Chemistry Exam 2, Chemistry Quiz 1.1- 1.3, Expectations, Chem Quiz (1.4-1.10, Lab Safety Rules, Lab equipment, Verses), Chemistry Quiz Chapter 2, Chapter 3 Chemistry Quiz, Symbols and Elements, Chapter 4 Chemistry Quiz, Chemistry Review Worksheet, Ch...
show only the ions that actually react, omitting spectator ions
net ionic equations
Exceptions to the characteristics of covalent compounds ;contains atoms that are covalently bonded into a three-dimensional network.
network covalent substances
solution with a pH of 7 is _.
neutral
Neutral particles
neutrons (n)
Are hydrogen ions stable in solution?
no
Do any ideal gases exist?
no
Is water a buffer?
no
A system of naming that follows a standardized set of rules.
nomenclature
9
nona-
elements on the right side of the zig-zag line
nonmetal
Solid, brittle solids or gases and poor conductors
nonmetals
What is on the right of the line of separation?
nonmetals
in groups 14-18 above the stair step line/ brittle (crumbly), poor conductors of heat and electricity
nonmetals
SD Rule 2: All _ digits are significant.
nonzero
With the exception of visible light, the electromagnetic spectrum is _ _ _ _.
not visible to us
The potential energy stored in the chemical bonds between atoms that is released or absorbed when an atom experiences nuclear fission or fusion
nuclear energy
The protons and neutrons found in the nucleus
nucleons
Very small positively charged center of the atom with most of the atom's mass.
nucleus
All the mass of the atom is where? None is in the _.
nucleus; electrons
What does a mole represent?
number of particles
A measurement consists of 2 parts- a _ and a _.
number; unit
The modern Periodic Law states that the properties of elements vary with their atomic _ in a _ way.
numbers; periodic
Name some characteristics of network covalent substances.
occur as relatively hard, brittle crystals with high melting points, glassy lusters, and unusual electrical properties
8
octa
Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to attain a full outer shell to maximize their stability.
octet rule
The rule that states atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to attain a full outer shell to maximize their stability
octet rule
*Some stable atoms end up with less than eight and some end up with more than eight (valence electrons)
octet rule exceptions
The two electrons in an orbital pair spin in opposite directions. What are the spins of the electrons in an orbital pair.
one clockwise +1/2 and the other counterclockwise spin -1/2
The lines of colored light we saw on the bright line spectrum were produced by _ of light energy given off as an _ or _ _ electron goes from a higher orbital back to where it belongs.
photons; excited; ground state
What is an example of an endothermic reaction?
photosynthesis
Is sugar dissolving in water a physical or chemical change?
physical
Sugar dissolving in water
physical change
Water boiling
physical change
boiling
physical change
ice melting
physical change
sugar dissolving in water
physical change
Boiling is a _ _ in which a material changes from its liquid state to its gaseous state but which its _ is not _.
physical change; identity; altered
side-to-side orbital overlapping
pi bond
*Double and triple bonds involve electrons from the "p" sublevel
pi bonds
Niels Bohr Developed the _ _ of the atom with _ moving around _ in electron _ or _ _.
planetary model; electrons, nucleus; SHELLS or ENERGY LEVELS
Molecules such as HCl, that have two centers of charge ( positive and negative regions) are called _.
polar
A covalent bond between atoms with different electronegativities, resulting in a molecule that has a partially positive pole and a partially negative pole
polar covalent bond
the tendency of an object to form two localized regions of opposite character
polarity
Alpha particles have a _ charge.
positive
What charge does a positron have?
positive?
A particle produced when a proton becomes a neutron.
positron
Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has low energy and a longer wavelength?
radio rays
A description of the spontaneous emission of penetrating rays from the nuclei of unstable atoms
radioactivity
Spontaneous emission of rays and particles from the nucleus of unstable atoms
radioactivity
2. Particles move at _, with high _, in _ _, and at many different _.
random; velocities; all directions; speeds
substances present before a reaction that appear on the left-hand side of chemical equation
reactants
a table of metals (plus hydrogen) arranged in order of descending chemical reactivity
reactivity series
Atoms that have become charged by gaining or losing electrons
ion
a charged atom
ion
A bond that involves a transfer of valence electrons.
ionic
Dissociation happens with what kind of compound?
ionic
melting points are at least 800 degrees Celsius
ionic compound
The empirical formula is used for what?
ionic compounds
crystals of these compounds can usually be split, or cleaved, along a flat surface
ionic compounds
dense, brittle, and hard solids
ionic compounds
very poor conductors of heat and electricity
ionic compounds
represents all the particles present before and after the reaction
ionic equation
The FORMATION of ions from a covalent compound when in water solution
ionization
What don't weak acids do? Why?
ionize completely; only a portion of their molecules lose protons
What do Arrhenius bases have to be able to do?
ionize or dissociate
Atoms that have become charged by gaining or losing electrons
ions
Charged atom
ions
atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
isotopes
a special notation used to indicate the specific isotope in a chemical expression/ is based on the element's symbol and the atomic number as a leading subscript and the mass number as a leading superscript
isotopic notation
What happens if an atom loses an electron (sodium)?
it becomes a positively charged particle
For metal hydrides, the _ appears first, followed the _ because the _ is more electronegative than other elements in these compounds.
metal; hydrogen; hydrogen
What type of bonding makes for the best conductors of electricity?
metallic
What do Metallic chlorates decompose into?
metallic chlorates= metallic chloride+oxygen
Elements along the zig-zag line
metalloid
Elements that have both metallic and nonmetallic properties
metalloids
share properties of both metals and nonmetals; elements immediately adjacent/along the stair step line.
metalloids
Elements on the left side and middle of the periodic table are called _.
metals
usually solid, shiny (lustrous), malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity
metals
Ionic bonds are formed between which two types of elements?
metals and nonmetals
The base SI unit for length
meter
a system based on a decimal scale that consists of base units multiplied by or subdivided by powers of ten/Any measuring system in which different-sized units are related to each other by multiples of 10.
metric
One millionth (10*-6)
micro-
Give examples of a unit.
mile, kilometer, inch
Pertaining to two liquids that are completely soluble in each other; When on substance mixes and dissolves in another substance
miscible
Two or more substances that can be separated by physical means
mixture
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures says,"The total pressure of a _ of gases _ the sum of the partial pressures."
mixture; equals
Chemists use these to simplify things to make it easier to explain, describe, or test. they are workable explanations or descriptions of a phenomenon
model
This is used to simplify things to make it easier to explain, describe, or test
model
this is used to simplify things to make it easier to explain, describe or test
model
Binary Covalent compound: The prefix _ is used only for the second element in the compound unless it is needed for emphasis or clarity. When it is used, double vowels are _.
mono-; omitted
Brønsted-Lowry acids that can donate only one proton
monoprotic
the "l" value is what?
n -1
How do you name polyatomic ionic compounds?
name the cation and then name the anion
one billionth (10-9)
nano-
Experiments in which scientists cannot control the conditions. Research in _, _, and _ often involves these kinds of experiments.
natural experiments; ecology, meteorology, astronomy
The belief that all observation can be explained on the basis of natural cause and effect relationships
naturalism
The pH of a solution is the _ _ (_) of the _ ion concentration.
negative logarithm; power; hydronium
Thompson concluded that cathode-ray particles were _ charged.
negatively
combine two or more substances into a single product
synthesis reactions
A positive heat of enthalpy (+ΔH) does what?
takes in energy
What does the Magnetic Quantum number (m) indicate?
tells the axis or spatial orientation of the orbitals within the atom.
In Boyle's law, what is held constant?
temperature
The average kinetic energy of a system
temperature
The uncertainty of the _ digit is why the _ digit is called _, _, or least _ digit.
tenth, last, estimated, uncertain, least significant
4
tetra-
What is alchemy?
the ancient study of transmutation between metals and gold, sickness and health, age and youth, or even earthly and supernatural existence
What does Z represent? What does A represent?
the atomic number; mass number
What do we use so that we can have a more complete description of chemical bonds and the molecular shapes they produce-3-Dimensional structures?
the atomic quantum theory
As you go to higher energy levels what happens?
the electrons move farther away from the nucleus
In single replacement reactions, what has to be higher than the metal in the compound?
the free element
The molar mass of a compound is what?
the mass of each element times any subscripts all added together
What is the key factor in the selectivity of solvents (determines solubility)?
the polarity of molecules
What does the molecular orbital theory help u know?
the shapes of molecules
Effusion and Diffusion are both directly related to what?
the speed and constant motion of gas molecules
azimuthal QN indicates what?
the sublevel of the electrons
the maximum amount of product that could be created from a given amount of reactant
theoretical yield
An idea that has been tested and found to explain a certain phenomenon
theory
1. Gas particles are _ compared to the _ _ between them.
tiny; great distances
controlled neutralization reactions that are used to determine the capacity of a solution of unknown concentration to react with a solution of known concentration
titration
the arrow points _ the _ electronegative atom in the bond with the _ negative charge.
toward; more
Atoms can _ (gain or lose) or _ _ when forming chemical bonds
transfer; share electrons
the process by which an atom of one kind of element changes into another kind of element by changing the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
transmutation
Never put broken glass in the _ .
trash
Never put broken glass in the _.
trash
3
tri-
groups of 3 elements with similar properties
triads
Brønsted-Lowry acid that can donate three protons.
triprotic
A double bond is a combination of a sigma bond and a pi bond.
true
A triple bond, such as diatomic nitrogen would have one sigma bond and 2 pi bonds. (T or F)
true
If a "s" orbital from one atom and an "s" orbital from a second atom overlap end to end, the bond is a sigma bond. (T or F)
true
True or False. Diatomic elements have no polarity.
true
True or False. The freezing point of a substance is identical to is melting point.
true
True or false. Electrons always repel, whether they are bonded or unbonded.
true
True/False both liquids and gases are liquids.
true
When two bonding orbitals are superimposed in covalent bonds, the overlapping space electrons become available to both nuclei. (T or F)
true
Covalent bonds are usually between which types of elements?
two nonmetals
Scientists recognize there is always some _ involved w/ any measurement.
uncertainty
In polar covalent bonds, their is an _ sharing of electrons.
uneven
A small unit of mass equal to 1/12 the mass of the nucleus of a carbon-12 atom, or approximately the same size as a proton or neutron; used to represent the mass of atoms and mlecules
unified mass unit (u)
consists of multiplying the measurement by a conversion factor
unit conversion
Pertaining to a solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute at a given set of conditions
unsaturated
a measure of an electron's capacity to form bonds
valence
an electron in an incomplete outershell.
valence electron
electrons in the outer shell or highest energy level
valence electron
What does VSEPR mean?
valence shell electron pair repulsion
A liquid changes into a vapor or gas
vaporization
Changing a liquid to a vapor
vaporization
a phase change from a liquid to a vapor
vaporization
One of the different factors that change in an experiment
variable
The different factor that are changed in an experiment
variables
Which part of visible light has the highest energy?
violet
What is the constant in Gay-Lussac's Law?
volume
Boyle's Law says, "The _ of a dry gas is _ related to the pressure if the_ is held constant.
volume; inversely; temperature
When checking for an odor, _ the gas towards you.
waft
What do neutralization reactions produce?
water and a salt
What is the water in hydrates called?
water of hydration
what explains the movement of electrons that seem to defy other scientific laws?
wave-particle duality of electrons
Solution with a pH of 4-6 is a _ _.
weak acid
Solution with a pH of 8-10 is a _ _.
weak base
an average that gives more importance to certain values than others
weighted average
James 1:5 says."If any of you lacks _ ,he should ask God who gives generously to all-
wisdom
Colossians 2:3 says,"In Christ are hidden all the treasures of _ and _.
wisdom and knowledge
John 1:1-3 says," in the beginning was the _.
word
communicates all the substances involved in a chemical reaction but contains no information about the quantities of the materials involved
word equation
This determines how we interpret the evidence from experimentation
worldview
Most atomic radii are measured using what?
x-ray diffraction
SD Rule 3: All _ between _ digits are significant.
zeros; nonzero
SD Rule 5: Significant _ in the _ place are _ by a _ point.
zeros; ones; decimal
Which part of visible light has the lowest energy?
red
What do you use percent composition to find?
relative mass data
Which truth changes with time, is based on man's understanding, and expanses as we experiment and explore
relative truth
Elements in the s and p tables are members of the main or _ _.
representative groups
Definite volume, assumes shape of container, difficult to compress, packed closely together
restricted by its container as far as shape and volume, easy to compress
reactions that happens in reverse direction as well as the forward direction
reversible reactions
If the metal in an ionic compound can have more than one oxidation number, a _ _ is placed after the element's name to show the oxidation number.
roman numeral
List the four sublevels for the 4th Energy Level.
s,p,d,f
What are the four sublevels?
s,p,d,f
What are the sublevels of the 4 quantum numbers?
s,p,d,f
What letters do we use for the sublevels?
s,pd,f, and (g) for excited atoms
What must be always worn at the lab tables?
safety glasses
What must be worn when you are at the lab tables?
safety glasses
a substance formed when the anion of an acid and the cation of a base combine
salt
What does halogen mean?
salt makers/salt produces
Hebrews 13:1-3 says," Jesus Christ is the _ yesterday, today, and forever."
same
Hebrews 13:8 says, "Jesus Christ is the _ yesterday, today, and forever.
same
Pertaining to a solution that has the maximum amount of solute possible at a given set of conditions
saturated
The precision of an instrument is usually its _ (_) _.
scale (smallest) subdivisions
A process that involves randomly selecting representative samples from a larger population; What kind of reasoning does this rely on?
scientific survey; inductive
Horizontal row on the periodic chart
series
Horizontal rows (All have outer shell electrons in the same energy level; VALENCE ELECTRONS)
series
No two electrons can have the exact _ of_ _. They could have the same _ value, same _ value, same _ value, but the _ has to be different. This is called what? If two electrons are in the same _ _, same _, and same _, then they have the same _,_,and _ values. Since they must have different _ values, no _ electrons in an atom can have the _ _ of _ _ _.
set of Quantum numbers. n value, l value, m value, spin; Pauli exclusion principle. Energy level; sublevel; orbital; n,l,m; ms; two; same set; four quantum numbers
Energy levels were called what in the past? What was the olden name for Celsius?
shells; centigrade
an end-to-end type of overlap
sigma bond
formed when orbitals overlap on the bond axis
sigma bond
In covalent bonds, atoms with _ _ _ electrons to meet the octet rule.
similar electronegativities share
a reactive element replaces a less reactive element in a compound
single replacement reactions
involve less energy than synthesis or decomposition reactions
single replacement reactions
How do bases feel?
slippery
Atomic radii go from _ to _ as you go down a group.
small to big
definite shape and volume, difficult to compress, packed closely together, rigidly held
solid
What are the 4 phases/states of matter?
solid, liquid, gas, plams
Alloys are an example of what kind of solution?
solid-solid
The ability of a solute to dissolve in a certain solvent
soluble
Could be a gas in water: oxygen or CO2 in a carbonated beverage
solute
Salt or sugar in a solution would in a water solution
solute
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase
solution
uniform mixtures of the particles of two or more pure substances
solution
The process in which solvent particles surround and interact with solutes
solvation
describes the dissolving of ionic or covalent compounds
solvation
Often water but it could be alcohol
solvent
The dissolving media
solvent
What is the most abundant substance in a solution?
solvent
Acids taste _.
sour
Boron (3 valence electrons) undergoes what kind of hybridization?
sp2
Carbon (4 valence electrons) undergoes what kind of hybridization?
sp3
appear in reactants and in the products
spectator ions
The analysis of light emitted or absorbed by matter
spectroscopy
What was used by Bohr to come up with energy levels or electron shells?
spectrum studies
what is the shape of the s sublevel?
spherical
Electron pairs have different whats?
spins!
