Chemistry and Society Boston College Final Exam Fall 17
What is the oxidation number of manganese in KMnO4? a) +7 b) +8 c) +1 d) +6
a) +7
How many moles are there in 5.60 L of a gas at STP? a) 0.250 mol b) 0.500 mol c) 4.00 mol d) 125 mol
a) 0.250 mol
Which pH value would indicate a very basic solution? a) 12 b) 100 c) 0 d) 7
a) 12
What is the volume of 2.75 mol of a gas at STP? a) 61.6 L b) 22.4 L c) 8.15 L d) 2.75 L
a) 61.6 L
Ag+ +Ti^(3+) →Ag+Ti^(4+) a) Ag+ is the oxidizing agent and Ti3+ is the reducing agent. b) Ti3+ is the oxidizing agent and Ag+ is the reducing agent.
a) Ag+ is the oxidizing agent and Ti3+ is the reducing agent.
In the following reaction, the reducing agent is Al + Cr^(3+) -> Al ^(3+) +Cr a) Al b) Al^(3+) c) Cr^(3+) d) Cr
a) Al
Bauxite is impure a) Al2O3 b) Cu2S c) Fe2O3 d) gold
a) Al2O3
Which of the following is a common reducing agent? a) C b) O2 c) CO2 d) KMnO4
a) C
Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have molecules composed of a) C and H only b) C and N only c) N and H only d) N and O only
a) C and H only
C3H4+2H2→C3H8 a) C3H4 is the oxidizing agent and H2 is the reducing agent. b) H2 is the oxidizing agent and C3H4 is the reducing agent.
a) C3H4 is the oxidizing agent and H2 is the reducing agent.
A solution with a pH of 10 has a hydronium ion concentration of A) 10^(-10) mol/L. B) 10^(10) mol/L. C) 10 mol/L. D) -10 mol/L.
A) 10^(-10) mol/L.
Which substance is a common reducing agent used in the production of metals from ores? A) C B) Na2Cr2O7 C) H2O D) NaCl
A) C
The statement that the volume of a fixed amount of a gas at a constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature is known as ________ law. A) Charles's B) Boyle's C) Gay-Lussac's D) Avogadro's
A) Charles's
When added to water, which of the following would produce a base? A) Na2O B) CO2 C) Cl2 D) SO3
A) Na2O
Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form A) SO3. B) S2O3. C) S3O5. D) H2SO4.
A) SO3.
An unknown substance is added to a solution and the pH decreases. The substance is best described as a(n) A) acid. B) base. C) salt. D) solvent.
A) acid.
Bronze is a(n) A) alloy. B) compound. C) element. D) pure substance.
A) alloy.
Which of the following activities would NOT lower the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere? A) building coal-fired power plants B) concentrating emitted CO2 in large underground reservoirs C) planting trees D) stopping deforestation
A) building coal-fired power plants
Which of the following correctly summarizes the relative composition of the lithosphere with respect to inorganic and organic material? A) inorganic >> organic B) inorganic = organic C) inorganic << organic D) There is no organic matter in the lithosphere.
A) inorganic >> organic
An atmospheric inversion is a phenomenon that may have disastrous effects with respect to air pollution. An atmospheric inversion occurs when a A) lower layer of cool air is trapped by an upper layer of warmer air. B) lower layer of warm air is trapped by an upper layer of cooler air. C) lower layer of oxygen rich air is trapped by an upper layer of oxygen deficient air. D) lower layer of oxygen deficient air is trapped by an upper layer of oxygen rich air.
A) lower layer of cool air is trapped by an upper layer of warmer air.
The pressure of a gas will increase when A) the volume decreases. B) the volume increases. C) the temperature decreases. D) the size of the container increases.
A) the volume decreases.
The ultimate source of radon in the environment is from the radioactive decay of naturally occurring A) uranium. B) xenon. C) thorium. D) polonium.
A) uranium.
The volume of one mole of krypton at STP is A) 12.4 liters. B) 22.4 liters. C) 12.4 gallons. D) 6.02 ×1023liters.
B) 22.4 liters.
In the reaction Fe2O3+ 3 H2→ 2 Fe + 3 H2O the reducing agent is A) Fe2O3 B) H2 C) Fe D) H2O
B) H2
All of the following are bases EXCEPT A) KOH. B) HNO3. C) LiOH. D) Mg(OH)2.
B) HNO3.
Which of the following statements about ozone is correct?A) Ozone is a pollutant in both the troposphere and the stratosphere. B) Ozone is a pollutant in the troposphere but not in the stratosphere. C) Ozone is a pollutant in the stratosphere but not in the troposphere. D) Ozone is a not a pollutant in either the troposphere or the stratosphere.
B) Ozone is a pollutant in the troposphere but not in the stratosphere.
HCN is classified as a weak acid in water. This means that it produces A) no hydronium ions. B) a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions. C) a relatively large fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions. D) 100% of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.
B) a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.
Many medicines have a bitter taste which manufacturers attempt to disguise. Many medicines are probably A) acids. B) bases. C) salts. D) neutral.
B) bases.
The reaction 2 CaO(s) + 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2 CaSO4(s) is the basis of A) electrostatic precipitators. B) chemical SO2 scrubbers. C) particulate removal. D) The reaction is the basis of all of the above.
B) chemical SO2 scrubbers.
Steel is formed by A) heating iron at high temperature for a long time. B) combining iron, carbon and transition metals such as chromium and nickel. C) oxidizing some of the iron to iron oxides. D) adding sand and heating to a high temperature.
B) combining iron, carbon and transition metals such as chromium and nickel.
Probably the first metal to be freed from its ore by smelting was A) aluminum. B) copper. C) lead. D) iron.
B) copper.
The extraction of aluminum from its ore requires a great deal of A) heat. B) electricity. C) water. D) sunlight.
B) electricity.
Which material is characterized by a two dimensional sheet-like arrangement of SiO4 tetrahedra? A) asbestos B) mica C) glass D) quartz
B) mica
A major source of oxygen on Earth is A) ozone. B) ocean based phytoplankton. C) animals. D) decomposition of water in the oceans.
B) ocean based phytoplankton.
Aluminum is more reactive than iron, yet it is used today for a variety of applications in which iron would corrode (cans, rain gutters, etc.). The reason for the corrosion durability of aluminum is that A) aluminum does not react with oxygen. B) very unreactive aluminum oxide forms a thin layer on aluminum. C) aluminum does not undergo oxidation. D) all aluminum products are treated with a plastic coating.
B) very unreactive aluminum oxide forms a thin layer on aluminum.
In the photosynthesis reaction: 6 CO2+ 6 H2O → C6H12O6+ 6 O2, the substance that serves as the reducing agent is A) carbon dioxide. B) water. C) sunlight. D) glucose, C6H12O6.
B) water.
An oxidizing agent that was used in older versions of the Breathalyzer test is A) NaHClO(sodium hypochlorite). B) O3(ozone). C) K2Cr2O7(potassium dichromate). D) AgBr(silver bromide).
C) K2Cr2O7(potassium dichromate).
Hemoglobin is the blood protein responsible for the transport of oxygen. Carbon monoxide disturbs oxygen transport by A) destroying hemoglobin. B) destroying oxygen in the lung. C) binding more strongly to hemoglobin than oxygen. D) destroying lung alveoli.
C) binding more strongly to hemoglobin than oxygen.
The most abundant component of dry air is A) argon. B) carbon dioxide. C) nitrogen. D) oxygen.
C) nitrogen.
In a reaction, the substance undergoing reduction serves as the A) electron donor. B) proton donor. C) oxidizing agent. D) reducing agent.
C) oxidizing agent.
The lithosphere is the ________ part of the earth's crust. A) gaseous B) liquid C) solid D) water
C) solid
Which one of the following is NOT one of the principal components required for photochemical smog? A) nitrogen oxides B) hydrocarbons C) sulfur dioxide D) sunshine
C) sulfur dioxide
An electrostatic precipitator is a device used A) in the laboratory study of pollution. B) to precipitate ions in water. C) to remove particles from smokestack gases. D) to remove CO2 from the atmosphere.
C) to remove particles from smokestack gases.
The pH of a sample of water from a river is 6.0. A sample of effluent from a food processing plant has a pH of 4.0. The concentration of hydronium ion in the effluent is A) one and a half times (1.5x) larger than the river hydronium ion concentration. B) two times (2x) larger than the river hydronium ion concentration. C) four times (4x) larger than the river hydronium ion concentration. D) 100 times (100x) larger than the river hydronium ion concentration.
D) 100 times (100x) larger than the river hydronium ion concentration.
The black tarnish on silver is A) AgOH B) Ag2O C) AgCl D) Ag2S
D) Ag2S
Which is classified as a "greenhouse gas"? A) carbon dioxide B) chlorofluorocarbons C) methane D) All of these are "greenhouse gases".
D) All of these are "greenhouse gases".
The kinetic-molecular theory of gases assumes which of the following? A) There are weak but significant interactions between gas molecules. B) The total amount of energy will change when gas molecules collide. C) The average kinetic energy of gas molecules will increase when you lower the temperature of the gas. D) Gas molecules move constantly and in straight lines.
