ChemExam #3

First law of thermodynamics

energy in the universe is constant

Pauli Exclusion Principle

no two electrons of an atom can have the same four quantum numbers

Ionization Energy

the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

you can't know exactly where an electron is

Kinetic Molecular Theory

1. atoms always moving 2. atom is negligibly small 3. avg KE proportional to K 4. collisions are elastic

Cation & Anion vs. their element

Cation- smaller Anion- bigger

Atomic Radius Trends

Down- bigger Across- smaller

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Roman men invented very unusual X-ray guns

Diamagnetic

all electrons are paired

Paramagnetic

contains unpaired electrons

State Functions

do not depend on path taken

Heat

flow of energy due to a temperature difference

Electron Affinity

how likely an atom is to accept an electron

Brogli is known for

proposing that particles of matter should be associated with wavelike behavior

How many orbitals are in each sublevel

s 1 p 3 d 5 f 7

based on the photoelectric effect Einstein proposed

that light has particle like properties

Aufbau Principle

the rule that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first

Internal Energy

the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of all particles in the system

Hund's Rule

when filling degenerate orbitals, electrons fill them singly first, with parallel spins