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show only the ions that actually react, omitting spectator ions

net ionic equations

Exceptions to the characteristics of covalent compounds ;contains atoms that are covalently bonded into a three-dimensional network.

network covalent substances

solution with a pH of 7 is _.

neutral

Neutral particles

neutrons (n)

Are hydrogen ions stable in solution?

no

Do any ideal gases exist?

no

Is water a buffer?

no

A system of naming that follows a standardized set of rules.

nomenclature

9

nona-

elements on the right side of the zig-zag line

nonmetal

Solid, brittle solids or gases and poor conductors

nonmetals

What is on the right of the line of separation?

nonmetals

in groups 14-18 above the stair step line/ brittle (crumbly), poor conductors of heat and electricity

nonmetals

SD Rule 2: All _ digits are significant.

nonzero

With the exception of visible light, the electromagnetic spectrum is _ _ _ _.

not visible to us

The potential energy stored in the chemical bonds between atoms that is released or absorbed when an atom experiences nuclear fission or fusion

nuclear energy

The protons and neutrons found in the nucleus

nucleons

Very small positively charged center of the atom with most of the atom's mass.

nucleus

All the mass of the atom is where? None is in the _.

nucleus; electrons

What does a mole represent?

number of particles

A measurement consists of 2 parts- a _ and a _.

number; unit

The modern Periodic Law states that the properties of elements vary with their atomic _ in a _ way.

numbers; periodic

Name some characteristics of network covalent substances.

occur as relatively hard, brittle crystals with high melting points, glassy lusters, and unusual electrical properties

8

octa

Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to attain a full outer shell to maximize their stability.

octet rule

The rule that states atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to attain a full outer shell to maximize their stability

octet rule

*Some stable atoms end up with less than eight and some end up with more than eight (valence electrons)

octet rule exceptions

The two electrons in an orbital pair spin in opposite directions. What are the spins of the electrons in an orbital pair.

one clockwise +1/2 and the other counterclockwise spin -1/2

The lines of colored light we saw on the bright line spectrum were produced by _ of light energy given off as an _ or _ _ electron goes from a higher orbital back to where it belongs.

photons; excited; ground state

What is an example of an endothermic reaction?

photosynthesis

Is sugar dissolving in water a physical or chemical change?

physical

Sugar dissolving in water

physical change

Water boiling

physical change

boiling

physical change

ice melting

physical change

sugar dissolving in water

physical change

Boiling is a _ _ in which a material changes from its liquid state to its gaseous state but which its _ is not _.

physical change; identity; altered

side-to-side orbital overlapping

pi bond

*Double and triple bonds involve electrons from the "p" sublevel

pi bonds

Niels Bohr Developed the _ _ of the atom with _ moving around _ in electron _ or _ _.

planetary model; electrons, nucleus; SHELLS or ENERGY LEVELS

Molecules such as HCl, that have two centers of charge ( positive and negative regions) are called _.

polar

A covalent bond between atoms with different electronegativities, resulting in a molecule that has a partially positive pole and a partially negative pole

polar covalent bond

the tendency of an object to form two localized regions of opposite character

polarity

Alpha particles have a _ charge.

positive

What charge does a positron have?

positive?

A particle produced when a proton becomes a neutron.

positron

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has low energy and a longer wavelength?

radio rays

A description of the spontaneous emission of penetrating rays from the nuclei of unstable atoms

radioactivity

Spontaneous emission of rays and particles from the nucleus of unstable atoms

radioactivity

2. Particles move at _, with high _, in _ _, and at many different _.

random; velocities; all directions; speeds

substances present before a reaction that appear on the left-hand side of chemical equation

reactants

a table of metals (plus hydrogen) arranged in order of descending chemical reactivity

reactivity series

Atoms that have become charged by gaining or losing electrons

ion

a charged atom

ion

A bond that involves a transfer of valence electrons.

ionic

Dissociation happens with what kind of compound?

ionic

melting points are at least 800 degrees Celsius

ionic compound

The empirical formula is used for what?

ionic compounds

crystals of these compounds can usually be split, or cleaved, along a flat surface

ionic compounds

dense, brittle, and hard solids

ionic compounds

very poor conductors of heat and electricity

ionic compounds

represents all the particles present before and after the reaction

ionic equation

The FORMATION of ions from a covalent compound when in water solution

ionization

What don't weak acids do? Why?

ionize completely; only a portion of their molecules lose protons

What do Arrhenius bases have to be able to do?

ionize or dissociate

Atoms that have become charged by gaining or losing electrons

ions

Charged atom

ions

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

isotopes

a special notation used to indicate the specific isotope in a chemical expression/ is based on the element's symbol and the atomic number as a leading subscript and the mass number as a leading superscript

isotopic notation

What happens if an atom loses an electron (sodium)?

it becomes a positively charged particle

For metal hydrides, the _ appears first, followed the _ because the _ is more electronegative than other elements in these compounds.

metal; hydrogen; hydrogen

What type of bonding makes for the best conductors of electricity?

metallic

What do Metallic chlorates decompose into?