D) Gas molecules move constantly and in straight lines.
Assume that you have a sample of a gas. You know the volume, the temperature and the number of moles of the sample. Which of the following laws would you use if you wanted to calculate the pressure of the sample? A) Boyle's law B) Charles's law C) Law of Combining Volumes D) Ideal Gas Law
D) Ideal Gas Law
This substance is a powerful oxidizing agent and a harmful pollutant; yet a layer of it in the upper stratosphere serves as a shield from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. A) CO2 B) O2 C) SO3 D) O3(ozone)
D) O3(ozone)
What is the conjugate baseof HSO3-? A) H2SO4 B) H2SO3 C) HSO4- D) SO3^(2-)
D) SO3^(2-)
The basic structural unit of silicates is A) SiO. B) SiO2. C) SiO3. D) SiO4
D) SiO4
In order for nitrogen to be used by most plants and all animals, it must be A) separated. B) purified. C) liquefied. D) fixed.
D) fixed.
As opposed to most solids, when glass is heated, it A) melts rapidly to a liquid over a narrow temperature range. B) goes directly into the gas phase; a process known as sublimation. C) separates into its individual components. D) gradually softens over a wide temperature range.
D) gradually softens over a wide temperature range.
H3O+is the A) hydrate ion. B) hydrogen ion. C) hydroxide ion. D) hydronium ion.
D) hydronium ion.
Hard water deposits (calcium carbonate) have built up around your bathroom sink. Which one of the following would be best to dissolve the deposit? A) ammonia B) bleach C) lye D) vinegar
D) vinegar
Organic substances that undergo significant evaporation at ordinary temperatures are A) lead-containing compounds. B) nitrogen oxides. C) sulfur oxides. D) volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
D) volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
A metal oxide will form an acid when it is dissolved in water. True False
False
Indicate whether each of the following pH values represents an acidic, basic, or neutral solution. 7
Nuetral
A conjugate acid-base pair form a buffer solution. True False
True
Acid-base indicators will change color when the amount of acid present changes. True False
True
If a compound is a base according to the Arrhenius definition, it will also be a base according to the Bronsted-Lowry definition. True False
True
Rainwater has a pH below 7 because raindrops absorb CO2 which can react with water to form carbonic acid. True False
True
Sulfuric acid is an excellent dehydrating agent and will remove water from the cells of skin. True False
True
Which of the following pairs could form a buffer? a) C6H5COOH and C6H5COONa b) HCl and NaCl c) HCl and NaOH d) NH3 and H3BO3
a) C6H5COOH and C6H5COONa
The dye indigo (used to color blue jeans) is formed by exposure of indoxyl to air. 2C8H7ON(Indoxyl)+O2→C16H10N2O2(Indigo)+2H2O What substance is oxidized? a) C8H7ON b) O2 c) C16H10N2O2 d) H2O
a) C8H7ON
Which pollutant is likely to make breathing problems worse? a) CO b) CO2 c) NO d) CH4
a) CO
The main cause of recent increased global temperatures is a) CO2 from factories, power plants, and automobiles b) Earth's orbital eccentricities c) variations in the sun's output d) water vapor
a) CO2 from factories, power plants, and automobiles
What is the Brønsted-Lowry base in each of the following compounds? CaCO3: a) CO32− b) H2CO3 c) HCO3− d) OH−
a) CO32−
What is the Brønsted-Lowry base in each of the following compounds? MgCO3: a) CO32− b) OH− c) HCO3− d) H2CO3
a) CO32−
What is the formula for calcium hydroxide? a) Ca(OH)2 b) CaOH c) Ca2OH d) CaOH2
a) Ca(OH)2
Which of the following is a common ingredient in antacids? a) CaCO3 b) Ca(OH)2 c) Hcl d) KOh
a) CaCO3
Which of the following is a common oxidizing agent; a) Cl2 b) H2 c) HCl d) KOH
a) Cl2
Why did the Bronze Age precede the Iron Age in most places? a) Copper and tin are easier to obtain from ores than is iron. b) Tin is easier to obtain from ores than is iron. c) Copper is easier to obtain from ores than is iron. d) Iron are easier to obtain from ores than is copper.
a) Copper and tin are easier to obtain from ores than is iron.
CuS+H2→Cu+H2S a) CuS is the oxidizing agent and H2 is the reducing agent. b) H2 is the oxidizing agent and CuS is the reducing agent.
a) CuS is the oxidizing agent and H2 is the reducing agent.
The US agency responsible for gathering and analyzing pollution data is the a) EPA b) FAA c) FCC d) FDA
a) EPA
What is the reducing agent in the following reaction? 12H+ + 2IO3- + Fe^(2+) -> 10Fe^(3+) + I2 + 6H2O a) Fe2+ b) H+ c) I2 d) IO3-
a) Fe2+
Which simple gas law has the form P1/T1=P2/T2? a) Gay-Lussac's law b) Charles's law c) Avogadro's law d) Boyle's law
a) Gay-Lussac's law
A sample of rainwater has a pH of 3.5. What ion is sure to be present in relatively large concentration in this rain sample? a) H3O+ b) HSO4- c) OH- d) SO42-
a) H3O+
A buffer solution is made from formic acid (HCOOH) and sodium formate (HCOONa). Added acid will react with: a) HCOO- b) HCOOH c) Na+ d) OH-
a) HCOO-
How does a fuel cell differ from batteries? a) In a fuel cell, the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent are supplied continuously to the cell. b) In a fuel cell, only the oxidizing agent is supplied continuously to the cell. c) In a fuel cell, the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent are supplied intermittently to the cell. d) In a fuel cell, only the reducing agent is supplied continuously to the cell.
a) In a fuel cell, the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent are supplied continuously to the cell.
Compare an amorphous substance to a crystalline substance. a) In the amorphous phase the bonds connecting the SiO4 tetrahedral differ in length. b) In the amorphous phase the SiO4 tetrahedra are bound in a definite and orderly manner. c) In the amorphous phase the SiO4 tetrahedral displays long-range order. d) In the amorphous phase the SiO4 tetrahedral has a sharp melting point and does not when crystalline.
a) In the amorphous phase the bonds connecting the SiO4 tetrahedral differ in length.
Which of the following is not usually released from burning fossil fuels a) N2 b) NOx c) CO2 d) SO2
a) N2
The starting materials in the industrial process for making ammonia are a) N2 and H2 b) N2 and O2 c) NO3- and H2 d) NO3- and O2
a) N2 and H2
What is the main active ingredient in common household bleach, also known as chlorine bleach? a) NaOCl b) Ca(OCl)2 c) HOCl d) H2O2
a) NaOCl
What are the three Rs of garbage? a) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle b) Replenish, Restore, Renew c) Respect, Replant, Redeem d) Reclaim, Recover, Reprocess
a) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
What is smog? a) Smog is the combination of smoke and fog resulting in polluted air. b) Smog is the smoke resulting in polluted air. c) Smog is the fog resulting in polluted air. d) None of the above.
a) Smog is the combination of smoke and fog resulting in polluted air.
If elements on the Earth's surface are ranked by atom percent and by mass percent, why would the rankings be different? a) The masses of the various elements are different. b) The reactivity of each element is different. c) The atom percent does not count elements in compounds. d) The atomic structure is taken into account in the mass percent ranking.
a) The masses of the various elements are different.
What happens to the oxidation number of one of its elements when a compound is oxidized? a) The oxidation number is increased. b) The oxidation number is decreased. c) The oxidation number is not changed.
a) The oxidation number is increased.
Will the volume of a fixed amount of a gas increase, decrease, or remain unchanged with a decrease in pressure coupled with an increase in temperature? a) The volume of a gas will increase. b) The volume of a gas will decrease. c) The volume of a gas will remain unchanged.
a) The volume of a gas will increase.
Select the explanation for what happens to copper in photochromic lenses from a redox perspective. a) When photochromic lenses are removed from light, the copper is oxidized from +1 to +2. b) When photochromic lenses are removed from light, the copper is oxidized from −1 to +1. c) When photochromic lenses are removed from light, the copper is reduced from +1 to −2. d) When photochromic lenses are removed from light, the copper is oxidized from +1 to +3.
a) When photochromic lenses are removed from light, the copper is oxidized from +1 to +2.
Zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2) is used as an absorbent in surgical dressings. The anhydride of zinc hydroxide is: a) ZnO b) ZnOH c) ZnO2 d) ZnH2
a) ZnO
In steel-making, carbon acts as: a) a reducing agent and hardener b) an oxidizing agent and softener c) a reducing agent and softener d) an oxidizing agent and a hardener
a) a reducing agent and hardener
Which of the following is NOT a problem caused by NOx emissions? a) addiction b) forming of nitric acid, leading to acid rain c) formation of smog d) eye irritation
a) addiction
All of the following metals are used as catalysts for reactions involving hydrogen gas except a) aluminum b) nickel c) palladium d) platinum
a) aluminum
Hydrogen is the third most abundant element in the Earth's surface by number of atoms. Which element is the third most abundant by mass? a) aluminum b) silicon c) iron d) oxygen
a) aluminum
When a compound gains two electrons, it is: a) am oxidizing agent b) a reducing agent c) oxidized d) a double reducing agent
a) am oxidizing agent
In an electrochemical cell, electrons flow from the: a) anode to the cathode b) cathode to the anode c) anode to the salt bridge d) salt bridge to the cathode
a) anode to the cathode
After nitrogen and oxygen and ignoring water vapor concentration, the most abundant gas in earth's atmosphere is: a) argon b) carbon dioxide c) hydrogen d) methane
a) argon
The main source of photochemical smog in most areas is a) automobiles b) electric power plants c) chemical factories d) solid waste burning
a) automobiles
If there were no greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, the average temperature of the earth would be a) below the freezing point of water b) between the freezing point and the boiling point of water c) above the boiling point of water
a) below the freezing point of water
Earth's atmosphere a) blends into outer space b) ends abruptly at 30 km altitude c) ends abruptly at 50 km altitude d) ends abruptly at the moon
a) blends into outer space
Which quantities are conserved in all redox reactions? a) both charge and mass b) mass only c) charge only
a) both charge and mass
What is a main source of the three major greenhouse gases that have increased significantly over the past 100 years? a) burning of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil) b) solar flares c) decrease in farmland acreage d) population growth
a) burning of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil)
Which part of the automobile is responsible for lowering the HC, CO, and NOx emissions by more than 90%? a) catalytic converter b) modified gas tank c) control system d) crankcase ventilation system
a) catalytic converter
One type of material that is hard and durable but brittle is a a) ceramic b) metal c) polymer d) semiconductor
a) ceramic
The main ingredients of ordinary cement are a) clay and limestone b) coke, sand, limestone c) sand and limestone d) sand, sodium carbonate, limestone
a) clay and limestone
Which property is best attributed to acids? a) dissolve active metals such as zinc and iron, producing hydrogen gas b) bitter taste c) cause litmus indicator dye to turn blue d) feel slippery on the skin
a) dissolve active metals such as zinc and iron, producing hydrogen gas
There are acid-base theories that define an acid as any species that ____________. a) donates a proton b) donates an electron c) accepts a proton
a) donates a proton
The largest sources of NOx pollution are a) electric power plants and motor vehicles b) electric power plants and industry c) industry and motor vehicles d) smelters and motor vehicles
a) electric power plants and motor vehicles
Which of the following is not one of the ways we can view oxidation? a) electrons gained b) electrons lost c) hydrogen atoms lost d) oxygen atoms gained
a) electrons gained
Which of the following is NOT a property of acids? a) feels slippery on skin b) reacts with Zn to form hydrogen gas c) tastes sour d) turns litmus red
a) feels slippery on skin
Corrosion of aluminum is not as big of a problem as corrosion of iron because aluminum: a) forms an oxide layer that adheres to the metal's surface b) is less reactive than Fe c) needs water to corrode d) has a higher oxidation number
a) forms an oxide layer that adheres to the metal's surface
When a person with excess stomach acid takes an antacid, the pH of that person's stomach changes a) from a low value to a value nearer 7 b) from 7 to a much higher value c) from a low value to an even lower value d) from a high value to a lower value
a) from a low value to a value nearer 7
Explain for P4→4P^(3−). a) gain of electrons b) loss of electrons c) gain of hydrogen atoms d) loss of hydrogen atoms
a) gain of electrons
What material is made by heating a mixture of sand, soda (sodium carbonate), and limestone (calcium carbonate)? a) glass b) cement c) ceramic d) quartz
a) glass
If an oxidation number of an atom in a compound increases from +2 to +4, the compound: a) is a reducing agent b) is an oxidizing agent c) gains electrons d) gains protons
a) is a reducing agent
Which type of reaction does the following equation represent: H+ + OH− ⇌ H2O? a) neutralization b) esterfication c) hydrolysis
a) neutralization
A violet solution of vanadium(II) ions, V^(2+)(aq), is converted to a green solution of V^(3+)(aq). Vanadium(II) ions, V^(2+)(aq) undergoes: a) oxidation b) reduction c) neither
a) oxidation
Many disinfectants are a) oxidizing agents b) reducing agents c) strong acids d) strong bases
a) oxidizing agents
Which of the following processes removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? a) photosynthesis b) respiration c) temperature inversions d) burning of fossil fuels
a) photosynthesis
When silver is tarnished by H2S, hydrogen is a) reduced b) dissolved c) oxidized d) evaporated
a) reduced
The gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state of a molecule, atom, or ion is called _______. a) reduction b) oxidation c) redox reaction
a) reduction
2:1 Clays are made up of: a) tetrahedral, octahedral, tetrahedral sheets b) octahedral, tetrahedral, octahedral sheets c) tetrahedral, tetrahedral, octahedral sheets d) tetrahedral, tetrahedral, tetrahedral sheets
a) tetrahedral, octahedral, tetrahedral sheets
Which of these is the largest source of CO (carbon monoxide)? a) transportation vehicles b) volcanoes c) coal burning power plants d) home furnaces
a) transportation vehicles
Which type of the Sun's radiation is absorbed by the ozone layer? a) ultraviolet b) infrared c) visible d) X-rays
a) ultraviolet
Which are ingredients in antacids? Choose all that apply. a) MgCO3 b) CaCO3 c) Mg(OH)2 d) NaHCO3
a, b, c, d
What are the five basic postulates of kinetic-molecular theory? Choose all that apply. a) Particles of a gas are in rapid, constant motion and move in straight lines. b) The particles of a gas are tiny compared with the distances between them. c) Because the particles of a gas are so far apart, there is very little attraction between them. d) Particles of a gas collide with one another. Energy is conserved in these collisions; energy lost by one particle is gained by the other. e) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the gas particles. f) The pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related. Pressure is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the gas particles.
a, b, c, d, e
List four general properties of basic solutions. Choose all that apply. a) feel slippery on the skin b) react with acids to form water and salts c) cause litmus indicator dye to turn blue c) cause litmus indicator dye to turn red d) dissolve active metals producing hydrogen gas e) taste bitter f) taste sour g) react with bases to form water and salts
a, b, c, e
List three risks associated with secondhand cigarette smoke. Choose all that apply. a) lung cancer b) a higher rate of miscarriages and stillbirths c) stomach cancer d) heart disease e) bone fracture f) ñataract
a, b, d
List four general properties of acidic solutions. Choose all that apply. a) dissolve active metals producing hydrogen gas b) react with bases to form water and salts c) taste bitter d) taste sour e) react with acids to form water and salts f) cause litmus indicator dye to turn red g) cause litmus indicator dye to turn blue h) feel slippery on the skin
a, b, d, f
Why are most modern high-performance electronic devices powered by lithium-based batteries? Chooae all that apply. a) Lithium-based batteries may be formed into nearly any shape. b) Lithium-based batteries are resistent to bursting. c) Lithium-based batteries are rechargeable. d) Lithium-based batteries provide higher voltage than other battery types. e) Lithium-based batteries are light weight.
a, c, d, e
If your neighbor asks how she can reduce her greenhouse gas emissions, what suggestions would you give to her? Choose all that apply. a) Recycle everyday items such as bottles, paper, and plastics. b) Keeping your house warmer in the winter and cooler in summer. c) Keeping your house colder in the winter and hotter in summer. d) Switch to a diesel-powered vehicle. e) Encourage/support policy to derive our energy from alternative sources such as solar, nuclear power, biofuels, and wind power.
a, c, e
What materials make up the organic portion of the lithosphere? Choose all that apply. a) remains of living creatures b) sodium bicarbonate c) apatite d) limestone e) living creatures f) bakelite
a, e
How is the basic recipe for glass modified to make glasses with special properties? Choose all that apply. a) Metal oxides are substituted for lime. b) Nonmetal oxides are substituted for lime. c) Nonmetal oxides are substituted for soda. d) Nonmetal oxides are substituted for silica. e) Metal oxides are substituted for soda. f) Metal oxides are substituted for silica.