The roman numeral system
stock system
about the mathematical relationships btw the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction
stoichiometry
refers to the mathematical relationship of the reactants and products in chemical reactions
stoichiometry
Never heat a _ test tube.
stoppered
Solution with a pH of 11-13 is a _ _.
strong base
show the types of atoms involved, the exact composition of each molecule, and the arrangement of chemical bonds
structural formulas
assigned l values
sublevels
A phase change where a solid becomes a gas
sublimation
The condition of a solution that contains more dissolved solute than it does at equilibrium
supersaturation
Most prominent item in the cell
symbol
What is the Latin word for acid? What does it mean?
"acidus"; sour
The transition elements are filling which sublevel?
"d" sublevel
When the right amount of energy "_" an atom, the _ _ the _ amount of energy required to jump up to a _ energy level.
"excites". electrons absorb; exact; higher
The lanthanide and actinide series are filling which sublevel?
"f" sublevel
What is the Latin name cuprum mean and what element is it for? What does iridium mean in Latin? Who were the two people that curium was named after? What element was Californium named after? What element is named after the Greek word sun? What is the meaning of the Greek word that Bromine is named after?
"from the land of Cyprus"; Copper; Rainbow; Pierre and Marie Curie; California; Helium; "stench"
So n = 2 Next energy level out from the nucleus has l =2 sublevels which is the "_" and "_" sublevels. They are called 2s & and _. The "_" value for all s sublevel is a _ orbital. It can hold _ pair of electrons. The "p" sublevels were the _ shape. There are three orientation for the p: along the _,_ and _ axis.
"s" and "p"; 2s and 2p; "m"; s; spherical;one;dumbbell; three; x, y, and z axis.
What is the symbol for substances dissolved in water and acids? What does it mean?
(aq); aqueous
what is the symbol for gases?
(g)
What is the symbol for liquids?
(l)
a statement that describes a recognizable, repeating pattern in nature
(scientific) Law
between reactants and between products
+
Rule 4 continued: Group 1 elements always have a _ oxidation number in compounds
+1
Rule 4 continued: Hydrogen usually has a _ oxidation number when bonded with another _. It is _ with _(metallic hydrides).
+1; nonmetal; -1; metals
What is hydrogen's usual oxidation number? What type of element is it bonded with for this number?
+1; nonmetals
Rule 4 continued: Group 2 elements always have a _ oxidation number in compounds
+2
Endothermic heat of solution=?
+ΔH-positive heat of enthalpy
Rule 4 continued: Halogens usually have an oxidation number of _ unless it is bonded with an element with _ _.
-1; higher electronegativity
What is Hydrogen's oxidation number when bonded with a metal? What is that compound called?
-1; metallic hydride
Rule 4 continued: Oxygen usually has a _ oxidation number except if bonded with _.
-2; fluorine
Binary Covalent compounds: the ending of the last element is changed to _.
-ide
If there are only two forms of oxyanions, the form with fewer oxygen atoms end in _ and the form with more oxygen atoms end in _.
-ite; -ate
Exothermic heat of solution=?
-ΔH-negative heat of enthalpy
What is the value for standard temperature?
0 Celsius or 273 Kelvin
What is absolute zero in Kelvins and Celsius?
0 K and -273.15 degrees Celsius
What is the freezing point of water in Celsius and Kelvin?
0 degrees Celsius and 273.15 Kelvins
What are the ranges in the electronegativity values of elements that allow you to easily determine the bond type?
0-0.4-------nonpolar covalent 0.5-1.9------polar covalent 2.0 & greater-------ionic
What is the freezing point of water in Celsius? What is that in Kelvin?
0.00; 273.15K
What is the freezing point of water in Celsius? What is it in Kelvin?
0; 273.15
1 cm contains how many mL if volume? Fix this one
1
1000 m= _km
1
60 min= _ h
1
What are the metric units for pressure?
1 Pascal=1 newton/meter squared
14.7 psi=?
1 atm
760 torr= (atm)?
1 atm
What is the value for standard pressure?
1 atm; 760 torr; 101, 325 Pa
1 Pascal= ?
1 newton/meter squared
A triple bond is formed of _ sigma bond(s) and _ pi bond(s).
1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds
1 L= _ mL
1,000
Gas volumes are _ times greater than the volume occupied by an _ number of particles in the _ or _ state.
1,000; equal; liquid; solid
What are the seven energy levels?
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
What are the 6 units and values associated with measuring Gas pressure?
1. 1 atm 2. 760 mmHg 3. 760 torr 4. 14.7 psi 5. 101,325 pascals 6. 101.3 kPa
Name the chemical properties and how they react. Give an example of each.
1. Active- to react/ blow up (combustion) 2. Inactive- nitrogen gas 3. Inert- don't react (noble gases: helium, zenon...)
List 6 of the 12 things that you learned from the Descriptive chemistry sections 5.13-5.25 with at least 3 being from the Hydrogen Section
1. Ammonia manufacturers consume most of the HYDROGEN produced in the US. 2. HYDROGEN is the lightest element and the most abundant in the entire universe 3. Laviosier gave HYDROGEN after its name which means "water-former." He named it that because it produces water when combusted in air. 4. Sodium is the 6th most abundant alkali metal. 5. Barium is used in fireworks and rat poison. 6. Radium is used to treat certain types of cancer.
What are the five steps in the scientific method?
1. Ask a question 2. Make a hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Organize and analyze data 5. Evaluate the hypothesis
What are the 2 properties of nonmetals?
1. Brittle (crumbly) 2. Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Name some examples of acids.
1. Citric Acid (lemons, oranges) 2.Lactic Acid (Sour Milk) 3. Acetic Acid (pickles, vinegar) 4. Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)
What are the three steps in the solvation process?
1. Endothermic-pulls solute apart 2. Endothermic- move solvent apart 3. exothermic- solvent attracted to solvent
What two postulates of the kinetic-molecular theory are not right?
1. Gas particles are tiny compared to the great distances btw them 2. Particles don't interact with each other or the walls of their container except during momentary collisions
How do you know if there is a chemical reaction? (6)
1. Heat given off 2. Light given off 3. Gas produced 4. Precipitate (an insoluble solid) produced 5. Electrical current produced 6. color changes
What are 3 factors that affect the rate of solution?
1. Heating 2. Stirring 3. Increase in surface area
What are the 5 periodic properties of elements?
1. Ionization energy 2. Ionic Radius 3. Electron Affinity 4. Electronegativity 5. Atomic radius
what are the 5 shapes of molecules that we've studied? Name and be able to draw an example of each.
1. Linear- Carbon dioxide (CO2); all diatomic molecules (H2) 2. Bent- Water (H2O) 3. Tetrahedral-carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 4. Trigonal Planar- Boron trichloride (BCl3) 5. Pyramidal- Ammonia (NH3)
What are the 4 quantum numbers in order? Name their symbols.
1. Principle Quantum Number (n) 2. Azimuthal or Sublevel Quantum Number (l) 3. Magnetic Quantum Number (m) 4. Electron-Spin Quantum Number (ms)
Steps in Problem Solving Step 1: _ the _ of the problem. Step 2. _ the _ of solution Step 3: _the _ tools to use. Step 4: _ up the problem, _, and _. Step 5.: _ and _.
1. Read; statement 2. Determine; method 3. Choose; specific 4. Set; estimate; calculate 5. Check; format
What are the 4 properties of all metals?
1. Shiny (lustrous) 2. Malleable 3. Ductile 4. Good conductors of heat and electricity
What are the four properties of metals?
1. Shiny (lustrous) 2. malleable (gold) 3. Ductile 4. Good conductors of heat and electricity
What are the 4 factors associated with colligative properties?
1. Solutes lower or depress vapor pressure 2. Solutes raise or elevate boiling point 3. Solutes will lower or depress freezing point 4. Solutes will raise the osmotic pressure
What are the 4 types of chemical reactions?
1. Synthesis or composition 2. Decomposition 3. Single Replacement 4. Double Replacement (or ionic)
What are the two reasons that models are essential to solving problems in the real world?
1. They are workable-they help us make sense of data 2. They have predictive power- they help us see what could happen in the future
What are the 2 types of spectra that chemists work with? Which one contains the colors?
1. Visible spectrum = roy g biv 2. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM The visible spectrum
What are the 6 dimensions for the derived units? What are their equations? What are their units? Which units do we use in the lab? *Fix equations and units
1. Volume- (l w h)- m- cm 2.(Mass) Density- (mass/volume)- kg/m- g/mL or g/cm 3. Energy- (work=Force x distance)- joule- J- 4. Radioactive decay- Becquerel(Bq)- s 5. Pressure- pascal 6. Temperature- Celsius
What are the 4 possible areas of electron density>
1. a nonbonding (lone) pair of electrons 2. a single bond 3. a double bond 4. a triple bond
What are the steps to finding the empirical formula?
1. change percent to grams 2. change grams to moles 3. find simplest whole number ratio by dividing smallest number of moles into all other numbers
Name the Physical Properties.
1. color 2. Physical state 3. Odor 4. Taste 5. Density 6. Malleability 7. Ductility 8. Conductivity *Moh's scale of hardness, texture,
Name the 7 parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
1. gamma rays (high E, short wavelength) 2. x-ray 3.UltraViolet (black lights) 4. visible light, 5. InfraRed (sun) 6. microwaves 7. radio wave, TV waves (low E, longer wavelength).
What three conditions do gases that are not like ideal gases have?
1. high pressure 2. high molecular weights (liquefy) 3. low temperature (tries to condense again)(liquefy)
Name the 6 strongest acids. Why are they the strongest?
1. hydrogen iodic (HI), 2. perchloric acid (HClO4), 3. Hydrobromic (HBr) 4. hydrochloric (HCl) 5. sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 6. nitric acid (HNO3) They give up protons easily and ionize completely. The equilibrium reaction in which they dissociate is product favored
What are the 5 dimensions of the SI Base Units? What is the abbreviation for the dimension? What are the Base units that go with each dimension? What is the abbreviation for each base unit? What is the unit we use for each dimesion in the lab?
1. length-l-meter (m)-cm 2. mass-m-kilogram- (kg)-g 3. time-(t)-second- (s)-s 4. Temperature (absolute)- (T)- Kelvin- (K)-degrees Celsius 5. number of particles- n- mole- (mol)
What three conditions do gases that are most nearly to an ideal gas have?
1. low pressure 2. high temperature 3. low molecular weights
What are the metric prefixes to know? What is the prefix symbol? What is the factor? What is the exponential form? Fix this one....
1. mega: (M-): 1 000 000 : 10 (million) 2. kilo: (k-): 1000 : 10 (thousand) 3. deci: (d-): 0.1 : 10 (tenth) 4. centi (c-): 0.01 10 (hundredth) 5. milli (m-) 0.001 10 (thousandth) 6. micro ( μ ) 0.000 001 1 (millionth) 7. nano (n-) 0.000 000 001 10 (billionth)
What are the three pairs of elements that bond? What is their bond type and polarity? How are their valence electrons configured? (6-1 Table)
1. nonmetal/nonmetal/covalent/ low to medium/ tightly shared 2. metal/nonmetal/ionic/ high/transferred 3. (metal/metal)/metallic/(n/a)/ widely shared
Name some octet rule exceptions.
1. some molecules have an odd number of valence electrons to share 2. Some elements, such as Boron, are content with fewer than four pairs of shared electrons. 3. More than 8 valence electrons are shared with a central atom
What does the principal quantum number indicate?
1. the AVERAGE DISTANCE OR MOST LIKELY (OR PROBABLY) location of an electron around the nucleus/ The average or most likely distance from the nucleus where an electron resides 2. The # of sublevels each energy level can have
The Kinetic Molecular Theory says: 1. Gas particles are _ compared to the _ _ between them. 2. Particles move at _, with high _, in _ _, and at many different _. 3. Particles _ _ interact with each other or the _ of their _ except during _ _. 4. Collisions between gas particles are _. That is, they _ _. 5. The _ _ _ of the gas particles is _ _ to the _ of gas in _.
