ChemExam #3
First law of thermodynamics
energy in the universe is constant
Pauli Exclusion Principle
no two electrons of an atom can have the same four quantum numbers
Ionization Energy
the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
you can't know exactly where an electron is
Kinetic Molecular Theory
1. atoms always moving 2. atom is negligibly small 3. avg KE proportional to K 4. collisions are elastic
Cation & Anion vs. their element
Cation- smaller Anion- bigger
Atomic Radius Trends
Down- bigger Across- smaller
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Roman men invented very unusual X-ray guns
Diamagnetic
all electrons are paired
Paramagnetic
contains unpaired electrons
State Functions
do not depend on path taken
Heat
flow of energy due to a temperature difference
Electron Affinity
how likely an atom is to accept an electron
Brogli is known for
proposing that particles of matter should be associated with wavelike behavior
How many orbitals are in each sublevel
s 1 p 3 d 5 f 7
based on the photoelectric effect Einstein proposed
that light has particle like properties
Aufbau Principle
the rule that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
Internal Energy
the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of all particles in the system
Hund's Rule
when filling degenerate orbitals, electrons fill them singly first, with parallel spins