a, e, f
Indicate whether each of the following pH values represents an acidic, basic, or neutral solution. 3.5
acidic
Indicate whether each of the following pH values represents an acidic, basic, or neutral solution. 4
acidic
The mineral composed of pure silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a) asbestos b) calcite c) quartz d) zircon
c) quartz
What chemicals were banned in the United States and many other countries for contributing to ozone depletion? a) HFC's b) CFC's c) CO2
b
During the 20th century, the global average temperature near the earth's surface increased about a) 0.5*C b) 0.85*C c) 1.25*C d) 2.25*C
b) 0.85*C
The hydrogen ion concentration, [H+], of a 0.0010 M HNO3 solution is a) 1.0 x 10 ^(-4) M b) 1.0 x 10 ^(-3) M c) 1.0 x 10 ^(-2) M d) 10 M
b) 1.0 x 10 ^ (-3) M
A gas occupies 5.00 L at 1.00 atm pressure. What would the volume be if the pressure were to increase to 4.00 atm, assuming the temperature and number of moles remains constant? a) 5.00 L b) 1.25 L c) 20.0 L d) 1.00 L
b) 1.25 L
How many moles of hydrochloric acid are needed to neutralize 1.5 mol of sodium hydroxide a) 1.0 mol b) 1.5 mol c) 3.0 mol d) 4.5 mol
b) 1.5 mol
Which of the following is a reasonable pH for 0.015 M HCL a) 0.015 b) 1.82 c) 8.24 d) 12.18
b) 1.82
What are two main classes of clay? a) 3:1 clays and 4:3 clays b) 1:1 clays and 2:1 clays c) 2:1 clays and 4:1 clays d) 1:1 clays and 3:1 clays
b) 1:1 clays and 2:1 clays
The molar volume of an ideal gas at 2.00 atm and 546 K is: a) 5.60 L b) 22.4 L c) 44.8 L d) 89.6 L
b) 22.4 L
Which pH value indicates an acidic solution? a) 10 b) 3 c) 7
b) 3
The present carbon dioxide concentration in the Earth's atmosphere is about a) 280 ppm b) 400 ppm c) 1% d) 4%
b) 400 ppm
What is the pH of a solution that has a hydroxide ion concentration of 1.0 x 10 ^(-5) M? a) 1.0 b) 5 c) 9 d) 14
b) 5 *book says the answer is c, 9, but I think this is wrong... need to ask Eric
A gas sample occupies 6.00 L at 2.00 atm pressure. at what pressure would the volume be 1.50 L if the temperature remains constant? a) 0.500 atm b) 8.00 atm c) 9.00 atm d) 12.0 atm
b) 8.00 atm
Which substance is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Cu + 2Ag + -> Cu ^(2+) + 2 Ag a) Ag b) Ag + c) Cu d) Cu^(2+)
b) Ag +
4K+CCl4→C+4KCl a) K is the oxidizing agent and CCL4 is the reducing agent. b) CCL4 is the oxidizing agent and K is the reducing agent.
b) CCL4 is the oxidizing agent and K is the reducing agent.
A common by-product of sulfur dioxide removal from stack gases is a) CaO b) CaSO4 c) CaCO3 d) solid S
b) CaSO4
Which of the following statements about freeing metals from their ores is true? a) Vitamin C removes metal from its ore by inhibiting air oxidation. b) Coke or coal can be used to remove a metal from its ore. c) Hydrogen cannot be used to remove metal from its ore because it is an oxidizing agent. d) Other metals cannot be used to remove a metal from its ore.
b) Coke or coal can be used to remove a metal from its ore.
By approximately what percent has the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide increased over the past 130 years? a) From about 680 ppm to 802 ppm, about 18% b) From about 280 ppm to 402 ppm, about 44% c) From about 200 ppm to 402 ppm, about 100% d) From about 380 ppm to 502 ppm, about 32%
b) From about 280 ppm to 402 ppm, about 44%
Which of the following is a common oxidizing agent a) HCl b) H2O2 c) NaOH d) NaCl
b) H2O2
Which of the following pairs is a conjugate acid-base pair? a) CH3COOH and OH- b) HCN and CN- c) HCN and OH- d) HCl and OH-
b) HCN and CN-
What is the Brønsted-Lowry base in each of the following compounds? NaHCO3: a) H2CO3 b) HCO3− c) OH− d) CO32−
b) HCO3−
How does silver tarnish? a) It is oxidized to silver oxide. b) It is oxidized to silver sulfide. c) It is oxidized to silver carbonate. d) It is oxidized to silver nitride.
b) It is oxidized to silver sulfide.
Which definition best describes an Arrhenius base? a) It produces H+ in water. b) It produces OH− in water. c) It is a proton acceptor. d) It is a proton donor.
b) It produces OH− in water.
Which compound acts as an antacid in small doses, but as a laxative in larger doses? a) CaCO3 b) Mg(OH)2 c) NaHCO3 d) Al(OH)3
b) Mg(OH)2
Which of the following reactions is an example of a basic anhydride reacting with water? a) CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 b) MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2 c) SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 d) NO2 + H2O → HNO3
b) MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2
Which of the following equations best represents a reduction of molybdenum? a) MoO2 +H2O -> H2MoO3 b) MoO2 +4 H2-> Mo +2H2O c) 2MoO2 +O2 -> 2MoO3 d) MoO2 + 4H+ -> Mo^(4+) +2H2O
b) MoO2 +4 H2-> Mo +2H2O
Ammonia reacts with water to form a) NH3 + H2O b) NH4+ + OH- c) NH2- + H3O+ d) NH3 + OH-
b) NH4+ + OH-
Which of the following is a free radical: a) CO b) NO c) SO2 d) O3
b) NO
Even properly operated gas ranges in kitchens are a source of the indoor air pollutant a) CO b) NOx c) PAHs d) VOCs
b) NOx
The main active ingredient in common household bleach, often called chlorine bleach, is a) HCl b) NaOCl c) NaOH d) NaCl
b) NaOCl
The dye indigo (used to color blue jeans) is formed by exposure of indoxyl to air. 2C8H7ON(Indoxyl)+O2→C16H10N2O2(Indigo)+2H2O What is the oxidizing agent? a) C8H7ON b) O2 c) C16H10N2O2 d) H2O
b) O2
Which is a concept of the kinetic-molecular theory? a) Particles of a gas travel in a random, zigzag motion. b) Particles of a gas collide with one another. c) The particles of a gas are relatively large compared with the distances between them. d) There is a strong attraction between gas particles.
b) Particles of a gas collide with one another.
What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Zn + 2 Tl+ -> Zn^(2+) + 2TI a) TI b) TI+ c)Zn d) Zn^(2+)
b) TI+
Why are TNT explosions so powerful? a) TNT explosions are based on nuclear fusion. b) TNT decomposes rapidly into several gaseous products. c) TNT explosions produce nitroglycerin. d) TNT decomposition is accompanied by a considerable decrease in volume.
b) TNT decomposes rapidly into several gaseous products.
When it is reduced? a) The oxidation number is increased. b) The oxidation number is decreased. c) The oxidation number is not changed.
b) The oxidation number is decreased.
In an electrochemical cell, electrons flow from the anode to the cathode. How would you classify the anode and cathode in terms of oxidizing and reducing agents? a) The oxidizing agent is at the anode; the reducing agent is at the cathode. b) The oxidizing agent is at the cathode; the reducing agent is at the anode.
b) The oxidizing agent is at the cathode; the reducing agent is at the anode.
Tonic water has a slightly sour taste. What does this hint indicate about the pH of tonic water? a) The pH is neutral. b) The pH is acidic. c) The pH is basic. d) Not enough infomation to answer the question.
b) The pH is acidic.
Which postulate best explains why a gas can be compressed? a) Particles of a gas are in rapid, constant motion and move in straight lines. b) The particles of a gas are tiny compared with the distances between them. c) Because the particles of a gas are so far apart, there is very little attraction between them. d) Particles of a gas collide with one another. Energy is conserved in these collisions; energy lost by one particle is gained by the other. e) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the gas particles.
b) The particles of a gas are tiny compared with the distances between them.
Will the volume of a fixed amount of a gas increase, decrease, or remain unchanged with a decrease in temperature at constant pressure? a) The volume of a gas will increase. b) The volume of a gas will decrease. c) The volume of a gas will remain unchanged.
b) The volume of a gas will decrease.
Will the volume of a fixed amount of a gas increase, decrease, or remain unchanged with an increase in pressure at constant temperature? a) The volume of a gas will increase. b) The volume of a gas will decrease. c) The volume of a gas will remain unchanged.
b) The volume of a gas will decrease.
How can the tarnish be removed without the loss of silver? a) Use sodium bicarbonate to reduce the silver sulfide to metallic silver. b) Use aluminum to reduce the silver sulfide to metallic silver. c) Heat a piece of silver to remove the tarnish. d) Use silver polish to remove the tarnish.
b) Use aluminum to reduce the silver sulfide to metallic silver.
Is the volume directly or inversely proportional to the absolute temperature? a) Volume is inversely proportional to absolute temperature. b) Volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature.
b) Volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature.
In the combined gas law, is the volume of a gas directly proportional or inversely proportional to the pressure? a) Volume is directly proportional to the pressure. b) Volume is inversely proportional to the pressure.
b) Volume is inversely proportional to the pressure.
Focusing on the bonds, explain how glass becomes softer when heated. a) Stronger bonds break first, causing glass to soften gradually. b) Weaker bonds break first, causing glass to soften gradually. c) As the glass is heated the length of the bonds increases. d) The longer bonds break first. e) Stronger bonds gain energy when heated causing them to break quickly, which leads to softer glass.
b) Weaker bonds break first, causing glass to soften gradually.
In the zinc-carbon cell, the anode is _________ and the cathode is ___________ a) Zn, MnO2 b) Zn, C c) C, Zn d) C, MnO2
b) Zn, C
Ammonia is classified as a weak base in water. This means that it produces a) no hydroxide ions. b) a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions. c) a relatively large fraction of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions. d) 100% of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions.
b) a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydroxide ions.
Lemon juice has a sour taste and turns litmus to red. Lemon juice is: a) neutral. b) acidic. c) caustic. d) basic.
b) acidic.