1. tiny; great distances 2. random; velocities; all directions; speeds 3. do not; walls; container; momentary collisions 4. elastic; conserve energy 5. average kinetic energy; directly proportional; temperature; kelvins
1 m= _ cm
100
What is the boiling point of water?
100 degrees Celsius and 373.15 Kelvins
What is the boiling point of water in Celsius? What is it in Kelvin?
100.0 degrees Celsius; 373.15 Kelvin
What is the boiling point of water in Celsius? What is that in Kelvin?
100.00; 373.15K
1 kg= _ g
1000
1 Kilocalorie is = to _ calories which is = to _ C.
1000; 1
1 atm= (Pa)?
101,325 Pa
How many elements have scientists currently produced?
118
When did Dalton's discoveries take place?
1803
How many orbitals are possible for each of the following sublevels? s=_; p=_; d=_; f=_
1; 3; 5; 7
How many sublevels does principal energy level 1 have?
1; s
S sublevel has _ orbital or orientation (a _)
1; sphere
The strongest bases are in what group?
1A
Which two groups are filling the "s" sublevel.
1A and 2A
The Equilibrium constant (Keq) {hydronium ion concentration times the hydroxide ion concentration in water} often called ionization constant of water (Kw) is always equal to what?
1x10^-14
According to the ionization constant of water (Kw), hydronium and hydroxide ions are both equal to what? Where is this constant from?
1x10^-7 at 25 degrees Celsius; equilibrium constant
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a 3s orbital?
2
how many electrons can 1 orbital have?
2
How many sublevels does principal energy level 2 have?
2; s,p
How many sublevels does principal energy level 7 have?
2; s,p
How many electrons are possible for each of the following sublevels? S=_; p=_; d=_; f=_
2;6;10;14
Each orbital can hold _ electrons. They are called an orbital _.These two electrons spin in _ directions (one _ _ and the other _ spin _
2;pair; opposite; one clockwise +1/2 and the other counterclockwise spin -1/2
What is the maximum number of unpaired electrons that can be placed in a 3p orbital?
3
You body temperature should be 37 degrees Celsius. What is that in Kelvin?
310.15
What is the body temperature of Celsius and Kelvins?
310.15 Kelvins and 37 degrees Celsius
Your body temperature should be 30 degrees Celsius. What is that in Kelvin?
310.15K
An experiment needs to have a temperature of 63.50 degrees Celsius. What is that in Kelvins?
336.65K
P sublevel has _ orbitals (as in the _,_,_ _)
3; (as in the x, y, and z axis)
An orbital contains location information in how many geometrical directions? What are they?
3; (x,y,z)
How many rules for multiplying and dividing measured data are their? How many math rules are there?
3; 5
How many orbitals are in the p sublevel? How many are in the f sublevel?
3; 7
How many sublevels does principal energy level 3 have?
3; s,p,d
How many sublevels does principal energy level 6 have?
3; s,p,d,f
Which groups are filling their "p" sublevel?
3A-8A
How many sublevels does principal energy level 4 have?
4; s,p,d,f
How many sublevels does principal energy level 5 have?
4; s,p,d,f
Which electrons are most likely to be involved in a chemical reaction:Those in a 4s energy level or those in a 3d energy level?
4s because outershell electrons are used in chemical reactions
How many steps in problem solving are there?
5
The d sublevel has _ orbitals
5
How many SD rules are there?
6
an atom's ground state contains how many levels?
6 or 7
The number of particles presented by a mole is ____. This is called _ _.
6.022x10^23; avogadro's number
1 min= _ secs
60
How many base units are there?
7
How many energy levels are there?
7
How many principal quantum numbers are there?
7
the f sublevel has ___ orbitals
7
What is the pH of pure water?
7.0
14.7 psi=(torr)?
760 torr
There are _ energy levels where electrons can be found. They are also called _(_-_).
7; shells (k-q)
Remember that the most electrons an atom can have in the outer shell is _ or an _.
8 or octet
same as a single arrow
=
Pure water (H2O) is what?
A conductor. An electrolyte
What is a worldview?
A perspective from which to see and interpret all life
What is a homogeneous mixture called? What is the best example?
A solution; Air (and then water)
What is the difference between a chemical subscript and a coefficient?
A subscript is written at the lower right of a chemical symbol. They indicate the number of atoms or groups of atoms in a chemical formula. A chemical coefficient is a standard-size number in front of a chemical symbol. A chemical coefficient applies to the entire formula immediately following it, multiplying each subscript.
Describe the formula for a synthesis reaction.
A+B=AB
Describe the formula for a single replacement reaction.
A+BX=B+AX
Which of the following statements is FALSE?: A. When handling chemicals, be sure to read the label one time before taking it to your station B. Never taste a chemical C. When heating test tubes, point it away from others (toward a wall if possible) D. Do not eat or drink while at the lab bench E. Do not eat or drink out of glassware.
A. When handling chemicals, be sure to read the label one time before taking it to your station
SD Rule 1: A. Significant digits do not apply to _ or _ numbers. B. Significant digits do not apply to _ that are __ _ by definition.
A. counted; pure B. ratios; exactly 1
SD Rule 4. A. If a _ point is _, all zeros to the _ of the last _ digit are significant. B. If a _ point is _ present, no _ zeros are significant C. In _ _, all zeros to the _ of the first _ digit are not significant.
A. decimal; present; right; nonzero B. decimal; not; trailing C. decimal numbers; left; nonzeros
What is the equation for the mass number?
A=Z+N
the mass number is equal to what?
A=Z+N
What is the equation for the mass number? What do the symbols mean?
A=Z+N; A: mass number; Z: atomic number; N= number of neutrons
Describe the formula for a decomposition reaction
AB=A+B
What is the formula for double replacement reactions?
AX (aq)+BY (aq)=AY+BX
Describe the formula for a double replacement reaction.
AX+BZ=BX+AZ
The theoretical temperature at which all molecular and atomic movement ceases. 0 K
Absolute zero
The theoretical temperature where molecular motion is at a minimum
Absolute zero
Which truth is true for all time, and is based on God's word. What is the Bible verse?
Absolute; Mark 1:31- Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will never pass away.
What are the two expressions of uncertainty?
Accuracy and precision
_ is the closeness of a measurement to an _ _. It is expressed in _ _.
Accuracy; accepted value; percent error
Acid+Base equals what?
Acid+Base=water+salt
The form of wave-transmitted energy that is detected by ear
Acoustic energy
Filling the "f" sublevels; at the bottom of the table; are f block elements in which interior f sublevel electrons are added with increasing atomic #.
Actinide series
Silver
Ag
Silver
Ag+
Aluminum
Al+3
Early chemists who were trying to make gold and find immortality
Alchemists
What is the Family name for group 1 (1A)?
Alkali Metal
Which elements have the lowest IONIZATION ENERGY
Alkali Metal
What is the family name for Group 1 (1A)?
Alkali Metal Family
Which family has the lowest electronegativity? Which element has the lowest electronegativity? Why?
Alkali Metals; Francium; bc they want to get rid of one so they can have a full outer shell
Which elements have the lowest ionization energy?
Alkali metals because it's easiest to take away an electron from them
What is the Family name for group 2 (2A)?
Alkaline Earth Metal
What is the family name for Group 2 (2A)?
Alkaline Earth Metal Family
What does the second law of thermodynamics state? What is the other name of this law?
All natural processes tend toward the highest ENTROPY and minimum USABLE ENERGY
What does the second law of Thermodynamics say?
All natural processes tend toward the highest entropy and the minimum usable energy.
A mixture of a metal with another element to produce special metallic properties.
Alloy
Mixture of a metal's atoms with another element. It has metallic properties.
Alloy
The positive particle which has the same composition as a He-4 nucleus. What is its symbol?
Alpha particle; α
Al
Aluminum
Know the correct procedure for preparing acid solutions. _ _ the _slowly to the _. Never pour _ into a _ acid.
Always add; acid; water; water; strong
Who developed the mole?
Amedeo Avogadro
Give an example of a compound that is not considered an Arrhenius base.
Ammonia (NH3), Methanol (CH3OH)
What is a valence electron?
An electron with an INCOMPLETE outershell
What does it mean to say that an electron's energy within an atom is quantized?
An electron's energy is considered to be quantized bc it charges in exact amounts. To change energy levels, an electron must emit or absorb the exact amount of energy required for that level
Tells which sublevel an electron is located in
Angular Momentum (Azimuthal QN)
Negatively charged ions
Anion
How does the size of an anion compare to the size of its neutral atom?
Anions are larger than their neutral atom. The additional electrons are generally added to the outer main energy level, resulting in a larger cloud.
Convert 975 mm to meters. Show set up
Answer: 0.975 m
The importance of the valence electrons is that they....
Are electrons that are most likely to be involved in chemical bonding (reactions)
Ar
Argon
A compound that has ionizable hydrogen
Arrhenius Acids
ionize to release hydrogen ions (H+) into aqueous solutions and bonds to a water molecule to form the hydronium ion (H3O+).
Arrhenius acids
Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-) into solutions.
Arrhenius bases
Arsenic
As
In terms of the atomic radius, what happens as the atomic number increases?
As the atomic number increases from left to right across a period, the outer shell electrons are held progressively tighter, and the average distance from the nucleus to the outer-shell electrons decreases.
arsenate
AsO4-3
A basic particle of matter that makes up the elements.
Atom
The neutral fundamental particle of elements
Atom
Given in 4 significant digits. Under the symbol.
Atomic mass
Model that is the foundation of present atomic theories.
Atomic model (Dalton)
At the top left of the cell. The number of protons
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus
Atomic number (Z)
What is the difference between an atom and an ion?
Atoms are ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL. This means that they have the same number of protons as electrons. Ions are CHARGED PARTICLES. If an
Gold
Au
Arrangement of electrons always starts with the lowest energy level and add one electron at a time.
Aufbau principle
always start with the lowest energy level and add one electron at a time. the arrangement of electrons in an atom is determined by adding electrons to an atom with a lower atomic number, that is, one with fewer electrons.
Aufbau principle
The volume of a gas, maintained at a constant temperature and pressure, is directly proportional to the number of mole of the gas
Avogadro's law
the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12
Avogadro's number
To which quantum numbers do the sublevel designations s,p,d, and f correspnd? Give the maximum electron capacity of each
Azimuthal QN; s=2 p=6 d=10 f=14
Boron
B
Borate
BO3-3
Dispose of broken glass in _ _ _. _ put broken glass in the _.
BROKEN GLASS RECPTACLE; Trash
Barium
Ba2+
Ba
Barium
Measures a basic dimension/ One of the seven units that measures a basic dimension from which all other metric dimensional units are derives
Base unit
Why is it impossible to find the exact location of an electron?
Bc they move quickly. They aren't stagnant
Beryllium
Be
What unit do we use to measure radiation?
Becquerel (Bq)
Who was the first professor of chemistry in the US?
Benjamin Rush
The negative particle. What is its symbol?
Beta Particle; β
Negatively charged radiation from an unstable nucleus. It is an electron being emitted from the nucleus
Beta particle
neutrons and protons in the nucleus
Beta particles
An acid with two elements
Binary compound
Bi
Bismuth
Bases turn red litmus paper _.
Blue
Developed the planetary model using spectroscopy to model the movement of electrons
Bohr
Used Spectrum studies
Bohr
What kind of orbitals are in the molecular bonding theory?
Bonding and antibonding orbitals
What are the six metalloids and their symbols?
Boron(B), Silicon(Si), Geranium(Ge), Arsenic(As), Antimony(Sb), and Tellurium(Te)
The state of matter that exists at temperature close to absolute zero.
Bose-Einstein condensate
_ atoms acquire _ valence electron that fills the _ in that particular orbital.
Both; another; vacancy
The volume of a dry gas is inversely related to the pressure if the temperature is held constant.
Boyle's Law
Bromine
Br
Bromide
Br-
Bromate
BrO3-
Who were famous alchemists?
Brahe, Newton, Boyle, and Bacon
A spectrum showing only certain colors or wavelengths of light; pattern of bright lines.
Bright Line spectrum
The random jiggling of microscopic matter that Brown observed is called what?
Browninan Motion
Substance that donates a proton; proton donor
Brønsted-Lowry Acid
Substance that accepts a proton
Brønsted-Lowry Base
The Brønsted-Lowry model encompasses _ Arrhenius acids and bases. What is the difference btw Brønsted-Lowry bases and Arrhenius bases?
Brønsted-Lowry bases expands the number of substances called bases bc it includes many substances with OH groups.
Be Cautious when using a _ _: a. _ _ should be __ _ to reduce the possibility of it catching on fire. b. _ _ _ dangling jewelry or _ clothing c. Glass stays _ _ _ _ _. If it is hot, let it _.
Bunsen Burner; Long hair; Tied back; DO NOT WEAR; Loose; HOT FOR A LONG TIME; COOL;
How do we know which element is more reactive?
By checking the reactivity series. The free element must be higher than the metal
How do you know the bond type?
By determining the difference in electronegativity btw the 2 elements
How have we studied atoms over the 1800's and 1900's before we finally developed means recently to actually see atoms.
By making MODELS of the atoms
How are we currently able to "see" atoms?
By using a technique called Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
Carbon
C
Which of the following statements is FALSE?: A. Always add acid slowly to water B. Never pour water into a strong acid C. Water can be added to strong acid if it is done quickly D. ALL THESE STATEMENTS ARE TRUE
C. Water can be added to a strong acid if it is done quickly
Acetate
C2H3O2−
Oxalate
C2O4-2
What is absolute zero in Celsius? What is in Kelvin?
C=-273.15, K=0
What is the formula for Celsius?
C=K-273.15
Give some examples of compounds that aren't considered Arrhenius Acids.
CH4 (methane gas)
Cyanide
CN-
carbonate
CO3-2
Calcium
Ca2+
Cd
Cadmium
Ca
Calcium
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius. To heat 1000 grams of water would take a _.
