore, because there is no difference between the frequency of the bright red light and the dim red light, the bright red light does not liberate more electrons from the metal's surface than the dim red light.

There is no frequency threshold provided that, when exceeded, would liberate electrons. Therefore, it cannot be determined whether one of the lights would elicit electrons from the metal's surface.

A change in the energy of the system is always accompanied by an equal and opposite change in the energy of the surroundings. True False

True

According to Niels Bohr, the quantum number, n, is directly related to an electron's orbit and indicates the radius of an electron's orbit about a nucleus. If n is small, then the associated radius of its orbit is in a lower energy level. Therefore, when an electron's quantum number is lower, more energy is required to move it out of that orbit than if n were larger. Because energy is quantized, an electron does not appear in an intermediate energy level when it is moved to an orbit of higher energy. True False

True

According to the Quantum-Mechanical model of the hydrogen atom, there is a higher probability that an electron's location will be at energy level n=1 than energy level n=6. True False

True

Energy is quantized, meaning it occurs in fixed quantities rather than being continuous. True False

True

Shielding of electrons in a 1s sublevel is less than the shielding of electrons in a 2s sublevel. True False

True

__________ electrons are the ones involved in compound formation. A)Core B)Valence C)Inner D)Main Group

Valence

Use the electron configuration shown below to answer the following question. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 Which of the following is the correct condensed electron configuration for this element? [Cl]4s2 [Ar] [Ar]4s2 [Ne]3s23p64s2

[Ar]4s2

Any electron in any atom can be completely described with four quantum numbers. Which quantum numbers describe the orbital? Choose all that apply. A)me B)ml C)l D)n E)ms

b,c,d

Within an airbag exists a gas generator which contains sodium azide (NaN3), potassium nitrate, and silicon dioxide to facilitate the three chemical reactions necessary to facilitate the rapid inflation of an airbag. Upon impact, an electrical circuit is completed to ignite sodium azide. This ignition (q =569730.1604 J) causes the rapid decomposition of sodium azide to produce solid sodium metal and nitrogen gas. The nitrogen gas enters a bag such that it fills in approximately 40 milliseconds at a velocity of 150-250 mph. Because the expanding gas pushed back the atmospheric gas, the expanding gas does work during this decomposition reaction. The work is +4,000.00 Joules, work is __________ and the change in energy is ____________. A)done by the system; ΔE = 573730.16 J B)done on the system; ΔE = 573730.16 J C)done on the system; ΔE = 565730.16 J D)done by the system; ΔE = 565730.16 J

done by the system; ΔE = 565730.16 J

Cellular respiration can be expressed by the following reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + heat Cellular Respiration is an [A] reaction. A)Endothermic B)Double Displacement C)Neutralization D)Synthesis E)Exothermic F)Combination

exothermic

Most compounds have a negative enthalpy of formation, meaning the formation of most compounds from its respective elements is an __________ reaction. endothermic exothermic

exothermic

Enthalpy, energy, and volume are all intensive properties. True False

false

If an atomic orbital has a principal number, n, equal to 4, then which answer selection provides all possible angular quantum numbers, l, and magnetic quantum numbers, ml, of this atomic orbital? l =0, 3; ml =-3, -0, 0, +0, +3 l = 4; ml = 0, 1, 2, 3 l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4; ml = -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 l = 0, 1, 2, 3; ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

l = 0, 1, 2, 3; ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

Use the electron configuration shown below to answer the following question. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 What sublevel does the valence electrons occupy? l = 2 l = 1 l = 3 l = 0

l=0

Answer the following questions about the 4f atomic orbital. What is the angular quantum number for this sublevel? l = 1 l = 0 l = 2 l = 3

l=3

Electrons fill the _____ ______ subshells first because they are more stable.

lower energy

Answer the following questions about the 4f atomic orbital. What is the magnetic quantum number for this sublevel? ml = 0, +1, +2, +3 ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 ml = -3, -2, 0, +2, +3 ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2

ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

A particular atomic orbital has a principal quantum number of 2 and angular quantum number of 1. What are the allowed magnetic quantum numbers of this sublevel? ml= 0, +1 ml= -1, 0, +1 ml= -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 ml= 0, +1, +2

ml= -1, 0, +1

One gram of a substance with a high specific heat will take _________ energy to heat up than one gram of another substance with low specific heat. Assume that the substances will be heated to the same temperature. A)None of the above B)Less C)More D)The same amount of

more

You place 30.00 mL of 5.00 M potassium hydroxide into a coffee cup calorimeter at 50°C. You then add 25.00 mL of 5.00 M nitric acid that is also 50°C into the same coffee cup calorimeter. Assume that the total volume is the sum of the individual volumes and that the final solution has the same density (equal to 1 g/mL) and specific heat capacity is that of pure water. The final temperature of the product solution is equal to 91.76 °C. What is the limiting reactant for this reaction? A)potassium nitrate B)water C)potassium hydroxide D)nitric acid

nitric acid

A marble held over a cliff has more __________ than a basketball at sea level. A)Potential Energy B)Radiant Energy C)Chemical Energy D)Nuclear Energy E)Thermal Energy

potential energy

Which equation(s) accurately express heat absorbed/released during a reaction? Select all that apply A)q = C x T B)q = m x c x T C) q = m x c x ΔT D) q = C x ΔT E)q = P x ΔV

q = m x c x ΔT q = C x ΔT

A ripe eggplant absorbs what colors of light? Choose all that apply. Yellow Red Blue Green White

red blue white

The Rydberg equation predicts the wavelengths in the line spectrum of exclusively hydrogen. True False

true

Urged to explain why an atom has only fixed energy levels, Louis de Broglie postulated that if energy is particle-like, perhaps matter is wave-like. He reasoned that if electrons have wave-like motion in orbits of fixed radii, they will have only certain allowable frequencies and energies, much like a guitar string. True False

true

ΔH ≈ ΔE when volume remains constant. Therefore, because the volume within a bomb calorimeter does not change, ΔH ≈ ΔE for combustion reactions that take place inside a bomb calorimeter. True False

true

When considering a chemical reaction in reverse, one must also change the sign of ______ ? A)ΔT B)mass C)ΔH D)number of moles

ΔH

According to the Quantum Theory of Energy, ΔE____ (Δmoles)hν = < > ≠

≠