Alkenes react with oxygen atoms to form a) alcohols b) aldehydes c) alkanes d) ozone
b) aldehydes
What conditions of a gas sample ought to remain constant for Charles's law to be used? Choose all that apply. a) temperature b) amount c) pressure d) volume
b) amount c) pressure
Use the Brønsted-Lowry definitions to identify the first compound in each equation as an acid or a base. (Hint: What is produced by the reaction?) C6H5CH2NH2+H2O→C6H5CH2NH+3+OH− a) acid b) base
b) base
Use the Brønsted-Lowry definitions to identify the first compound in each equation as an acid or a base. (Hint: What is produced by the reaction?) C6H5NH2+H2O→C6H5NH+3+OH− a) acid b) base
b) base
Use the Brønsted-Lowry definitions to identify the first compound in each equation as an acid or a base. (Hint: What is produced by the reaction?)(CH3)2NH+H2O→(CH3)2NH+2+OH− a) acid b) base
b) base
Which gas is primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect? a) sulfur oxides b) carbon dioxide c) nitrogen d) carbon monoxide
b) carbon dioxide
The main process by which animals obtain energy from food is a) acidification b) cellular respiration c) photosynthesis d) reduction of CO2
b) cellular respiration
The metal most likely to be found in its native state is: a) aluminum b) copper c) iron d) sodium
b) copper
The regions of the Earth, listed in order from the center outward, are a) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere b) core, mantle, crust c) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere d) mantle, crust, core
b) core, mantle, crust
Which of the following processes consumes oxygen? a) breakdown of ozone b) corrosion of metals c) Haber-Basch process d) photosynthesis
b) corrosion of metals
What intermolecular forces are likely to lead to the lowest boiling point? a) hydrogen bonding b) dispersion forces c) dipole-dipole forces d) ionic forces
b) dispersion forces
Photochemical smog occurs mainly in a) cold, wet weather b) dry, sunny weather c) flat, dry areas d) snowy, mountainous areas
b) dry, sunny weather
The largest sources of particulate pollutants are a) electric power plants and motor vehicles b) electric power plants and industry c) industry and motor vehicles d) smelters and motor vehicles
b) electric power plants and industry
Conversion of atmospheric N2 to biologically useful forms is called nitrogen a) addition b) fixation c) reduction d) denitrification
b) fixation
When CO2 dissolves in the oceans, it a) decreases the acidity of the seawater b) forms an acid that dissolves the shells of sea creatures c) raises the temperature of the ocea d) reacts with Ca^(2+) ions to form CaCO3
b) forms an acid that dissolves the shells of sea creatures
Gas pressure is caused by: a) gas molecules colliding with each other b) gas molecules colliding with vessel walls c) gas molecules condensing to form a liquid d) measurement with a barometer
b) gas molecules colliding with vessel walls
The _______ the tin content of bronze the _________ it is: a) lower; harder b) higher; harder c) higher; softer d) none of the above
b) higher; harder
What type of radiation is trapped on Earth's surface by the greenhouse effect? a) gamma b) infrared c) ultraviolet d) visible
b) infrared
What is meant by the term "strong acid"? a) completely reacts with bases b) ionizes completely in water c) dissolves any metal d) highly corrosive
b) ionizes completely in water
Earth's core is composed mainly of a) lead b) iron c) radioactive elements d) sulfur
b) iron
One 1.00-L flask (Flask A) contains NO gas, and another 1.00-L flask (Flask B) contains NO2 gas, both at STP. Flask A contains: a) less mass and fewer molecules than Flask B b) less mass but the same number of molecules as Flask B c) less mass but more molecules than Flask B d) more mass and more molecules than Flask B
b) less mass but the same number of molecules as Flask B
Explain for Sr→Sr^(2+). a) gain of electrons b) loss of electrons c) gain of hydrogen atoms d) loss of hydrogen atoms
b) loss of electrons
Which mineral is an oxide? a) calcite b) magnetite c) galena d) chalcopyrite
b) magnetite
Ethanol (C2H5OH) reacts with CrO3 to form ethanal (CH3CHO). Is the ethanol reduced or oxidized? a) reduced b) oxidized
b) oxidized
When iron rusts it is being a) converted to gold b) oxidized c) reduced d) neutralized
b) oxidized
In a modern glucose meter, glucose is oxidized by an enzyme. Is the enzyme acting as a reducing or oxidizing agent? a) reducing agent b) oxidizing agent
b) oxidizing agent
What pollutant can be generated by advertised indoor air electronic air cleaners? a) CO b) ozone c) VOCs d) radon
b) ozone
The only natural process that produces O2 is a) acidification of carbohydrates b) photosynthesis c) oxidation of CO2 d) reduction of metal oxide
b) photosynthesis
Which of the following is NOT a property of a base? a) feels slippery on skin b) reacts with salts to form acids c) tastes bitter d) turns litmus blue
b) reacts with salts to form acids
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is thought to protect our stomachs from the carcinogenic effect of nitrite ions (NO−2) by converting the ions to nitric oxide (NO). Is the nitrite ion oxidized or reduced? a) oxidized b) reduced
b) reduced
When CrO4- reacts to form CR^(3+), the chromium in CrO4- is a) reduced; it loses electrons b) reduced; it loses oxygen c) oxidized; its oxidation number increases d) oxidized; it gains positive charge
b) reduced; it loses oxygen
In photosynthesis and cellular respiration carbon is _________ and __________ respectively. a) reduced; reduced b) reduced; oxidized c) oxidized; oxidized d) oxidized; reduced
b) reduced; oxidized
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is thought to protect our stomachs from the carcinogenic effect of nitrite ions (NO−2) by converting the ions to nitric oxide (NO). Is ascorbic acid an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent? a) oxidizing agent b) reducing agent
b) reducing agent
Carbon monoxide reacts with hydrogen to form methanol. CO undergoes: a) oxidation b) reduction c) neither
b) reduction
What are the products of an acid and a base in a neutralization reaction? a) weak acid and weak base b) salt and water c) salt d) water
b) salt and water
What is the primary source of radon gas? a) power plants b) soil and rock c) factories d) automobile exhausts
b) soil and rock
The ozone layer is found in the: a) mesosphere b) stratosphere c) thermosphere d) troposphere
b) stratosphere
What is a primary source of acid rain? a) ozone b) sulfur oxides c) carbon monoxide d) carbon dioxide
b) sulfur oxides
Which chemical is produced in the highest volume in both the United States and the world? a) lye (NaOH) b) sulfuric acid c) lime (CaO) d) ammonia
b) sulfuric acid
What conditions of a gas sample ought to remain constant for Boyle's law to be used? Choose all that apply. a) volume b) temperature c) amount d) pressure
b) temperature c) amount
Which of the following is NOT a concept of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases? a) Particles of a gas are in constant motion b) The pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related c) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the gas particles d)The particles are very small compared to the distances between them
b) the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related
Describe two ways in which the level of nitrogen oxide emissions from an automobile can be reduced. Choose all that apply. a) Run the engine on a richer mixture (with less fuel and more air). b) Run the engine on a richer mixture (with more fuel and less air). c) Lower the operating temperature of vehicles. d) Higher the operating temperature of vehicles.
b, c
Select the processes that are impacted by greenhouse gases. Select all that apply. a) Depletion of fossil fuels b) Increasing sea levels c) Variations in global temperature d) Melting or formation of glaciers and polar ice sheets e) Increasing levels of pollutants in rainwater
b, c, d
What kind of particulate matter is often found inside homes? Choose all that apply. a) road dust b) mold spores c) cigarette smoke d) wood smoke
b, c, d
What weather conditions are associated with industrial smog? Choose all that apply. a) clear b) damp c) cloudy d) sunny e) cool
b, c, e
What two acids are mainly responsible for acid rain? Choose all that apply. a) HNO2 b) H2SO4 c) H2SO3 d) HNO3 e) HCl f) H2CO3
b, d
What are the environmental costs and benefits of aluminum? Choose all that apply. a) Aluminum production produces little waste. b) Aluminum production consumes large amounts of power. c) Aluminum is non-recycleable. d) Aluminum production produces considerable waste. e) Aluminum is highly recycleable. f) Aluminum production consumes little power.
b, d, e
What are the two basic raw materials required for making cement? Choose all that apply. a) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) b) limestone (CaCO3) c) sand d) potassium hydroxide (KOH) e) clay (aluminum silicates)
b, e
In the following reaction that takes place in batteries, which element is being reduced? Zn + 2 MnO2+ H2O → Zn2++ Mn2O3+ 2 OH- a. Zinc b. Manganese c. The oxygen in MnO2 d. The oxygen in water e. The hydrogen in water
b. Manganese
Which substance is the oxidizing agentin the following reaction? H2S + H2O2→ S + 2 H2O a.H2S b.H2O2 c.S d.H2O
b.H2O2
Indicate whether each of the following pH values represents an acidic, basic, or neutral solution. 9
basic
What are the oxidation numbers of sodium and oxygen atoms in Na2O, respectively? a) 0,0 b) +1, +1 c) +1, -2 d) +1, -1
c) +1, -2
Swimming pool water with a pH of 8 has a hydrogen ion concentration of a) 8.0 M b) 8.0 x 10 ^(-8) M c) 1.0 x 10^(-8) M d) 1.0 x 10^(8) M
c) 1.0 x 10^(-8) M
The stratosphere occurs in what range of altitude a) 0-11 km b) 11-20 km c) 11-50 km d) 50-85 km
c) 11-50 km
Approximately what percentage of material in landfills comes from plastics? a) 28.2% b) 14.1% c) 12.3% d) 13.7%
c) 12.3%
At STP, 1.00 mol of an ideal gas occupies 22.4 L. What volume does 1.00 mol of an ideal gas occupy at 20*C and 1.50 atm? a) 13.9 L b) 22.4 L c) 16.0 L d) 672 L
c) 16.0 L
In the balanced chemical reaction for the neutralization of calcium hydroxide with nitric acid, HNO3, the coefficient of nitric acid is a) 1. b) 3. c) 2. d) 4.
c) 2.