Calorie; kilocalorie
Read directions _. Follow directions _.
Carefully; precisely
What apparatus did Thomson use to make his discovery?
Cathode ray tube
Emissions from the cathode/ The stream of electrons emitted from the cathode in a cathode-ray tube.
Cathode rays
An atom that has lost one or more electrons
Cation
How does the size of a cation compare to the size of its neutral ion? Why?
Cations-positive ions- are smaller than their parent atoms because they have fewer electrons than the fixed positive nuclear charge. In many cases, the entire outer shell or principal energy level is lost. (Lose outer shell electrons)
Uses two reference points to anchor the temperature scale
Celsius
Discovered the missing mass in an atom and named particle, the neutron
Chadwick
Discovered Neutron.
Chadwick (1937)
Who discovered the neutron? When?
Chadwick in 1932
when the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the temperature in kelvins and the volume are directly proportional
Charles's Law
Which law deals with temperature and volume?
Charles's law
natural linking with other atoms to rearrange electrons for maximum stability
Chemical bond
Metal rusting
Chemical change
Which change is described? "The positions and chemical bonds of the particles change."
Chemical change
A change in the composition of the particles of a material that alters the identity of the material.
Chemical change.
Changes in the identity of a material- changes that result in a different material with a different composition and properties.
Chemical changes
What kind of change are these examples of? Metal rusting, oil burning, wood rotting, food digesting, RUSTING, BURNING, DECOMPOSITION, DIGESTION, PRECIPITANT/PRECIPITATE
Chemical changes
Used to represent the millions of kinds of molecules or formula units that make up compounds.
Chemical formulas
Describe how matter acts in the presence of other materials or how it changes composition when sufficient energy is added to it.
Chemical properties (of matter)
a one-, two-, or 3- letter representation of the element's name. The _ letter of an element's symbol is _ capitalized and the _ letter is _ lowercased.
Chemical symbol; 1st ALWAYS; 2nd,always
Handle _ carefully, Check the labels of all bottles _ removing the contents. Read the labels _ _: - you pick up the container, _ the container is in your _, and when you put the bottle _.
Chemicals; BEFORE; THREE TIMES; before, when, hand, back
List the 7 diatomic elements.
Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Bromine, Iodine, Fluorine
List the seven diatomic elements
Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Bromine, Iodine, Fluorine
List the seven diatomic elements.
Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Bromine, Iodine, Fluorine
Chlorine
Cl
Chloride
Cl-
Hypochlorite
ClO-1
Chlorate
ClO3-
After completing an experiment, _ and _ your equipment.
Clean and put away
Cobalt (III)
Co+3
Cobalt (II)
Co2+
Co
Cobalt
He (Jesus) is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation. For by Him all things were created... and in Him all things consist.
Colossians 1:15-17
A gas law that combines Boyle's law, Charles's Law, and Gay-Lussac's law, where temperature, pressure, and volume are constant.
Combined Gas law
Pure substances that consist of two or more elements chemically combined
Compounds
What are the changes of common states of matter?
Condensation, Vaporization, Freezing, Melting, Sublimation, Deposition
A complete visual spectrum with no frequency gaps; emitted only by an ideal luminous object
Continuous spectrum
Gas particles are in _, _, and _ motion.
Continuous, rapid, random
a fraction that contains both the original unit and its equivalent value in a new unit
Conversion factor
Cu
Copper
Atoms with similar electronegativities SHARE electrons to meet the octet rule.
Covalent bonds
It takes little energy to separate the molecules in this compound.
Covalent compound
Chromium
Cr
Chromium (III)
Cr+3
Dichromate
Cr2O7-2
Chromate
CrO4-2
Cesium
Cs
Copper(I)
Cu+
Copper (II)
Cu2+
Calculated the masses of Atoms of the elements.
Dalton
Developed the 1st atomic theory
Dalton
Formed the 1st Atomic theory using the law of Definite Composition
Dalton
Theorized that an atom was a solid indivisible, indestructible particle
Dalton
The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures
Dalton's law of partial pressures
Model changed from solid (__________________), and plum pudding (__________________) to _ WITH _, _ NUCLEUS and mostly _ _ where the electrons move. Year was _. _ were discovered. Atomic number for elements. (_).
Dalton; J.J. Thompson; atom; small positive, empty space; 1909; protons; Z
Who 1st recognized nitrogen as an element?
Daniel Rutherford
Developed the Quantum model
De Broglie
Quantum model
De Broglie and others;
SD Rule 4: _ _ define significant zero.
Decimal points
Proceeds from general statements called premises to a specific conclusion./ Arguments from general accepted statements called premises to more specific conclusions. It proves a conclusion to be true is the premises are true
Deductive Reasoning
1st who used the word "atomos" to refer to the smallest, indivisible, and indestructible particle of matter
Democritus
Who was the first to state that matter is made up of separate, discrete particles?
Democritus
first came up with the idea of a particle so small it could not be divided any more. At what approximate time was this idea developed?
Democritus; 400 BC;
List 7 properties that would be called physical properties
Density, ductility, conductivity, color, texture, odor, taste, malleability
Gases have a low _. It is _ _ (_/_) that of a liquid or solid.
Density; one-thousandth; (1/1000)
What is the formula for Density?
Density=Mass/Volume
The change from a gas directly to the solid state
Deposition
What is an element that whose atoms naturally bond into two-atom units? Give an example.
Diatomic element; Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine
Any measurable property of the physical universe such as length, mass, volume, time, and electrical charge.
Dimension
Two aqueous ionic compounds that switch partners.
Double replacement reaction
One of the 1st scientists to discover similar properties of elements
Döbereiner
Who is associated with triads?
Döbereiner
Who is the concept of periodicity associated with?
Döbereiner
What is the 4th Quantum number?
ELECTRON-SPIN Quantum number
Ancient chemistry was practiced by the _,_,_, and even the _. It included a strong sense of _.
Egyptians, Romans, Arabs, and Europeans, superstition
the amount of energy required (or given off) when an atom RECEIVES an electron.
Electron Affinity
The number and location of electrons in each occupied energy level in the neutral atom; listed below atomic mass
Electron configuration
gives the direction of the spin of the orbital pair of electrons.
Electron-Spin QN
Explains how metal atoms bond together and also explains why metals have such unique properties
Electron-sea theory/ free-electron theory
The attraction of a nucleus for its valence electron
Electronegativity
a pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary CHEMICAL means.
Element (118 of them)
List two examples of a pure substance.
Element and compound
What are the two types of pure substances?
Elements and Compounds
tell what elements are present and give the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in the compound
Empirical formula(s)
Energy or heat TAKEN IN during a reaction. Surroundings COOL OFF as energy is taken in.
Endothermic
The ability to do work.
Energy
The ability to do work. Measured in joules.
Energy
Einstein predicted the equivalence of _ and _ with his famous equation, E=mc2, which relates _ (E) to the _ of _ (m) by the _ of _(c) squared.
Energy and matter; energy, mass of matter; speed of light
What does the First Law of Thermodynamics say?
Energy is not created or destroyed in reactions, but can be changed from one form to another.
What country were both Dalton and Thomson from?
England
The disorder of a system or the dispersal of energy.
Entropy
The measure of the dispersal of energy. What is an example of this?
Entropy; diffusion
Experimented shooting alpha particles (positive charged particles) at Gold foil.
Ernest Rutherford
What was the matter that makes up the physical universe created out of? Who created it?
Ex Nihilo (out of nothing); God
_ atoms _ _ _ (p. 86) of _ energy that can be seen or detected as electrons _ to _ state
Excited; give off PHOTONS; QUANTIZED; return; ground
Energy or heat GIVEN OFF during a reaction. Surrounding gets warmer of HOT. Can also give off light.
Exothermic
Give an example of an exothermic reaction. Give an example of an endothermic reaction.
Exothermic- Zinc+ Hydrochloric acid/ lighting a match Endothermic- Ammonium Chloride
A way to observe a natural process, sometimes under controlled conditions, so that a scientist can know if the hypothesis is right or wrong.
Experiment
True or False. A molecule displaying resonance does oscillate between two (or more) possible electron configurations.
False
A triatomic molecule is always linear.
False; A diatomic molecule is always linear. This because there is no polarity.
Pi bonds are stronger than sigma bonds. (T or F).
False;Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds because the region of highest electron density lies on the bond axis.
Iron
Fe
Iron (III)
Fe+3
Iron (II)
Fe2+
Who used the atomic model when he participated in the Manhattan Project, the secret project that developed the atomic bomb.
Feynman
Energy is not created or destroyed in reactions, but can be changed from one form to another
First law of thermodynamics
Energy is not created or destroyed in reactions, but can be changed from one form to another
First law of thermodynamics; Law of conservation of mass-energy
F
Fluorine
Which element has the highest electronegativity?
Fluorine
Which element in the halogen fam gives off the most energy?
Fluorine
What elements have the highest electronegativity?
Fluorine, Oxygen, and Chlorine
The ratio of cations to anions needed to achieve neutrality that determines the chemical formula for the compound.
Formula units
Which element has the lowest electronegativity?
Francium
What elements have the lowest electronegativity?
Francium (Fr), Cesium(Cs), and Rubidium (Rb)
Radioactive decay that has no mass or charge. It is a type of electromagnetic wave with high penetration
Gamma
Which has the greatest penetrating power?
Gamma rays
List the seven parts of the Electromagnetic spectrum
Gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, InfraRed, microwaves, radio waves
Not a particle but a form or electromagnetic radiation. What is its symbol?
Gamma rays;γ
When a liquid particles have enough velocity to escape from their partners
Gas
We live in what kind of solution? ---(Air)
Gas-gas
Particles far apart
Gases
Pressure is directly proportional to temperature in kelvins for a fixed mass of gas held in a constant volume
Gay-Lussac's Law
What instrument do we use to measure radiation?
Geiger counter
Name the reference and fill in the blanks.......... In the _ _ _ the heavens and the earth.
Genesis 1:1; Beginning God created
Who gave the negatively charged particles that Thompson observed the name "electron?"
George Johnstone Stoney
Genesis 1:1 says, "In the beginning _ _ the heavens and the earth."
God created
Genesis 1:1 states, in the beginning _ _ the heavens and the earth.
God created
states that the rate of effusion for a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.
Graham's law of effusion
indicates how many atoms of each element are in a binary covalent compound.
Greek prefix system
An atom that has all its electrons in their lowest energy state.
Ground state
Hydrogen
H
Hydrogen
H+
Hydride
H-1
A chemical formula that shows the exact number of atoms in the formula of a compound/ of a molecule; used for covalent compounds
Molecular formula
Used for covalent compounds
Molecular formula
What is the difference between the molecular formula for a covalent compound and formula units for an ionic compound?
Molecular formula indicates the EXACT # of atoms in a molecule. Formula units shows the ratio of the # of atoms (ions) in a crystal
Which theory can be used to predict if a bond will form between two atoms?
Molecular orbital theory
suggests that the orbitals of a molecule's atoms are replaced by totally new orbitals when a molecule forms
Molecular orbital theory
A bonding property where atoms take on an intermediate character or shape
Molecular resonance
Distinct groups of atoms bonded together
Molecules
What is an element that occurs naturally as individual atoms? Name an example.
Monatomic element- noble gases (Neon, Argon, Xenon)
For single replacement reactions, the _ _ _ can replace another element in a compound.
More Reactive Metal
the micro prefix symbol is _.
Mu
Nitrogen
N
Nitride
N-3
What is the acronym for the -3 anions?
NAPPB
How do you find the number of protons, neutrons and electrons?
NEUTRONS: Subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass. To find the number of neutrons, you will need to subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass. PROTONS AND ELECTRONS: the atomic number is the same as the number of protons and the number of electrons is the same
_ _ chemicals. DO NOT _ OR _ while at the lab bench. Do not eat or drink out of _ _.
NEVER TASTE; EAT DRINK, LAB GLASSWARE
Amide
NH2-
Ammonium
NH4+
Is there one standard form of the scientific method?
NO
Nitrite
NO2-
Nitrate
NO3-
Sodium
Na
Sodium
Na+
How many atoms of each element are in the following formula? *Write in the formula
Na=16; S=8; O=32
What compounds are considered Arrhenius bases?
NaOH, Mg(OH), Al(OH)
Appears right about the element's symbol
Name
Ne
Neon
Explain how atoms can be electrically neutral even though they contain charged particles.
Neutral atoms contain the same number of protons as electrons
A reaction between a (strong) acid and a (strong) base in an aqueous solution that produces a salt and water.
Neutralization
Who are the octaves associated with?
Newlands
Who saw a correlation between music and science?
Newlands
Nickel
Ni
Nickel (II)
Ni2+
Developed Planetary model. When?
Niels Bohr 1913
What are the anions in the acronym NAPPB?
Nitride, arsenate, Phosphate, phosphide, borate
Are hydrogen-containing compounds always Arrhenius acids?
No
Can the kinetic-molecular theory exactly describe the behavior of most gases?
No
Does DI have ions?
No
Will acids or bases conduct electricity without being in solution?
No
What does the Pauli exclusion principle say?
No two electrons can have the exact set of Quantum numbers. Could have the same n value, same l value, same m value, but the spin has to be different.
Do all bases produce color change in red litmus paper?
No, the weaker ones may not
Are compounds with OH groups always considered Arrhenius bases? Why or why not?
No; Some do not have an OH group
Was Mendeleev's idea accepted right away? What was the turning point?
No; When gallium, one of the missing elements, was discovered
What is the family name for group 18(8A)?
Noble Gas (Inert Gas)
What is the family name for Group 18 (8A)?
Noble Gas Family
Which elements have the highest IONIZATION ENERGY?
Noble gas
Which elements have the highest ionization energy?
Noble gas
Which elements do not want another electron?
Noble gases bc they already have a full outer shell/outet
The class of element that the atoms on the right side of the periodic chart represent.