metallic chlorates= metallic chloride+oxygen

Elements along the zig-zag line

metalloid

Elements that have both metallic and nonmetallic properties

metalloids

share properties of both metals and nonmetals; elements immediately adjacent/along the stair step line.

metalloids

Elements on the left side and middle of the periodic table are called _.

metals

usually solid, shiny (lustrous), malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity

metals

Ionic bonds are formed between which two types of elements?

metals and nonmetals

The base SI unit for length

meter

a system based on a decimal scale that consists of base units multiplied by or subdivided by powers of ten/Any measuring system in which different-sized units are related to each other by multiples of 10.

metric

One millionth (10*-6)

micro-

Give examples of a unit.

mile, kilometer, inch

Pertaining to two liquids that are completely soluble in each other; When on substance mixes and dissolves in another substance

miscible

Two or more substances that can be separated by physical means

mixture

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures says,"The total pressure of a _ of gases _ the sum of the partial pressures."

mixture; equals

Chemists use these to simplify things to make it easier to explain, describe, or test. they are workable explanations or descriptions of a phenomenon

model

This is used to simplify things to make it easier to explain, describe, or test

model

this is used to simplify things to make it easier to explain, describe or test

model

Binary Covalent compound: The prefix _ is used only for the second element in the compound unless it is needed for emphasis or clarity. When it is used, double vowels are _.

mono-; omitted

Brønsted-Lowry acids that can donate only one proton

monoprotic

the "l" value is what?

n -1

How do you name polyatomic ionic compounds?

name the cation and then name the anion

one billionth (10-9)

nano-

Experiments in which scientists cannot control the conditions. Research in _, _, and _ often involves these kinds of experiments.

natural experiments; ecology, meteorology, astronomy

The belief that all observation can be explained on the basis of natural cause and effect relationships

naturalism

The pH of a solution is the _ _ (_) of the _ ion concentration.

negative logarithm; power; hydronium

Thompson concluded that cathode-ray particles were _ charged.

negatively

combine two or more substances into a single product

synthesis reactions

A positive heat of enthalpy (+ΔH) does what?

takes in energy

What does the Magnetic Quantum number (m) indicate?

tells the axis or spatial orientation of the orbitals within the atom.

In Boyle's law, what is held constant?

temperature

The average kinetic energy of a system

temperature

The uncertainty of the _ digit is why the _ digit is called _, _, or least _ digit.

tenth, last, estimated, uncertain, least significant

4

tetra-

What is alchemy?

the ancient study of transmutation between metals and gold, sickness and health, age and youth, or even earthly and supernatural existence

What does Z represent? What does A represent?

the atomic number; mass number

What do we use so that we can have a more complete description of chemical bonds and the molecular shapes they produce-3-Dimensional structures?

the atomic quantum theory

As you go to higher energy levels what happens?

the electrons move farther away from the nucleus

In single replacement reactions, what has to be higher than the metal in the compound?

the free element

The molar mass of a compound is what?

the mass of each element times any subscripts all added together

What is the key factor in the selectivity of solvents (determines solubility)?

the polarity of molecules

What does the molecular orbital theory help u know?

the shapes of molecules

Effusion and Diffusion are both directly related to what?

the speed and constant motion of gas molecules

azimuthal QN indicates what?

the sublevel of the electrons

the maximum amount of product that could be created from a given amount of reactant

theoretical yield

An idea that has been tested and found to explain a certain phenomenon

theory

1. Gas particles are _ compared to the _ _ between them.

tiny; great distances

controlled neutralization reactions that are used to determine the capacity of a solution of unknown concentration to react with a solution of known concentration

titration

the arrow points _ the _ electronegative atom in the bond with the _ negative charge.

toward; more

Atoms can _ (gain or lose) or _ _ when forming chemical bonds

transfer; share electrons

the process by which an atom of one kind of element changes into another kind of element by changing the number of protons in an atom's nucleus

transmutation

Never put broken glass in the _ .

trash

Never put broken glass in the _.

trash

3

tri-

groups of 3 elements with similar properties

triads

Brønsted-Lowry acid that can donate three protons.

triprotic

A double bond is a combination of a sigma bond and a pi bond.

true

A triple bond, such as diatomic nitrogen would have one sigma bond and 2 pi bonds. (T or F)

true

If a "s" orbital from one atom and an "s" orbital from a second atom overlap end to end, the bond is a sigma bond. (T or F)

true

True or False. Diatomic elements have no polarity.

true

True or False. The freezing point of a substance is identical to is melting point.

true

True or false. Electrons always repel, whether they are bonded or unbonded.

true

True/False both liquids and gases are liquids.

true

When two bonding orbitals are superimposed in covalent bonds, the overlapping space electrons become available to both nuclei. (T or F)

true

Covalent bonds are usually between which types of elements?

two nonmetals

Scientists recognize there is always some _ involved w/ any measurement.

uncertainty

In polar covalent bonds, their is an _ sharing of electrons.