How much more energy doe sit take to make a new aluminum can than a recycled one? a) 2 times b) 10 times c) 20 times d) 50 times
c) 20 times
The earth's lithosphere can be broken down into how many components: a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
c) 3
How many moles of strontium hydroxide are needed to neutralize 2.0 mol of phosphoric acid? Be careful to write a balanced chemical equation first. a) 1.0 mol b) 2.0 mol c) 3.0 mol d) 6.0 mol
c) 3.0 mol
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increased by approximately what percent in the 20th century? a) 1% b) 10% c) 33% d) 50%
c) 33%
The pH of pure water is a) 0 b) 1 c) 7 d) 10 e) 14
c) 7
Acetic acid reacts with water to form a) CH3COO- + H2O b) CH3COOH + OH- c) CH3COO- + H3O+ d) CH3COO+ + OH-
c) CH3COO- + H3O+
How can exposure to carbon monoxide contribute to heart disease? a) Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, preventing the hemoglobin from carrying N2, causing the heart to work harder. b) Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, preventing the hemoglobin from carrying K, causing the heart to work harder. c) Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, preventing the hemoglobin from carrying O2, causing the heart to work harder.
c) Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, preventing the hemoglobin from carrying O2, causing the heart to work harder.
For each of the following chemical reactions, discuss the change in oxidation number of the metal atom: Cr2O3+3CO → 2Cr+3CO2 a)O is reduced from +2 to −1 b) Cr is reduced from +2 to 0 c) Cr is reduced from +3 to 0 d) Cr is reduced from 0 to +3
c) Cr is reduced from +3 to 0
The processes of corrosion and explosion undergo oxidation-reduction reactions. Why do explosions tend to be so much more dangerous? a) The resulting products are highly dangerous. b) Explosions occur spontaneously. c) Explosions are often rapid, with huge increases in volume. d) They chemically react with the surroundings, causing considerable damage.
c) Explosions are often rapid, with huge increases in volume.
What type(s) of ion(s) is/are present in every aqueous solution? a) H+ b) OH− c) H+ and OH− d) Na+ and Cl−
c) H+ and OH−
Which of the following is a common reducing agent? a) Cl2 b) F2 c) H2 d) I2
c) H2
Which of the following is a conjugate acid-base pair? a) HBr and H+ b) HCl and OH− c) HNO3 and NO3− d) H2CO3 and CO32−
c) HNO3 and NO3−
Consider the following equation: Fe → Fe3+ + 3 e− Which best describes iron in this reaction? a) Iron gains electrons and is oxidized. b) Iron loses electrons and is reduced. c) Iron loses electrons and is oxidized. d) Iron gains electrons and is reduced.
c) Iron loses electrons and is oxidized.
In addition to CO2 and methane, which gas is also an important greenhouse gas? a) Ar b) NO c) N2O d) HCl
c) N2O
An amber haze over a city indicates the presence of a) HNO3 b) NO c) NO2 d) SO2
c) NO2
The base often used in soap making is a) Ca(OH)2 b) KOH c) NaOH d) NH3
c) NaOH
The overall electricity-producing reaction in the H2/O2 fuel cell is 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O The half reaction at the cathode is: a) H2-> 2H+ +2e- b) 2H+ +2e- -> H2 c) O2+4H+ + 4e- -> 2H2O d) 2H2O-> O2 +4H+ + 4e-
c) O2+4H+ + 4e- -> 2H2O
What is the Brønsted-Lowry base in each of the following compounds? Mg(OH)2: a) H2CO3 b) HCO3− c) OH− d) CO32−
c) OH−
Consider the electrochemical cell shown. Which of the following is true? a) Electrons flow from the cathode to the anode. b) For each atom of copper that gives up electrons, one ion of silver gains electrons. c) Over time, the copper bar disappears and the silver bar gets bigger. d) Silver acts as the anode.
c) Over time, the copper bar disappears and the silver bar gets bigger.
Electric power plants are the largest source of a) CO pollution b) ozone c) SO2 pollution d) VOCs
c) SO2 pollution
Selenic acid (H2SeO4) is an extremely corrosive acid that when heated is capable of dissolving gold. It is quite soluble in water. The anhydride of selenic acid is: a) SeO b) SeO2 c) SeO3 d) SeO4
c) SeO3
The silicate tetrahedron consists of one _________ atom at the center and ________ atoms at the corners a) O, 4 Si b) O, 2 Si and 2 Al c) Si, 4 O d) Si, 2 O and 2 Al
c) Si, 4 O
Bronze is an alloy of Cu and a) Fe b) Pb c) Sn d) Zn
c) Sn
What is the advantage of adding tin to copper? a) The addition of tin increases the pure copper's electrical conductivity. b) The addition of tin makes the pure copper more malleable. c) The addition of tin hardens the pure copper. d) The addition of tin softens the pure copper.
c) The addition of tin hardens the pure copper.
Which is true about the 12-volt (V) lead storage batteries used in automobiles? a) They are filled with hydrochloric acid. b) They cannot be recharged. c) They contain six 2-V cells. d) They contain lead and copper electrodes.
c) They contain six 2-V cells.
In the elctrochemical cell whose overall reaction is represented by the following equation, the negative electrode is Zn + Cu ^(2+) -> Zn ^(2+) + Cu a) Cu b) Cu^(2+) c) Zn d) Zn^(2+)
c) Zn
In the electrochemical cell composed of two half cells, the ions flow from one half-cell to another through a) electrolysis b) aid c) a salt bridge d) a wire
c) a salt bridge
When the pH of the blood is too high, the condition is called ________. a) hyperacidity b) anemia c) alkalosis d) acidosis
c) alkalosis
Oxygen and ozone are the same element in two different forms. What term describes this phenomenon? a) configuration b) conformational isomerism c) allotrope d) isomer
c) allotrope
What are different types of the same element called? a) ionic compounds b) metalloid c) allotropes
c) allotropes
What is the main source of photochemical smog? a) natural gas power plants b) factories c) automobiles d) coal-burning power plants
c) automobiles
Acid rain is defined as precipitation with a pH a) above 7.4 b) above 7.0 c) below 5.6 d) below 7.0
c) below 5.6
How can you make red glass? a) by adding chromium compounds b) by adding silicon c) by adding gold nanoparticles d) by adding lead compounds
c) by adding gold nanoparticles
A temperature inversion is a meteorlogical condition that a) commonly occurs in the ocean b) commonly occurs over flat countryside c) concentrates air pollutants d) occurs when warm air is below cold air
c) concentrates air pollutants
Choose the answer that correctly completes the statement: At 0∘C and 0.500 atm, 4.48 LNH3(g) a) contains 0.20 mol NH3 b) has a mass of 3.40 g c) contains 6.02×1022 molecules d) contains 0.40 mol NH3
c) contains 6.02×1022 molecules
Which metal is most likely to be found in its native state? a) iron b) bronze c) copper d) aluminum
c) copper
What kind of a cell is a battery? a) electromagnetic b) electronic c) electrochemical
c) electrochemical
A device that cleans stack gases by means of electric charges is called a(n): a) catalytic converter b) electric generator c) electrostatic precipitator d) particle accelerator
c) electrostatic precipitator
Bleach for hair usually contains a) ammonia b) hydrochloric acid c) hydrogen peroxide d) sodium hyperchlorite
c) hydrogen peroxide
According to the kinetic-molecular theory of gases, a gas particle: a) will collide with another gas particle with no loss of kinetic energy for either b) will stick to the wall of its container c) is tiny compared to the volume occupied by the gas d) repels another gas particle when the two are nearby eachother
c) is tiny compared to the volume occupied by the gas
In a typical explosive reaction, which of the following usually occurs: a) gases are converted from one form into another b) liquids or solids are converted to aqueous solutions c) liquids or solids are converted to gases d) nitrogen nuclei are split
c) liquids or solids are converted to gases
A reducing agent: a) gains electrons b) gains protons c) loses electrons d) loses protons
c) loses electrons