Nonmetal
A covalent bond where there is an even attraction of the shared electrons.
Nonpolar
A convention that contains a combination of arabic numerals and letter that are placed above to indicate the valence electrons of the elements in each column.
North American Convention
_ your teacher _ of problems (__, _, _ ,etc.) Report any damaged _.
Notify, immediately, burn, spill, cut, equipment
The spontaneous emission of rays and particles from the nucleus of unstable atoms
Nuclear radiation
very small/ central, dense region of an atom
Nucleus
Oxygen
O
Oxide
O-2
Peroxide
O2-2
Hydroxide
OH-
what are the three main ways we write out the electron arrangement for an element?
ORBITAL NOTATION, ELECTRON CONFIGURATION NOTATION, and ELECTRON DOT.
In all cases, atoms are trying to attain the stability of having a full outer shell or 8 electrons.
Octet Rule
The probable location of an atom. Each can hold a pair of electrons
Orbital
What does ex nihilo mean? what language is it?
Out of nothing; Latin
The number of electrons an atom in a compound must gain or lose to return to its neutral state
Oxidation number/oxidation state
Rule 1: The _ of a _ (uncombined) element is _.
Oxidation; free; zero
What is the equation for Dalton's law of partial pressures?
P(total)=PO2+PH2O
Phosphide
P-3
What is the equation for Gay-Lussac's Law?
P1/T1=P2/T2
What is the equation for the combined gas law?
P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2
What is the equation for Boyle's Law?
P1V1=P2V2
P
PHOSPHORUS
Phosphate
PO4-3
No two electrons can have the exact set of Quantum numbers. Could have the same n value, same l value, same m value, but the spin has to be different.
Pauli exclusion principle
Lead
Pb
Lead (IV)
Pb+4
Lead (II)
Pb2+
After a scientist has experimented or conducted a survey, he must formulate his results and have his work examined by other experts in the _ _ process.
Peer review
The lanthanide series is part of which period?
Period 6
grouping elements into families with similar properties/exists when some measurable property repeats on a regular basis in a sequential list or time sequence.
Periodicity
Only 1 type of matter (compound or element)
Pure substance
Matter can be divided into what two categories based on its physical and chemical properties?
Pure substances and mixtures
What are the two major categories of matter? What do we use to describe these?
Pure substances(elements and compounds) and mixtures; physical and chemical properties
_ or _ _ bonds would exist for any of the _ elements bc they have the _ attraction for electrons.
Pure; Nonpolar covalent; diatomic; same
This is the shape of a molecule with 4 atoms. The central atom is from 5A, so it will have an unshared pair of electrons causing this shape.
Pyramidal
You must work _ during lab. (_ or _ talk)
QUIETLY,Whisper soft
Observations, such as texture or color, that use numerical data/ Data in the form of words used to describe something
Qualitative data
Data that is in the form of numbers resulting from measurements
Quantitative
Observations, such as weight or mass, that use numerical data/Data in the form of numbers determined through measuring
Quantitative data
What is the current model?
Quantum Model
What is the current model?
Quantum model
solutions to various wave equations scientists use to describe energy, momentum, and probable location.
Quantum numbers
A high-temperature state of matter that forms when nuclear collide with such energy that their protons and neutrons are broken down into a "soup" of particles Quark gluons
Quark gluon plasma
Arguments that begin with known facts and proceed to an unknown general conclusion./ Proceeds from known data to an unknown general conclusion. It shows a conclusion is likely
Inductive Reasoning
The sum of the potential and kinetic energies of its component particles
Internal energy
What does IUPAC stand for?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The convention of numbering groups from 1-18.
International Union of Pure and applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
How does temperature affect liquid-gas solution solubility?
Inversely proportional; If there is an increase in temperature, the solubility will decrease.
Transfer of valence electrons
Ionic
Which type of bond is a TRANSFER of valence electrons?
Ionic
What are the 4 types of chemical bonds?
Ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen
the energy required for an atom to lose an electron (to remove an electron)
Ionization Energy
The energy required to remove an electron from the outermost shell of an atom
Ionization energy
Atoms of the same element with different mass
Isotope
describe the isotope of an atom. GIve two ways it can be represented.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different mass or different number of neutrons. An isotope can be written with symbol followed by mass number or isotopic notation preceded by the mass number in superscript and atomic number ins subscript.
What happens to the ionization energies of the elements as you go down a group? Why?
It decreases as you go down a group because the electrons are farther and farther away from the nucleus and it makes it easier to take them away.
How does electron affinity vary as you go down a group? Why?
It decreases because the electrons are getting farther and farther away from the nucleus and there's less pull.
What happens to the atomic radius as you go across a period from left to right?
It decreases because the nucleus of the atom gains protons moving from left to right, increasing the positive charge of the nucleus and increasing the attractive force of the nucleus upon the electrons.
Why are some processes endothermic while others are exothermic?
It depends on the balance of how much it takes to separate versus how much attractive force is present
How does an ion become negatively charged?
It gains an electron
What happens to the atomic radius as you go down a group? Why?
It increases because another principal energy level is added with each subsequent period. It goes to higher and higher energy levels.
How does ionization energy vary as you go across a period from left to right?
It increases because the element is closer to getting an octet or full outer shell.
How does electron affinity vary as you go across a period? Why?
It increases because there's a stronger attraction for electrons and the element is getting closer to having an octet.
What does the third law of thermodynamics state?
It is impossible to reach absolute zero, so this reference point is unattainable
Is an ionic bond strong or weak? Why? Do the elements have high or low melting points?
It is strong because it is held together by the oppositely charged ions. High melting points
What does the bright line spectrum allow us to know?
It lets us know/calculate where an electron is located (electron's address)
how does an ion become positively charged?
It loses an electron
Why was the discovery of the neutron difficult? why was it important for the development of the atomic model?
It was difficult since the neutron was not a charged particle and could be deflected in a magnetic field or charged plate like the electron, proton, and alpha particles. It explained isotopes.
Acid: If the metal is more active than the hydrogen, what will happen?
It will replace the hydrogen ion of the acid, liberating diatomic hydrogen
Who came up with the plum pudding model and has electrons and protons associated with their name?
J.J. Thompson
Who explained cathode rays and said that they traveled in straight lines,unaffected by gravity?
J.J. Thompson
Who discovered that a negatively charged particle could be separated from the atom (electron)? When?
J.J. Thompson 1897
Thought the atom was a solid particle.
John Dalton
The SI unit that measures the work, energy, or heat in a system.
Joule
What is the SI unit used to measure work, heat, or energy?
Joule
What is the SI unit for the measuring of heat?
Joule, but we use the calorie or Kilocalorie in chemistry
What is energy is energy measure in?
Joules
Potassium
K
Potassium
K+
What is the formula for kinetic energy? Add Here! What do these variables mean?
K=1/2mv; (m): the mass of a system; (v)= velocity of a system
What is the formula for Kelvin?
K=C+273.15
What is the formula to convert from Celsius to Kelvin? Kelvin to Celsius?
K=C+273.15 C=K-273.15
Which SI unit goes to density?
KG/M3
A temperature scale proposed in the 1880s that consists of only positive temperature values
Kelvin
Which SI unit goes to temperature?
Kelvin
What are the Kelvin and Celsius values for absolute zero?
Kelvin: 0 Celsius: -273.15
The energy of motion
Kinetic energy
Explains that the behavior of gases, such as in a helium-filled balloon, based on the motion of particles
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
A theory stating that the particles of matter are in constant motion, affecting the properties of matter
Kinetic-molecular theory
Kr
Krypton
Filling the "f" sublevels; at the bottom of the table immediately after lanthanum.
Lanthanide series
For some elements that were known in ancient times, their _ names serve as the basis for their symbols.
Latin
Who was the first to use the word element?
Lavoisier
The law that states that "every compound is formed of elements combined in specific ratios by mass that are unique for that compound."
Law of Definite Composition
under equivalent conditions, the volumes of reacting gases and their gaseous products are expressed in ratios of small whole numbers
Law of combining volumes
What do Lewis structures show and what do they not show? Why is this significant?
Lewis structures show the bonds between atoms but they tell nothing about the 3-dimensional shape of the molecule. This is significant bc the shape determines many of a molecules chemical and physical properties.
Lithium
Li
Lithium
Li+
Name 3 strong bases.
LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH,CsOh, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2
How did observations of line spectra lead to conclusions that the energy given off by excited atoms is quantized?
Lines in emission spectra are indications of the release of specific amount of energy. Once Bohr realized that electrons emitted light when dropping from high energy state to lower, he found that the energy was released in discrete amounts (wavelengths) that could be observed.
Developed the concept of electronegativity
Linus Pauling
Who was first chemist to quantify electronegativity?
Linus Pauling
Particles close, but can move around and past each other.
Liquid
List the four states of matter
Liquid, solid, gas, plasma
Pressure affects the solubility of what kind of solution? Who's law is says this?
Liquid-Solid; Pressure is directly proportional to the partial pressures of the gases above solutions-Henry's Law
So n = 1 _ energy level _ to the nucleus has (l =1) sublevel which is the "_" sublevel. It is called _. ALL ENERGY LEVELS WILL HAVE AN _ SUBLEVEL AS YOU assign the _ of electrons. The "_" value for all s sublevel is a _ orbital. It can hold _ pair of electrons.
Lowest; closest; "s"; 1s. s; position; "m"; spherical;one
Safety glasses _ _ be worn when at lab benches.
MUST ALWAYS
Its symbol is the letter "m"
Magnetic QN
Tells the axis or orientation of orbital
Magnetic QN
Mn
Manganese
This is the sum of number of protons plus number of neutrons
Mass number
What is the symbol for mass number? Atomic number?
Mass number (A) atomic number (Z)
Name the masses of the subatomic particles. This is a _ to _ ratio
Mass of the proton 1.673 x 10-27 kg Mass of neutron 1.675 x 10-27 kg Mass of electron 9.11 x 10-31 kg charge to mass ratio
What does the first law of thermodynamics state? What is it called?
Matter and Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form into another; The law of conservation of mass-energy
The act of comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit
Measurement
Energy possessed by objects that are moving or have the potential to move
Mechanical energy
What are the six most common forms of energy?
Mechanical, acoustic/sound, thermal, electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear
A physical change from the solid state to the liquid state
Melting
Developed the modern periodic table
Mendeleev
Who created the periodic table with "blanks" or "gaps?"
Mendeleev
Who developed the modern periodic table
Mendeleev
Who developed the modern periodic table?
Mendeleev
Who found that the physical and chemical properties of elements kept reoccurring when he arranged the elements in increasing atomic mass order?
Mendeleev
Who included transition metals in their table?
Mendeleev
Who recognized elements that hadn't been discovered yet?
Mendeleev
Who was the first to use atomic WEIGHT.
Mendeleev
Atoms with low electron affinities w/ only a few loosely held valence electrons that share many atoms. (Ik this doesn't make sense but this is how he worded it.)
Metallic bonds
Which bond type makes for good conductors?
Metallic bonds
What do metallic carbonates decompose into?
Metallic carbonate= metallic oxide+ carbon dioxide
What do Metallic hydroxides decompose into?
Metallic hydroxides=metallic oxide+Water
Ionic Bond: _ atom with a low _ (high electron affinity), _ an electron (becomes a _) to a _ (with a high _) _ the electron (becoming an _).
Metallic;electronegativity; loses; cation; nonmetal; electronegativity; gains; anion
Elements that have both metallic and nonmetallic properties.
Metalloid
What is to the left of the line of separation?
Metals
Magnesium
Mg
Magnesium
Mg2+
The formula for the compound formed when Magnesium combines with chlorine is what?
MgCl2
one thousandth (0.001)
Milli-
Material that can be separated into two or more pure substances by physical changes
Mixture
Permanganate
MnO4-1
How did we study atoms before?
Models
What kind(s) of motion do liquids have?
ROTATIONAL and vibrational
Which type of bond is the strongest? Why?
Sigma bonds are the strongest type of bond bc the region of highest electron probability lies on the bond axis
the digits are known for certain plus one estimated digit
Significant digits (SDs)
Si
Silicon
Who first isolated the elements in the alkali metals family?
Sir Henry Davy
The British doctor who used reasoning to learn about how people get malaria
Sir Ronald Ross
Tin
Sn
Tin (IV)
Sn+4
Tin (II)
Sn2+
Why do atoms form chemical bonds?
So that they can achieve MAXIMUM STABILITY
Give an example of a base.
Soap
A uniform mixture of solid particles suspended in a liquid or gas.
Suspension
A portion of the universe under study
System
What does SI mean?
System International
The modern metric system
Systéme International d'Unités/ French for the International System of Units
What kind(s) of motion do gases have?
TRANSLATIONAL, vibrational, rotational
A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in matter/ Measure of "hotness" or "coldness'
Temperature
The idea that matter was made of atoms rose from what culture?
The Greek
tells the axis or spatial orientation of the orbitals within the atom.
The Magnetic Quantum number (m)
What does the pH value describe?
The acidity or alkalinity of a solution
What is an example of a model that models the world and is faithful to the Bible?
The catastrophic plate tectonics model. It models how the earth's surface changed very quickly after the Flood.
What does the dipole moment describe?
The magnitude and direction of molecular polarity
What is the pH of a solution?
The negative logarithm of the molar hydronium ion concentration
If a bond is polar, which atom is positive and which is negative
The one with the HIGHEST ELECTRONEGATIVITY or is the closest to achieving an octet is the negative one. The positive one is the one with the lower electronegativity.
If a bond is polar, which atom is positive and which is negative.
The one with the HIGHEST ELECTRONEGATIVITY or is the closest to achieving an octet is the negative one. The positive one is the one with the lower electronegativity.
Which are the strongest bases?
The ones with the hydroxide ion
Brønsted-Lowry bases experience protonation. What is that?
The process of gaining a proton
Brønsted-Lowry acids experience deprotonation. What is that?
The process of losing a proton
What is chemistry?
The study of matter and the changes it undergoes
an overarching explanation of scientific observations (phenomenon)/ An idea that has consistently been tested over time that explains a certain phenomenon
Theories
The theory that electron orbitals in molecules are arranged so that they are as far apart as possible around the central atom bc of electron repulsion
VSEPR theory
Two elements form a bond when they share two unpaired, oppositely spinning electrons. The orbitals containing the shared orbitals overlap.
Valence Bond theory
The concept that covalent bonds are formed when orbitals of different atoms overlap.
Valence bond theory
Electrons in the outermost energy level
Valence electrons
What kind(s) of motion do solids have?
Vibrational
What is the Non-SI Unit to know? What is its unit and symbol?
Volume- liter- L
When checking for an odor, _ odors _ you
Waft, toward
Why is the metric system used?
We needed a standardized measurement system for around the world
When can electrolytes cause water to conduct electricity?
When they're in solution
what is something that chemical equations do not tell?
Whether or not a reaction goes to completion and how a reaction occurs
If any of you lacks _. He should ask God who gives generously to all.
Wisdom
John 1:1-3 says, "In the beginning was the _."
Word
Name the reference and fill in the blanks...... In the beginning was the _, and the _ was with _ and the Word _ God. _ was with _ in the _. _ _ _ _ were _: _ Him _ was made that has been made.
Word, word,God, was, He, God, beginning, Through HIm all things were made, without nothing; John 1:1-3
What is the symbol for the atomic number?
Z
Zinc
Zn
Zinc
Zn2+
Every acid is what? What effect does polarity have on the strength of acids?
a polar covalent compound; The more polarity, the stronger the acid
Is a potassium atom or a potassium cation larger?
a potassium atom
The amount of water in the crystal is denoted by what?
a raised dot
What is a model?
a tool that simplifies something in the world to explain, describe, or represent it
A. How many orbitals are in an s sublevel? B. How many are in a d sublevel? C. How many are in the second principal energy level? D. How many are in the fourth energy principal level?
a. 1 orbital b. d=5 c. 4 d. 16
Describe the discoveries or advancements that made each of these atomic models obsolete: a. Dalton's model, b. Plum pudding model, c. nuclear model, d. planetary model
a. Dalton's model of the indivisible atom had to be modified when it was discovered that the atom contained at least one smaller particle by JJ Thomson b. Plum pudding model didn't fit when RUtherford found that the nucleus was a very small and dense positive-charged, massive nucleus. c. Rutherford's atom didnt account for what the electrons were doing around the nucleuss. Bohr's work demonstrated that electrons' orbitals were quantized at only certain allowed distances d. Quantum model established that electrons were both particles and waves that they occupied 3-dimensional volume of space and didnt orbit in a plane.
1. Briefly describe each of the following atomic models. a. Dalton's model, b. plum pudding model, c. nuclear model, d. Bohr's model, e. quantum model
a. Dalton's model, solid particle, spheres having their own properties b. Thompson's model consists of two negative electrons scattered with positive charged material c. Nuclear model was Rutherford's atom contained an extremely tiny,positively charged nucleus, which held the majority of the mass of the atom. Electrons were arranged around the atom d. Bohr's model consisted of a nucleus orbited by a particle-like electron that could orbit at only certain allowed distances from the nucleus e. The quantum model describes the atom as a nucleus surrounded by indistinct regions where wavelike electrons have a high probability of existing
Know the locations and use of the following safety equipment. (a,b,c,d)
a. Fire extinguisher b. eyewash c. safety shower d. fire blanket
The numerator of the fraction lies within _ _ signs. Written this way, the percent error is _ positive and is more properly called the _ _ _.
absolute value; always; absolute percent error
The theoretical temperature where molecular motion is at a minimum
absolute zero
This indicates the closeness a measured value is to an accepted or actual value
accuracy
a numerical evaluation of how close the measured value is to the actual or accepted value of the dimension measured.
accuracy
Name some weak acids
acetic, lactic, carbonic, citric
How do you peform the proper technique for preparing an acid solution?
acid to water!!!!! NEVER water to acid!!!!!!!!
In self-ionization of water, one molecule acts as an _ and one acts as a _.
acid; base
covalent compounds whose formulas usually begin with hydrogen
acids
Binary (two-element) covalent compounds that are not _ are named using a system of _ _.
acids; Greek prefixes
Rule 3: The _ _ of the oxidation number of _ atoms in a _ must be _.
algebraic sum; all; compound; zero
Rule 5: The _ _ of the oxidation numbers of _ the atoms in a _ _ is _ to its _.
algebraic sum; all; polyatomic ion; equal; charge
Positively charged radiation that has the same composition as a He-4 nucleus
alpha particle
The nucleus of the helium atom produced as the byproduct of a nuclear decay process
alpha particle
Which has the least penetrating power?
alpha particles
positively charged particles
alpha particles
Safety glasses must _ be worn when at the lab benches
always
WHat is Aufbau principle?
always start with the lowest energy level and add one electron at a time.
What are the only positive polyatomic ions?
ammonium ion (NH4+) and the mercurous ion
Substance that can act as both a Brønsted-Lowry acid and a Brønsted-Lowry base.
amphoteric
Atomic mass of an element is the mass in what?
amu (atomic mass units)
The atomic weights for the elements on the chart have what units? What does it stand for?
amu (or "u"); unified atomic mass units
What are the two parts that a measurement consists of?
an number and a unit
What is the symbol for gases if they are a product?
an upward arrow in parenthesis
A nondigital metric instrument that measures by comparing an object or phenomenon directly to a scale.
analog instrument
When you use an _ (nondigital) metric instrument, you should _ the measurement to the nearest _ of the smallest _ _ on the instrument's scale.
analog; estimate; tenth; decimal subdivision
In order to identify the dehydrated form of a compound as distinguished from hydrates, the term _ is used.
anhydrous
Has no water of crystallization
anhydrous compound
compound that has no water in its crystalline structure
anhydrous compound
An atom that has gained one or more electrons
anion
Negatively charged ion
anion
What is matter?
anything that takes up space and mass
explores natural products and processes for specific applications
applied science
separates the reactants from the products and shows the direction of the reaction
arrow
shows that a reaction has occurred; can read this symbol as "reacts to produce" or"yields"
arrow
How is precision expressed?
as absolute deviation or relative deviation
what is hund's rule?
as electrons fill p, d, f sublevel all orbitals must receive one electron with the same spin before they begin to pair up.
smallest particle capable of chemical reactions
atom
The number of particles: Mass in grams = _.
atomic mass
The _ _ is a part of the foundation of modern chemistry.
atomic model
The number of protons in the nucleus
atomic number
the number of protons in an element
atomic number (Z)
mass of atoms in an element (under chemical symbol?)
atomic weight
What was the name of the masses that Dalton calculated?
atomic weight.
The neutral fundamental particle of elements are called _.
atoms
5. The _ _ _ of the gas particles is _ _ to the _ of gas in _.
average kinetic energy; directly proportional; temperature; kelvins
indicates the sublevel of the electrons.
azimuthal QN
chemical equations that follow the law of mass conservation
balanced chemical equations
Atmospheric pressure is measured with a _.
barometer
These would include meter, kilogram, second, etc.
base unit
Why is bridge notation called bridge notation?
bc it looks likes a trestle bridge
Why are valence electrons important?
bc they're the only ones involved in chemical reactions
radioactive decay derived unit
becquerel
Both _ and _ shapes are _ and so always produce _ molecules.
bent; pyramidal; polar
Where are bonding orbitals located? When do antibonding orbitals form?
between the nuclei; when atomic orbitals combine in an unfavorable manner.
Atomic radii go from _ to _ as u move from left to right across a period.
big to small
acids consisting of hydrogen and one other nonmetal
binary acids
Are named after the two ions involved.
binary ionic compounds
two-element compounds consisting of a metal and nonmetal
binary ionic compounds
How do bases taste?
bitter
A region of high electron density that forms on a line connecting two nuclei
bond axis
When two bonding orbitals are superimposed, the overlapping space containing both electrons becomes available to _ _.
both nuclei
Name three alloys
brass, bronze, steel
A special notation for multiplying and dividing several measurements together at the same time
bridge notation
What let's us know the electron's address?
bright line spectrum
a solution of weak conjugate acid pairs
buffer
solutions that resist pH changes
buffers
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius
calorie
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water to 1 degrees Celsius
calorie
The amount of heat transfer required to change the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius.
calorie (cal)
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius is called a _. to heat 1000 grams of water would take a_.
calorie; kilocalorie
Math Rule 3: The product or quotient of measured data _ have more _ _s than the _ with the fewest SDs.
cannot; SDs; quantity
substances that change the rate of the reaction but do not undergo permanent changes themselves
catalysts
Positively charged ions
cation
a positively charged ion
cation
For binary ionic compounds, the name of the _ appears first, followed by the name of the _.
cation; anion
one hundredth (0.01)
centi-
Is metal rusting a chemical or physical change?
chemical
Gasoline burning
chemical change
Ice melting
chemical change
Metal rusting
chemical change
Water decomposing into hydrogen and oxygen
chemical change
gasoline burning
chemical change
When iron RUSTS, it undergoes a _ _. The iron particles combine with oxygen particles to form _. Not only is _ a new _ totally different from oxygen or iron, but it also had a different _ _.
chemical change; rust; rust; substance; physical appearance.
an expression that represents the reactants and products in a chemical reaction by using chemical formulas, symbols, and numerical coefficients
chemical equations
can change one element to another
chemical reaction
The study of matter and the changes it undergoes
chemistry
After completing an activity, _ and _ _ your _. Clean your _ _. _ your _ before you leave the room.
clean and put away your equipment; work area; Wash your hands
Standard-sized number in front of a chemical formula
coefficient
In the formula, 5H2SO4, the four would be called a _. The five would be called a _. How many of each element are there?
coefficient; subscript; H=10, S=5; O= 20
tell them how many atoms, ions, molecules, or formula units are present
coefficients
In a balanced equation, the _ give us the _ _ of chemicals in a reaction
coefficients; mole ratio
A physical property of a solution that depends only on the number of solute particles present without regard to type
colligative properties
A mixture of small particles (between 1 and 1000 nm in size) that remain dispersed in a medium.
colloids
List the six properties that would be called physical properties
color, conductivity, density, ductility, texture, odor
Two or more elements that have been chemically combined
compound
Two or more elements that have been chemically combined.
compound
Math Rule 5: In _ calculations, do not _ off at the _ steps.
compound, round, intermediate
The Law of Definite Composition states that every _ is formed of elements combined in specific ratios by _ that are unique for that compound.
compound; Mass
Fill in the blank and name the law. Also name the person associated with it. Every _ is formed of _ combined in specific_ by _ that are _ for that compound.
compound;elements; ratios; MASS; unique; Law of Definite Composition; Proust
Rule 4: In _, the oxidation number of many elements _ to the elements' _ in the _ _.
compounds; corresponds; position;periodic table
The ability of a substance (usually a gas) to decrease its volume under pressure
compressibility
A measure of the number of solute particles in a certain volume or mass of the solvent, or of the solution itself
concentration
this tells what the term does
conceptual definition
A phase change from a vapor to a liquid
condensation
The change of state, or phase change, from gas to liquid
condensation
Most acids when in solution will _ electricity.
conduct
The ability of a material to transfer heat or electricity btw its particles
conductivity
All matter is in _(or continuous) _. What is this called? Who discovered this? How did he?
constant; motion; Brownian Motion; Robert Brown; He was studying pollen grains under a microscope
The group of samples not exposed to the variable
control group
In a _ _ _, the new unit is in the _ and the old unit is in the _.
conversion factor ratio; numerator; denominator
Math Rule 4: The product or quotient of a measurement and a _ number, _ _ , or _ value has the same number of decimal places, or same _, as the original measurement.
counted; conversion factor; defined; precision
Ionization happens with what kind of compounds?
covalent
We use Lewis structures to represent molecules whose atoms are bonded together by _ bonds.
covalent
Exist in a wide array of colors and lusters
covalent compound
Generally poor conductors of heat and electricity
covalent compound
Solids of this compound generally lack the density, hardness, and rigidity of metals and ionic substances
covalent compound
at room temp., these compounds are gases, liquids, or solids with LOW melting points
covalent compound
generally consist of distinct molecules
covalent compound
This refers to God's command in Genesis chapter 1 for us to fill the Earth and to study it to take care of it
creation mandate
An extensive 3-dimensional structure that represents the regular pattern of atoms or ions
crystal lattice
Transition metals are putting electrons in which sublevel?
d
If waves could behave like particles, then particles could behave like waves.
de Broglie's hypothesis
10
deca-
one tenth (0.1)
deci-
the opposite of a synthesis reaction; breaks substances down into two or more simpler substances
decomposition reaction
As you go down a group of elements, the ionization energy will _.
decrease
The atomic radius _ as you go left to right across a period
decreases
Temperature is measure in _ (_).
degress (Celsius)
What is the symbol for things being heated that appears over the arrow that means "yields?"
delta (triangle)
The amount of matter packed into a given volume
density
The factor in an experiment that is affected when a scientist changes another variable
dependent variable
Phase change gas to solid
deposition
a phase change from a gas to a solid
deposition
2
di-
What is the best example of a network covalent substance? Name another.
diamond; quartz
The spontaneous, uniform spreading and mixing of particles caused by particle motion
diffusion
The properties of mass, length, volume, time, etc.
dimension
Polar covalent bonds result in a _ being formed
dipole
This quantity describes the magnitude and direction of molecular polarity
dipole moment
a vector sum of all bond polarities that exist within the molecule. Which Greek letter is used as a symbol for this quantity?
dipole moment; mu
Brønsted-Lowry acid that can donate two protons
diprotic
How does temperature affect a liquid-liquid solution solubility?
directly proportional; If there is an increase in temperature, then the solubility will increase
What are the other common names for single replacement reactions?