According to the following partial equation, manganese in Mn -> Mn ^(2+) + 2e- a) gains electrons and is oxidized b) gains electrons and is reduced c) loses electrons and is oxidized d) loses electrons and is reduced
c) loses electrons and is oxidized
Explain for Fe→Fe^(3+). a) gain of electrons b) gain of hydrogen atoms c) loss of electrons d) loss of hydrogen atoms
c) loss of electrons
Which of the following is a correct way to define oxidation? a) gain of electrons b) loss of oxygen atoms c) loss of electrons d) gain of hydrogen atoms
c) loss of electrons
The largest source of carbon monoxide pollution is a) electric power plants b) coal mining c) motor vehicles d) oil refineries
c) motor vehicles
Nitrogen dioxide converts to dinitrogen tetroxide when cooled. NO2 undergoes: a) oxidation b) reduction c) neither
c) neither
Lightening can convert atmospheric N2 to: a) nitroglycerin b) ammonia c) nitrogen oxides d) bacteria
c) nitrogen oxides
Select the three equally important components that the lithosphere is composed of. Choose the three that apply. a) clouds b) seawater c) organic d) fresh water e) biological f) inorganic g) moist air
c) organic, e) biological, f) inorganic
In addition to carbohydrates, which other substance is a product of photosynthesis? a) carbon dioxide b) glucose c) oxygen d) water
c) oxygen
What material is the largest component of the garbage we put in landfills? a) food b) metals c) paper d) plastic
c) paper
The pollutant usually described by size rather than composition a) acid rain b) CFCs c) particulates d) photochemicals
c) particulates
Which of the following is a radioactive radon daughter? a) cobolt-60 b) helium-4 c) polonium-218 d) uranium-238
c) polonium-218
Black powder is a mixture of charcoal (carbon), potassium nitrate and sulfer. The oxidizing agent in black powder is: a) charcoal b) nitroglycerin c) potassium nitrate d) sulfur
c) potassium nitrate
Removing NOx from automobile exhaust requires a a) bag filter b) electrostatic precipitator c) reduction catalyst d) wet scrubber
c) reduction catalyst
In which layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer found? a) exosphere b) troposphere c) stratosphere
c) stratosphere
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), which pollutant is considered the worst? a) lead b) carbon monoxide c) sulfur oxides d) nitrogen oxides
c) sulfur oxides
What conditions of a gas sample ought to remain constant for Avogadro's law to be used? Choose all that apply. a) volume b) amount c) temperature d) pressure
c) temperature d) pressure
In the ideal gas laws equation, PV=nRT, the variable n stands for: a) a constant b) the number of atoms c) the number of moles d) the principal quantum number
c) the number of moles
Air pollutants have decreased significantly since 1970 because a) there are fewer electric power plants b) there are fewer people c) there are more pollution controls d) we are planting more trees
c) there are more pollution controls
Which layer of the atmosphere is nearest Earth? a) thermosphere b) stratosphere c) troposphere d) mesosphere
c) troposphere
The air in cities in 13th century England a) smelled like the sea b) smelled like food from nearby pubs c) was smoky from coal burning d) was pristine
c) was smoky from coal burning
What environmental problems are associated with the manufacture of cement? Chose all that apply. a) acid rain b) large amount of by-products c) mining operations d) high-energy consumption e) air pollution f) crushing operations of particulate matter
c, d, f
Which of the following processes would be considered oxidation? a.Addition of hydrogen b.Gain of electrons c.Loss of electrons d.Lowering of charge e.Loss of oxygen
c.Loss of electrons
What conditions are meant by "standard temperature and pressure" (STP)? a) 0 atm and 1° C b) 1 atm and 0 K c) 0 atm and 273 K d) 1 atm and 0° C
d) 1 atm and 0° C
During fasting or starvation, how quickly are the body's glycogen stores depleted? a) 1 month b) 1 week c) 1 hour d) 1 day
d) 1 day
What is the pH of a solution that has a hydrogen ion concentration of 1.0 x 10 ^(-11) M? a) 1.0 b) 3 c) 10 d) 11
d) 11
Which of the following is a reasonable pH for 0.015 M NaOH? a) 0.015 b) 1.82 c) 8.24 d) 12.18
d) 12.18
Oven cleaner has a pH between 13 and 14. What two whole-number values of x should be used in 1.0×10−xM to express the range of hydrogen ion concentration? a) 1 and 0 b) 2 and 1 c) 12 and 13 d) 13 and 14
d) 13 and 14
Between 2003-2013 by approximately what percent have CO emissions decreased? a) 1% b) 5% c) 10% d) 25%
d) 25%
What is the charge of the PO4^(n-) ion, in which phosphorus has the oxidation number of +5 and each of the oxygen atoms has the oxidation number of -2? a) 0 b) 1- c) 2- d) 3-
d) 3-
How many moles of hydrochloric acid are needed to neutralize 2.4 mol of calcium hydroxide a) 1.2 mol b) 2.4 mol c) 3.6 mol d) 4.8 mol
d) 4.8 mol
Potassium permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent. In acidic solutions, the permanganate anion turns into Mn ^(2+) cation, while in basic solution, it becomes a solid MnO2. How many electrons are involved in these processes, respectively. a) 6, 2 b) 6, 3 c) 4, 5 d) 5, 3
d) 5, 3
The approximate percentage of Nitrogen in the atmosphere is a) 18% b) 28% c) 48% d) 78%
d) 78%
What are the approximate proportions of the four main components of dry air? a) 21% nitrogen; 78% oxygen; 1%argon; 0.04% carbon dioxide b) 77% nitrogen; 22% oxygen; 1%argon; 0.04% carbon dioxide c) 78% nitrogen; 21% oxygen; 0.5%argon; 0.04% carbon dioxide d) 78% nitrogen; 21% oxygen; 1%argon; 0.04% carbon dioxide
d) 78% nitrogen; 21% oxygen; 1%argon; 0.04% carbon dioxide
For each of the following chemical reactions, discuss the change in oxidation number of the metal atom: 2Al2O3 → 4Al+3O2 a) O is reduced from +2 to −1 b) Al is reduced from +1 to −2 c) Al is reduced from 0 to +3 d) Al is reduced from +3 to 0
d) Al is reduced from +3 to 0
Which of the following does NOT contribute to acid rain? a) coal-burning power plants b) lightning c) volcanic eruptions d) All of the above contribute to acid rain.
d) All of the above contribute to acid rain.
Of Al, Cu, and Fe, which metal requires the most energy to extract and purify, and why? a) Aluminum is the most energy intensive. The oxidation of Al from its ore is achieved by electrolysis. b) Copper is the most energy intensive. The reduction of Cu from its ore is achieved by electrolysis. c) Iron is the most energy intensive. The reduction of Fe from its ore is achieved by electrolysis. d) Aluminum is the most energy intensive. The reduction of Al from its ore is achieved by electrolysis.
d) Aluminum is the most energy intensive. The reduction of Al from its ore is achieved by electrolysis.
A gas at 750 mmHg and 27 ∘C has a density of 2.32 g/L. Which of the following could it be? a) CO2 b) Kr c) H2S d) C4H10
d) C4H10
When CH4 is burned in plentiful air, the products are: a) C + H2 b) CH2 + H2O c) CO2 + H2 d) CO2 +H2O
d) CO2 +H2O
For each of the following chemical reactions, discuss the change in oxidation number of the metal atom: 2Cu2O → 4Cu+O2 a) Cu is reduced from 0 to −1 b) O is reduced from +1 to −1 c) Cu is reduced from +2 to 0 d) Cu is reduced from +1 to 0
d) Cu is reduced from +1 to 0
What substance would you add to NaHCO3(aq) to form a buffer solution? a) HClO b) NaF c) NH3 d) H2CO3 e) NaCl f) NaOH
d) H2CO3
Which of the following equations best represents what happens when hydrogen bromide dissolves in water? a) 2HBr -> Br2+H2 b) HBR(g)-> H(aq) +Br(aq) c) HBr (g) -> H+(aq)+Br-(aq) d) HBr (g) +H20 -> Br- (aq) + H3O+(aq)
d) HBr(g) +H2O -> Br-(aq)+H3O+(aq)
Which of the following is true of ozone? a) Rubber is immune to its corrosive qualities. b) It is a powerful reducing agent. c) It protects Earth from harmful microwave radiation. d) It is extremely irritating to both plants and animals.
d) It is extremely irritating to both plants and animals.