displacement or substitution reactions
The SEPARATION of ions in an ionic compound when put into a solution
dissociation
3. Particles _ _ interact with each other or the _ of their _ except during _ _.
do not; walls; container; momentary collisions
show that a reaction happens in the reverse direction as well as the forward direction; between reactants and products
double arrows
What kind of reaction is a neutralization?
double replacement
two compounds switch partners
double replacement reactions
What is the symbol for precipitates?
downward arrow in parenthesis
What is an example of sublimation
dry ice
Materials that can be drawn into long, thin wires are _.
ductile
The physical property that refers to a metal being drawn into a thin wire
ductility
What shape is the second energy level?
dumbell shaped
A chemical equilibrium in which two or more opposing events occur at the same rate but result in no net change
dynamic equilibrium
who were apothecaries?
early pharmacists
The escape of a gas from a liquid-gas solution
effervescense
A process in which gas particles pass through a tiny opening into an evacuated chamber or space
effusion
4. Collisions between gas particles are _. That is, they _ _.
elastic; conserve energy
Name the excited atoms: (?)
electrical, heat, or light
Any substance that ionizes to conduct electricity in a solution
electrolyte
If there are ions present, then the compound is an _. If there are none present, then the compound is _ an _.
electrolyte; not; electrolyte
Bases in solution usually conduct electricity, so like acids, they are _.
electrolytes
The combined action of electrical and magnetic energies in the form of wave-like, radiant energy
electromagnetic energy
The amount of energy change when an atom receives an electron
electron affinity
arrangement of electrons
electron configuration
Which electrons in an atom are represented by the dots in electron dot notation?
electron dot notation
used to represent the valence of an atom
electron dot notation
Which subatomic particle has the greatest charge to mass ratio? Which one weighs more?
electron; neutron
The attraction that holds the atoms together
electrostatic force
A pure substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means
element
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means
element
What are the two examples of a pure substance?
element and compound
What a scientist observes or determines using data gathered from an experiment
empirical
A chemical formula that gives/represents the simplest whole number ration of atoms making up the compound; This is used for ionic compounds
empirical formula
the point at which some change in a property of the solution is detected
end point
Chemical reactions that take in or absorb energy
endothermic
Take in energy
endothermic
(1st step) Solvent molecules surround the solute and pull the solute into the solution (_). When the solvent is _, this is called hydration.
endothermic; water
Calorie is still used in reference to the _ _ of food.
energy content
What is the alternative name for an electron shell?
energy level
The disorder of a system or the dispersal of energy
entropy
The Second Law of Thermodynamics says all natural processes tend toward the highest _ and the minimum usable _.
entropy; energy
Scientists sign an _ _ every _.
ethics agreement; year
In nonpolar covalent bonds, there is an _ sharing of electrons
even
Chemical reactions that give off energy
exothermic
Give off energy
exothermic
chemical reactions that give off energy
exothermic
Bonding reactions usually give off energy (__), but can take in energy (__) such as _.
exothermic; endothermic;n photosynthesis
Cases where there are more than 8 valence electrons being shared are called _ _ and only occur in Periods _-_. The valence bond theory explains that the extra electron are shared with orbitals in the _ sublevel.
expanded octets; 1-3; d
The limitless ability of a gas to expand in an environment of lower pressure
expansibility
A way to observe a natural process under controlled conditions
experiment
The group of samples exposed to the independent variable
experimental group
SD Rule 6: The decimal _ of _ _ contains only significant digits.
factor; scientific notation
T/F in the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible light part is large?
false; it is very small
Vertical columns of elements (refers to important PROPERTIES)
families
The term involving similar properties for the vertical column of elements on the periodic chart
family
Bright line spectrum _ _ for each _ _.
finger print; element demonstration
Nuclear energy process where a heavy nucleus is split apart into smaller, more stable nuclei
fission
A substance that can flow to take the shape of its container; a liquid or a gas
fluid
The chemical formula for ionic substance that tells the ratio of ions needed for a compound.
formula unit
Compounds that are crystals have chemical formulas called _ _.
formula units
A physical change from the liquid state to the solid state
freezing
Changing a liquid to a solid
freezing
a phase change from a liquid to a solid
freezing
_ was used to treat malaria.
quinine
*single covalent bonds between electrons in the "s" sublevels
Sigma bonds
_ _ focuses on the locations of highest electron density surrounding the central atom in a molecule.
VSEPR Theory
what do excited electrons give off when they return to the ground state?
a photon of light
SD Rule 1: Significant digits apply only to _ _.
measured data
List 6 of the 12 things that you learned from the Descriptive chemistry sections 5.13-5.25 .
1.Daniel Rutherford 1st recognized Nitrogen as an element. 2. Phosphorus is used to manufacture fireworks and matches 3. Bromine is named after the Greek word "bromos," which means "stench" 4. Argon's name means "the lazy one" 5. All noble gases are colorless, odorless, and tasteless 6. Florescent lights contain a mixture of argon and mercury vapor.
How many derived units are there?
22
What is the number and units for Molar volume?
22.4 L/mol
What are the 6 most common forms of energy?
mechanical thermal acoustic electromagnetic chemical nuclear
one million (10*6)
mega-
Changing a solid to a liquid
melting
a phase change from a solid to a liquid
melting
The curved surface of water in a graduated cylinder
meniscus
the curved surface of a graduated cylinder
meniscus
What are the two types of mixtures?
Homogeneous and heterogeneous
Heat always goes _ or _.
Hot Cold
The key to becoming a student chemist is to do what?
The key to becoming one is to learn think and work like a scientist
What is the other name for the first law of thermodynamics?
The law of conservation of mass-energy.
What is the equation for Charles's Law?
V1/T1=V2/T2
shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors or heat and electricity
metal
Compounds with ionic bonds are usually formed from a _ and a _.
metal and a nonmetal
Describe ionic compounds.
High melting points, solid crystalline substance, good insulators
Are antibonding orbitals higher or lower in energy than the atomic orbital from which they form?
Higher
Hydrogen Carbonate (Bicarbonate)
HCO3-
What compounds are considered Arrhenius acids?
HCl,HCOOH, H2SO4
Hydrogen Sulfate
HSO4-
The time it takes to change half of a radioactive nuclide into a daughter nuclide (or time for half of a sample to decay).
Half-life
What is the family name for group 17 (7A)?
Halogen
What is the family name for Group 17 (7A)?
Halogen Family
Who gives off the most energy when receiving another atom?
Halogen fam
Which family has the highest electronegativity? Which element has the highest electronegativity? Why?
Halogen; Fluorine; needs one more electron to have a full outer shell.
What elements from the periodic chart form ionic bonds?
Halogens(7A) and Alkali Metals (1A)
Helium
He
After considering the evidence of his assistant's experiment, how did Rutherford describe the atom and what evidence was his model based on?
He reasoned that the atom must be mostly empty space with a very small positive center
Has to do with the total transferable energy.
Heat
The transfer of thermal energy between two objects or substances.
Heat transfer
It is impossible to know both the energy and exact position of an electron at the same time
Heisenberg uncertainty Principal
It is impossible to know both the energy and the exact position of an electron at the same time.
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Who was the 1st person to systematically select and study hydrogen?
Henry Cavendish
Using x-rays, he counted protons finding the ATOMIC NUMBER of the elements
Henry Moseley
Who used x-rays to determine ATOMIC NUMBER?
Henry Mosely
Who worked on the revision of the periodic law?
Henry Mosely
A mixture of 2 or more substances in separate phases, such as a suspension./ 2 or more visible parts
Heterogeneous
Mixtures where you can see different materials that make it up
Heterogeneous
Mercury
Hg
Mercury
Hg2+
Mercury (I)
Hg2+2
What does the chemical formula tell?
How many atoms of each element are in the molecule or FORMULA UNIT RATIO
What determines the physical properties (of matter)?
How the particles that compose the material relate to one another
What does malleability have to do with?
How well a material can be hammered into a thin sheet
As electrons fill a p,d, or f sublevel, all orbitals receive on electron with the same spin before they begin to pair up.
Hund's Rule
as electrons fill p, d, f sublevel all orbitals must receive one electron with the same spin before they begin to pair up.
Hund's rule
The process by which new kinds of orbitals with equal energy are formed from combinations of s and p orbital with different energy.
Hybridization
A binary acid contains which two elements?
Hydrogen and another nonmetal
Name the 7 Diatomic Elements.
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine
What three elements do ternary acids contain?
Hydrogen, oxygen, and another nonmetal
A suggested explanation
Hypothesis
One of the first steps the scientific method, after you have stated the question or the problem is to form a _, which is an educated guess or suggested explanation.
Hypothesis
Iodine
I
Iodide
I-
Iodate
IO3-
PV=nRT
Ideal Gas Law
What are the periodic properties?
Phases of matter, classes of matter, Size (Atomic radius) of an atom, ionization energy, etc
Massless particles of light energy given off by excited atoms
Photons
Changes that occur in a material without changing the identity of a material. Changes in both the state and shape of a material.
Physical Changes
A change in state or shape that does not alter the identity of the material.
Physical change
Which change is described? "The positions or motions of the particles may change; chemical bonds between particles remain unchanged."
Physical change
What kind of change are these examples of? Ice melting, wheat being ground to flour, sugar dissolving in water. FREEZING OR MELTING, BOILING OR =CONDENSING (CRUSHING)
Physical changes
What is the difference between physical changes and chemical changes?
Physical changes are changes that occur in a material without changing the identity of a material. Physical changes are changes in both the STATE AND SHAPE of a material. Chemical changes are changes in the identity of a material- changes that result in a different material with a different composition and properties.
Colors and icons that give info about the physical properties of the element, such as whether it is a metal or nonmetal and whether it is radioactive.
Physical property
A gas-like substance, formed at very high temps, that consists of high energy ions
Plasma
gas-like state at very high temperature, made of ions, electrons, and neutral atoms traveling at extremely high speeds, no definite shape or volume, can be affected by magnetic field
Plasma
When heating a test tube, _ _ _ from others (toward _).
Point it AWAY from others; wall
Covalent bonds where there is an uneven attraction for shared electrons by both atoms.
Polar
A covalent bond with an uneven sharing of electrons.
Polar covalent bond
What kinds of compounds can conduct electricity??
Polar covalent compounds and ionic compounds
Who developed the Law of Definite Composition? When? What does it say?
Proust; the early 1700s; every compound is formed of elements combined in specific ratios by mass that are unique for that compound.
Platinum
Pt
What does "like dissolve like mean?"
Polar substances dissolve polar substances. Nonpolar substances dissolve nonpolar substances
A covalent bonded group of atoms that have a charge
Polyatomic ion
A group of covalently bonded atoms that have a charge
Polyatomic ion
Covalently bonded GROUPS of atoms that make up an ion to achieve the octet rule/covalently bonded anion
Polyatomic ion
The energy of position
Potential energy
A quantitative evaluation of the exactness of a measurement or a measuring instrument
Precision
Which values does Gay-Lussac's Law deal with?
Pressure and Temperature
How does Pressure usually affect liquid-solid solution solubility?
Pressure has no effect
Gay-Lussac's law says, "_ is _ _to temperature in kelvins for a fixed mass of gas held in a constant _."
Pressure; directly proportional; volume
Indicates the energy level or shell electron is in
Principal QN
Its symbol is the letter "n"
Principal QN
This value would be a number between 1 and 7
Principal QN
List the formal names and symbols for the 4 quantum numbers, their alternative names (if applicable), and all possible values in the ground state of an atom.
Principal QN (n); energy level (shell) n=1,2,3,4,5,6, or 7 Azimuthal QN (l); sublevel shape, s, p,d,f Magnetic QN (m) Spin QN (ms), clockwise +1/2 or counterclockwise -1/2
1st quantum number
Principal Quantum Number (n)
Identifies the principal energy level
Principal quantum number (n)
When orbitals overlap on the bond axis forming strong bonds
Sigma bond
Acids turn blue litmus paper _.
Red
What are the 7 colors in the continuous visual spectrum?
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
List the 7 different colors found in a continuous, visible spectrum
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
Molecules appear to take on an intermediate character when no single Lewis structure can completely describe the distribution of electrons. Benzene and sulfur dioxide are two good examples of this
Resonance
Radon
Rn
Reasoned that an atom is mostly empty space
Rutherford
Nucleus and protons are associated with him.
Rutherford and Gieger
Nuclear Model; when was this developed?
Rutherford/Gieger; 1909
Sulfur
S
sulfide
S-2
Abbreviation of the International System of Units
SI
Sulfite
SO3-2
Sulfate
SO4-2
What is the acronym for the anions that have 4 oxygens?
SOAPC
Antimony
Sb
a means of measuring
Scale
A logical sequence of steps of problem-solving that starts with observations and is based on inductive reasoning
Scientific method
Silicate
SiO3-2
particles have relatively little kinetic energy compared to the attractive forces that are present between particles
Solid
Particles very close, highly ordered
Solids
The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific solvent under specific conditions, such as temperature and pressure.
Solubility
The substance being dissolved
Solute
What do the compounds have to be in for a double replacement reaction to occur?
Solution (aqueous)
What is used to come up with energy levels or electron shells?
Spectrum studies
Gives the direction of the orbital pair of electron
Spin QN
Fire Blanket- Remember: _, _, _
Stop, Drop (and) Roll
Solution with a pH of 1-3 is a _ _.
Strong acid
Sr
Strontium
The change from a solid to gas
Sublimation
What are the anions in the acronym SOAPC?
Sulfate, Oxalate, Arsenate, Phosphate, and Chromate
Math Rule 2 (+ & -): The _ or _ of measured data cannot have _ _ than the least precise _ in the sum or difference.
Sum; difference; greater precision; quantity
This explains how regions with a high density of valence electrons repel each other, forcing bonds and lone pairs of electrons to position themselves as far as possible around the central atom.
VSEPR
What is the equilibrium constant? What is it equal to?
The concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions in PURE water; 1x10^-14 at 25 degrees Celsius
The strength of an acid is determined by what?
The degree of ionization, how easily it gives up protons
Why are all solutions with pH's less than 7 called acidic solutions?
The hydronium ion concentration is greater than the hydroxide concentration
Why are all solutions with pH's greater than 7 called basic or alkaline solutions?
The hydroxide ions outnumber the hydronium ions
The kinetic energy of atom-sized particles as they move in random directions
Thermal energy
The study of the movement and conversion of energy, especially thermal energy.
Thermodynamics
What do you use to measure temperature and heat?
Thermometer
What did the scientists in the 1800's and 1900's use to study the atom when they could not actually see it?
They made models to study it
What is an example of high heat and low temperature? What is an example of low temperature and high heat?
Thimble of Boiling water Tub of ice water
*Who is the electron associated with?*
Thompson
Developed the plum pudding model
Thomson
Proved that there are negatively charged particles in an atom
Thomson
Ti
Titanium
Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92, Uranium's atomic number.
Transuranium elements
What is an element whose particles are normally composed of groups of three or more identical atoms? Name an example.
Triatomic/ Polyatomic element; ozone (0 ) 3
This is the shape of a molecule with four atoms lying all in one plane. The molecule forms a y shape. Central atom is from Group 3A.
Trigonal Planar
(T/F) Only odd an odd number of orbitals is possible for any electron sublevel.
True
A covalent bond is a pair of shared electrons. (T or F)
True
A solution is a homogeneous mixture
True
T/F: Absolute zero cannot actually be reached
True
T/F: The melting point is identical to the freezing point of a substance
True
The polarity of a diatomic molecule is usually the same as its bond type.
True
True or False. ALl bonds formed between atoms of different elements are polar to some extent.
True
True/False One mole of any gas at STP will have the same volume as one mole of any other gas at STP.
True
True/False. every element has a different bright line spectrum.
True
True/False: A chemical property of a substance cannot be determined without causing or attempting to cause a chemical change to occur in the substance
True
True/False: Acids and Bases can be electrolytes.
True
VSEPR Theory focuses on the locations of highest electron density surrounding the central atom in a molecule.
True
True or false. Light is a particle and a wave.
True!
Proverbs 3:5-6 says, "_ in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your _ _."
Trust; own understanding
W
Tungsten
The scattering of light by particles in a colloid
Tyndall effect
Uranium
U
One of something/ A label used to specify a measurement's dimension, such as, "inch" or "meter"
Unit
Air is an example of what?
a homogeneous mixture
Water ionizes itself to form what?
a hydroxide ion and a hydronium ion
Nuclear energy reaction where two lighter nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus with great energy given off
fusion
Some excited atoms show a _ sublevel
g
What are the units for the density of gases?
g/L
which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has high energy and a short wavelength?
gamma rays
Consist of large numbers of tiny particles that are far apart relative to their SIZE.
gases
Solutions may exist as what?
gases, liquids, or solids
The reaction between _ and _ is _. This term is also known as _.
gasoline and oxygen; combustion; burning
What does the Spin QN give?
give the direction of the spin of the orbital pair of electrons.
A negative heat of enthalpy (-ΔH) does what?
gives off energy
What is the least reactive element?
gold
What is the most malleable metal?
gold
accurately subdivided into measurement unit
graduated
What is the atomic weight for ionic compounds?
gram formula weight
The molar mass of an element is the mass in _.
grams
What is the atomic weight for elements?
grams
What is the molecular weight for covalent compounds?
grams
all electrons in lowest energy positions
ground state
The term for a vertical column of elements on the periodic chart involving a number and indicated the number of valence electrons
group
vertical columns of elements (refers to the NUMBERS)
groups
If a d or f sublevel is one electron away from being full or half full, it will use the outer shell s sublevel electron to fill it (NOT A TERM ON QUIZ)
half full/ full principle
If a d or f sublevel is one electron away from being full or half full, it will use the outer shell s sublevel electron to fill it.
half full/ full principle
half full/ full principle -
half full/ full principle - If a d or f sublevel is one electron away from being full or half full, it will use the outer shell s sublevel electron to fill it.
For some polyatomic ions, especially those that contain _, there are more than two oxyanions. In such cases, the form with the fewest oxygen atoms has the prefix _ , and the form with the most oxygen atoms has the prefix _.
halogens; hypo-; per-
7
hepta-
Mixtures that have different parts or makeups
heterogeneous
different parts or makeup
heterogeneous
6
hexa-
How high are the melting points of ionic crystals? (Don't have to Answer this. It was just in my notes.)
higher than metals
A mixture that shows only a single phase/ all one makeup
homogeneous
Mixture that have all the same makeup or are in the same phase
homogeneous
all same makeup
homogeneous
Air is a good example of what?
homogeneous mixture
Energy levels are _, meaning that energy emissions come only in _ amounts or _.
quantized; certain; quantities
What is the strength of bases dependent on?
how easily it protonates (receives protons)
Malleability has to do with what?
how well a material can be hammered into a thin sheet
s & p orbitals combine to form new equal energy orbitals
hybridization
To name hydrates, the word _ is preceded by a _ _ is added to the end of an ionic compound's name.
hydrate; greek prefix
compounds that hold a characteristic amount of water in their crystalline structures
hydrates
A type of solvation in which water molecules surround and interact with solute particles
hydration
The solvation process is called what in an aqueous solution?
hydration
In General, the names of binary acids include the prefix _ (referring to _), the root name for the nonmetal with an _ ending, and the word _.
hydro; hydrogen; ic; acid
Most acids react with active metals to produce what?
hydrogen gas and a salt
What do Arrhenius Acids in solution release? What are they? What do they combine with? What do they form?
hydrogen ions (H+); protons or a hydrogen nucleus; a water molecule; a hydronium ion
What are the 7 diatomic elements?
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
Arrhennius noticed that acids ionize in solution to release _ ions. These are really just a proton and combine with _ to produce _ ions.
hydrogen; water; hydronium
Arrhenius defined bases as substances that can dissociate to form _ ions.
hydroxide
What do Arrhenius bases release?
hydroxide
What is the ion that all bases have?
hydroxide
One of the first steps in the scientific method. After you have stated the question or problem, you are to form a _, which is an educated guess or suggested explanation.
hypothesis
This is a scientific guess or suggested explanation made at the beginning of an experiment
hypothesis
For ternary acids, if the anion ends in ate, you change the ending to what?
ic
Oil and Water are _.
immiscible
Pertaining to liquids that are not soluble in each other
immiscible
Name the term and fill in the blank. It is _ to know both the _ or _ and the _ _ of an electron at the _ _.
impossible; energy or momentum; exact position; same time; HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
As you do down a group of elements, the atomic radius will _.
increase
The factor in an experiment that the scientist changes, affecting other variables
independent variables
substances whose colors are sensitive to pH.
indicators
What does "atomos" mean? Who created it?
indivisible; Democritus
You must work _ during lab.
quietly
What is the SI unit used to measure work, energy, or heat?
joule
Which SI unit goes to energy?
joule
Base SI unit for Temperature
kelvin
Density Derived unit
kg/m3 or g/cm3
1,000
kilo-
The base SI unit for mass
kilogram
The mass of 1 cubic decimeter of water
kilogram
Which SI unit goes to mass?
kilogram
Math Rule 1 (+ & -) : Measured data must be the same _ of _ and have the same _ before they can be _ or subtracted.
kind; dimension; units; added
Colossians 2:3, "In Christ are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and _.
knowledge
2nd energy level would have _=_-_ which is = _ and represents an p or _ shaped sublevel.
l = 2 -1 which is = 1; dumbell
1st energy level would have _=_-_ which is = _ and represents an s or _ sublevel.
l=1-1; 0; spherical
A statement that has been tested by many people. it describes a recognizable, repeating pattern in nature
law
says that matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions
law of mass conservation
Binary Covalent compounds: The _ electronegative element comes element comes first, followed by the _ electronegative element.
least, more
Give examples of dimensions.
length, mass, volume, time, electrical charge
the reactant that is used up before the others
limiting reactant
Each element has its own pattern of bright lines, called _ _.
line spectrum
Particles remain close to each other
liquid
Solvation is the dissolving process in what kind of solution?
liquid-solid
What kind of solutions are the most common?
liquid-solid and liquid-liquid
Which SI unit goes to volume?
liter
equations written so that most or all quantities are represented by letter rather than numbers/ relate quantities, whether variables or constants
literal equations
What is the most reactive element?
lithium
What is the other name for the valence bond theory?
localized electron theory
In metallic bonds, Atoms with _ _ _w/ only a few loosely held valence electrons that share many atoms. (Ik this doesn't make sense but this is how he worded it.)
low electron affinities
volume derived unit
mL3 or liter
What is the 3rd quantum number?
magnetic quantum number
Which quantum number has the sublevels?
magnetic quantum number
The physical property that refers to metals being hammered into a thin sheet
malleability
Materials that can be hammered easily into shapes or thin sheets are _.
malleable
a whole number that is equal to the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
mass number
number of protons + neutrons
mass number
What is the unit label for molar mass?
mass/mole (grams/mole)
Anything that occupies space and has mass
matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
matter
anything that takes up space and has mass
matter
A quantitative measure of concentration equal to the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
molality
The mass of a mole of a substance is called what?
molar mass
the mass of one mole of any pure substance
molar mass
The most common quantitative measure of concentration equal to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution; M=mol solute/ L solution
molarity
6.022x10^23 number of particles (atoms, molecules, or formula units)
mole
Which SI unit goes to number of particles?
mole
the amount of a substance contained in 6.022x10^23 particles
mole
The ratio btw moles of one substance and the moles of another substance as indicated by the coefficients in a balanced equation
mole ratio
show the types and numbers of atoms involved as they appear in the molecule
molecular formula(s)
Orbitals of molecules take on totally new characteristics than the individual atom's orbitals
molecular orbital theory
This theory suggests that the orbitals of a molecule's atoms are replaced by totally new orbitals when a molecule is formed.
molecular orbital theory
Rule 2: The oxidation number of a _ _ is _ to its charge.
monatomic ion; equal
1
mono-
Covalent bonds involve two atoms sharing pairs of valence electrons with _ _. These shared electrons occupy _ filled valence orbital regions that _ between bonded atoms.
opposite spins; partially; overlap
special notation used to illustrate the electron configuration if an atom
orbital notation
what is the other name for the magnetic quantum number?
orbital quantum number
3-dimensional regions regions of probable position
orbitals
For ternary acids, if the the anion ends in ite, you change the ending to what?
ous
Even symmetrical molecules are polar if the _ _ are different.
outer atoms
What is the alternative name for a ternary acid?
oxyacid
which sublevel has orbitals that correspond with the x,y, and z axis?
p
In Binary Ionic Compounds, positive ions (cations) use the same name as their _ atoms (sodium atoms form sodium ions)
parent
If you need more than one of a polyatomic ion, put _ around it.
parenthesis
What is the formula for percent composition?
part/wholex100%
What is the SI unit for pressure?
pascal (Pa)
5
penta-
A quantitative measure of concentration in which the mass of the solute is compared to the mass of the solution; It equals the mass of solute divided by the mass of solutionx100%
percent by mass
A quantitative measure of concentration in which the volume f the solute is compared to the volume of the solution. It equals the volume of the solute/volume of solutionx100%
percent by volume
describes the mass composition of a compound by showing what percentage of its total mass comes from each element
percent composition
What is accuracy expressed through?
percent error
error analysis that compares the magnitude of the measurement error with the size of the measurement..
percent error
What is the equation for percent error? write out... add absolute value signs
percent error=observed value-accepted value /accepted valuex100%
the percentage of the theoretical yield that was actually produced
percent yield
Horizontal rows (all have outer shell electrons in the same ENERGY LEVEL).
period
The DIAGONAL RULE is not really very important, because if you study the _ _ it will tell you which _ to fill next.
periodic chart; sublevel
The properties of elements vary with their atomic numbers in a periodic way
periodic law
A description of how elements differ from one another
periodic table
The ability of a gas to mingle with or pass through another porous substance
permeability
Rule 4 continued; Another exception for oxygen is the _ ion, O2-2, in which it is _.
peroxide; -1
a massless particles of energy
photons
A solid that falls out a solution
precipitate
an insoluble solid
precipitate
In order to react (double replacement), either a _ or _ will be produced pulling ions out of the solution
precipitate or water
The quantitative evaluation of the exactness of a measurement or a measuring instrument
precision
In Charles's law, what is held constant?
pressure
the average force exerted per unit of area when molecules collide against a boundary
pressure
What two things does Boyle's Law deal with?
pressure and volume
Charles's law says,"When the _ on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the _ in kelvins and the _ are _ _."
pressure; temperature; volume; directly proportional
Assumptions people have made based on their beliefs and worldview and not through proof
presupposition
Bohr's electron energy levels/ A region around the nucleus containing a specified group of electrons in sublevels and orbitals
principal energy levels
Indicates the # of sublevels each energy level can have
principal quantum number
Indicates the AVERAGE DISTANCE OR MOST LIKELY (OR PROBABLY) location of an electron around the nucleus/ The average or most likely distance from the nucleus where an electron resides
principal quantum number
Position of electron= ?
probability in orbitals
Substances that are produced by a reaction appear on the right-hand side
products
The _ of elements _ with their _ _ in a _ way.
properties, vary, atomic numbers, periodic
Brønsted-Lowry defined a base as a _ _.
proton acceptor
Brønsted-Lowry defined a acid as a _ _.
proton donor
positive particles in the nucleus
protons
Henry Moseley calculated the number of _ each atom had by using x-ray scattering data. This added the _ _ to the periodic chart.
protons; atomic number
What are the English units for pressure?
psi: pounds/square inch
probes nature simply to learn new things about the universe we live in
pure science
This data is more general and is not based on words not numbers.
qualitative
The MOLE is a chemical _.
quantity