Give the major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. a) Methane, nitrogen dioxide, and water vapor. b) Methane, carbon dioxide, and CFCs. c) Ethane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. d) Methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
d) Methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
For the following reaction, the oxidation half of the reaction is Mg + CuO -> MgO +Cu a) Cu^(2+) + 2 e- -> CuO b) CuO -> Cu^(2+) + 2e- c) Mg^(2+) + 2 e- -> MgO d) Mg -> Mg ^(2+) +2e-
d) Mg -> Mg ^(2+) +2e-
Which of the following is NOT a conjugate acid-base pair? a) CH3COO- and CH3COOH b) F- and HF c) H2O and H3O+ d) NH3 and H3O+
d) NH3 and H3O+
Which of the following partial equations represents an oxidation of nitrogen? a) NH3-> NH4+ b) N2O4-> NI3 c) NO3- -> NO d) NO2-> N2O5
d) NO2-> N2O5
Automobiles emit a) CFCs that cause ozone depletion b) O3 directly c) Co2 which reacts with hydrocarbons in sunlight to produce ozone d) NOx and VOCs that react in sunlight to produce ozone
d) NOx and VOCs that react in sunlight to produce ozone
Which of the following ingredients would NOT be an active ingredient in an antacid? a) NaHCO3 b) Mg(OH)2 c) CaCO3 d) NaBr
d) NaBr
Which substance is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Fe(s) + Ni^(2+) (aq) → Fe^(2+)(aq) + Ni(s) a) Fe b) Ni c) Fe^(2+) d) Ni^(2+)
d) Ni^(2+)
Three elements account for more than 80% of earth's crust by atom percent. In decreasing order of abundance, they are: a) H, O, Si b) H, Si, O c) O, H, Si d) O, Si, H
d) O, Si, H
In a lead-storage battery, the product of both cathode and anode half-reactions is: a) H2SO4 b) Pb c) PbO2 d) PbSo4
d) PbSo4
In the ideal gas law equation, PV ≡ nRT, which symbol refers to a constant? a) P b) n c) T d) R
d) R
Which country has the largest source of palladium? a) Chile b) Canada c) South Africa d) Russia
d) Russia
Which of these reactions leads to acid rain? a) C + O2 -> CO2 b) Cl2 +H2 -> 2HCl c) N2 + 3H2 -> 2NH3 d) S + O2 -> SO2
d) S + O2 -> SO2
When copper is produced from Cu2S, the by product is a) CuO b) CO2 c) S d) SO2
d) SO2
When sulfur burns in plentiful air, the product is: a) CO2 b) H2S c) H2SO4 d) SO2
d) SO2
Which pollutant is removed from stack gases by scrubbers that use lime? a) CO2 b) CO c) NOx d) SO2
d) SO2
Which of the following pairs of pollutants act synergystically in causing lung damage a) O3 and soot b) O3 and PM c) SO2 and NOx d) SO2 and PM
d) SO2 and PM
When added to water, which of the following would produce an acid? a) Na b) BaO c) NH3 d) SO3
d) SO3
According to the WHO, the worst pollutant in terms of health effect is a) CO b) ozone c) NOx d) SOx
d) SOx
Which of the following statements is correct in regards to assigning oxidation numbers? a) Alkali metals can have an oxidation number of either +1 or -1 b) Halogens can never have an oxidation number of -1 c) Oxygen must always have an oxidation number of -2, even in its elemental form d) The oxidation number of alkaline earth metals in ionic compounds is always +2
d) The oxidation number of alkaline earth metals in ionic compounds is always +2
What metal is extracted from the ore bauxite? a) copper b) gold c) iron d) aluminum
d) aluminum
Which statement is not true in regards to the lithium batteries? a) are low density b) are used in laptop computers c) provide high voltage d) are non-rechargable
d) are non-rechargable
Which silicate material is composed of double chains of SiO4 tetrahedra? a) glass b) quartz c) mica d) asbestos
d) asbestos
An unknown substance is added to a solution and the pH increases. The substance is best described as a(n) a) acid. b) salt. c) solvent. d) base.
d) base.
The sour taste of grapefruit is due to: a) acetic acid b) ammonia c) sodium chloride d) citric acid
d) citric acid
What is the role of phytoplankton in the oxygen cycle? a) rust metal b) consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide c) convert oxygen to ozone d) consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen
d) consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen
A green catalyst is one that a) contains earth-abundant elements b) makes reagents react more efficiently c) decreases the cost of producing a chemical d) does all of the above
d) does all of the above
The red color in medieval stained glass was due to a) blood b) iron nanoparticles c) iron cations d) gold nanoparticles
d) gold nanoparticles
When an element is oxidized, its oxidation number: a) decreases, as electrons or gained b) decreases, as electrons are lost c) increases, as electrons are gained d) increases, as electrons are lost
d) increases, as electrons are lost
What intermolecular forces are likely to lead to the highest melting point? a) hydrogen bonding b) dispersion forces c) dipole-dipole forces d) ionic forces
d) ionic forces
Explain for CH4O→CH2O. a) gain of electrons b) loss of electrons c) gain of hydrogen atoms d) loss of hydrogen atoms
d) loss of hydrogen atoms
Explain for H2O→O2. a) gain of electrons b) loss of electrons c) gain of hydrogen atoms d) loss of hydrogen atoms
d) loss of hydrogen atoms
A catalyst changes the rate of a chemical reaction by a) changing the products of the reaction b) changing the reactants involved in the reaction c) increasing the frequency of molecular reactions d) lowering the activation energy
d) lowering the activation energy
Which of the following is not a component of Earth's surface? a) lithosphere b) hydrosphere c) crust d) mantle
d) mantle
Most of the sulfuric acid produced in this country is used for a) sweetening acidic soil. b) cleaning products. c) manufacturing mortar and cement. d) manufacturing fertilizer.
d) manufacturing fertilizer.
Except in urban atmospheres, VOCs come mainly from? a) automobiles b) dry cleaning plants c) electric power plants d) natural sources
d) natural sources
A ruptured tank in Anywhere, USA spilled hydrochloric acid. Officials were reported to be "concerned that the acid might mix with sodium hydroxide - caustic soda - in a neighboring tank and form a toxic gas." What toxic gas would be formed? a) chlorine b) carbon dioxide c) chlorine dioxide d) none
d) none
In which of the following reactions does the oxidation number of aluminum change a) 2Al(OH)3 -> Al2O3 + 3H2O b) Al2O3 + 2NaOH +3H2O -> 2 NaAl(OH)4 c) NaAl(OH)4 -> Al(OH)3 +NaOH d) none
d) none
Sodium bicarbonate is an old standby antacid. It is not recommended for persons suffering from high blood pressure because a) it is too strong a base. b) of the presence of bicarbonate ion. c) it is too strong an acid. d) of the presence of sodium ion.
d) of the presence of sodium ion.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that comprises more than 60% (by mass) of all air pollution in the United States. What is the largest source of CO in the United States? a) industry b) off-road vehicles c) fuel combustion d) on-road vehicles
d) on-road vehicles
All silicate materials contain silicon and a) carbon b) hydrogen c) iron d) oxygen
d) oxygen
Carbon monoxide is formed as a product of a) animal respiration b) removing SOx from flue gas c) combustion of fossil fuels with excess O2 d) partial combustion of fossil fuels
d) partial combustion of fossil fuels
Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons combine in the presence of sunlight to cause: a) acid rain b) global warming c) an ozone hole d) photochemical smog
d) photochemical smog
A hydrogen ion, H+, is the same as a(n) a) electron. b) hydrate. c) hydronium ion. d) proton.
d) proton.
To combat global warming, people should a) drain wetlands b) heat with charcoal c) pave dirt roads d) reduce the use of fossil fuels
d) reduce the use of fossil fuels
The three R's of garbage are: a) reduce, recycle, and redeploy b) reuse, redeploy, and recycle c) reuse, reprocess, and recycle d) reduce, reuse, and recycle
d) reduce, reuse, and recycle
According to the following partial equation, Cl2 in 3Cl2 +2Al -> 2AlCl3 is: a) both oxidized and reduced b) neither oxidized or reduced c) oxidized, only d) reduced, only
d) reduced, only
In collisions between gas particles, the total energy: a) decreases slightly b) decreases considerably c) increases slightly d) remains the same
d) remains the same
The main ingredients of ordinary glass are a) baron oxide, sand, limestone b) clay and limestone c) coke, sand, limestone d) sand, sodium carbonate, limestone
d) sand, sodium carbonate, limestone
Radon in homes comes from a) gas cooking ranges b) smoke detectors c) leaking heater exhausts d) soil and rocks
d) soil and rocks
The acid used in automobile batteries is a) citric acid b) hydrochloric acid c) nitric acid d) sulfuric acid
d) sulfuric acid
The leading chemical product of US industry is a) ammonia b) lime c) plastics d) sulfuric acid
d) sulfuric acid
In an experiment, as the temperature is changed at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is halved. How is the final temperature related to the initial temperature? a) the Celsius temperature is doubled b) the Celsius temperature is halved c) the Kelvin temperature is doubled d) the Kelvin temperature is halved
d) the Kelvin temperature is halved
When equal amounts of acids and bases are mixed a) the acid becomes more concentrated b) the base becomes more concentrated c) no reaction occurs d) they neutralize each other
d) they neutralize each other
What other metal is combined with copper to make the alloy bronze? a) iron b) nickel c) aluminum d) tin
d) tin
Nearly all human activity occurs in the: a) mesosphere b) stratosphere c) thermosphere d) troposphere
d) troposphere
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its: a) amount b) mass c) temperature d) volume
d) volume
In general, when an acid and a base are mixed, a) a new acid and salt are formed b) a new base and salt are formed c) no reaction occurs d) water and salt are formed
d) water and salt are formed
A common substance that contains lactic acid is: a) olive oil b) soap c) vinegar d) yogurt
d) yogurt
Physiological pH (7.4) is the average pH of blood. Which of the following is a reasonable hydrogen ion concentration of a solution at physiological pH? a) -7.4 M b) 0.6M c) 6 x 10 ^(-7) M d) 1 x 10^(-8) M e) 4 x 10^(-8) M
e) 4 x 10^(-8) M