uneven

A small unit of mass equal to 1/12 the mass of the nucleus of a carbon-12 atom, or approximately the same size as a proton or neutron; used to represent the mass of atoms and mlecules

unified mass unit (u)

consists of multiplying the measurement by a conversion factor

unit conversion

Pertaining to a solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute at a given set of conditions

unsaturated

a measure of an electron's capacity to form bonds

valence

an electron in an incomplete outershell.

valence electron

electrons in the outer shell or highest energy level

valence electron

What does VSEPR mean?

valence shell electron pair repulsion

A liquid changes into a vapor or gas

vaporization

Changing a liquid to a vapor

vaporization

a phase change from a liquid to a vapor

vaporization

One of the different factors that change in an experiment

variable

The different factor that are changed in an experiment

variables

Which part of visible light has the highest energy?

violet

What is the constant in Gay-Lussac's Law?

volume

Boyle's Law says, "The _ of a dry gas is _ related to the pressure if the_ is held constant.

volume; inversely; temperature

When checking for an odor, _ the gas towards you.

waft

What do neutralization reactions produce?

water and a salt

What is the water in hydrates called?

water of hydration

what explains the movement of electrons that seem to defy other scientific laws?

wave-particle duality of electrons

Solution with a pH of 4-6 is a _ _.

weak acid

Solution with a pH of 8-10 is a _ _.

weak base

an average that gives more importance to certain values than others

weighted average

James 1:5 says."If any of you lacks _ ,he should ask God who gives generously to all-

wisdom

Colossians 2:3 says,"In Christ are hidden all the treasures of _ and _.

wisdom and knowledge

John 1:1-3 says," in the beginning was the _.

word

communicates all the substances involved in a chemical reaction but contains no information about the quantities of the materials involved

word equation

This determines how we interpret the evidence from experimentation

worldview

Most atomic radii are measured using what?

x-ray diffraction

SD Rule 3: All _ between _ digits are significant.

zeros; nonzero

SD Rule 5: Significant _ in the _ place are _ by a _ point.

zeros; ones; decimal

Which part of visible light has the lowest energy?

red

What do you use percent composition to find?

relative mass data

Which truth changes with time, is based on man's understanding, and expanses as we experiment and explore

relative truth

Elements in the s and p tables are members of the main or _ _.

representative groups

Definite volume, assumes shape of container, difficult to compress, packed closely together

restricted by its container as far as shape and volume, easy to compress

reactions that happens in reverse direction as well as the forward direction

reversible reactions

If the metal in an ionic compound can have more than one oxidation number, a _ _ is placed after the element's name to show the oxidation number.

roman numeral

List the four sublevels for the 4th Energy Level.

s,p,d,f

What are the four sublevels?

s,p,d,f

What are the sublevels of the 4 quantum numbers?

s,p,d,f

What letters do we use for the sublevels?

s,pd,f, and (g) for excited atoms

What must be always worn at the lab tables?

safety glasses

What must be worn when you are at the lab tables?

safety glasses

a substance formed when the anion of an acid and the cation of a base combine

salt

What does halogen mean?

salt makers/salt produces

Hebrews 13:1-3 says," Jesus Christ is the _ yesterday, today, and forever."

same

Hebrews 13:8 says, "Jesus Christ is the _ yesterday, today, and forever.

same

Pertaining to a solution that has the maximum amount of solute possible at a given set of conditions

saturated

The precision of an instrument is usually its _ (_) _.

scale (smallest) subdivisions

A process that involves randomly selecting representative samples from a larger population; What kind of reasoning does this rely on?

scientific survey; inductive

Horizontal row on the periodic chart

series

Horizontal rows (All have outer shell electrons in the same energy level; VALENCE ELECTRONS)

series

No two electrons can have the exact _ of_ _. They could have the same _ value, same _ value, same _ value, but the _ has to be different. This is called what? If two electrons are in the same _ _, same _, and same _, then they have the same _,_,and _ values. Since they must have different _ values, no _ electrons in an atom can have the _ _ of _ _ _.

set of Quantum numbers. n value, l value, m value, spin; Pauli exclusion principle. Energy level; sublevel; orbital; n,l,m; ms; two; same set; four quantum numbers

Energy levels were called what in the past? What was the olden name for Celsius?

shells; centigrade

an end-to-end type of overlap

sigma bond

formed when orbitals overlap on the bond axis

sigma bond

In covalent bonds, atoms with _ _ _ electrons to meet the octet rule.

similar electronegativities share

a reactive element replaces a less reactive element in a compound

single replacement reactions

involve less energy than synthesis or decomposition reactions

single replacement reactions

How do bases feel?

slippery

Atomic radii go from _ to _ as you go down a group.

small to big

definite shape and volume, difficult to compress, packed closely together, rigidly held

solid

What are the 4 phases/states of matter?

solid, liquid, gas, plams

Alloys are an example of what kind of solution?

solid-solid

The ability of a solute to dissolve in a certain solvent

soluble

Could be a gas in water: oxygen or CO2 in a carbonated beverage

solute

Salt or sugar in a solution would in a water solution

solute

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase

solution

uniform mixtures of the particles of two or more pure substances

solution

The process in which solvent particles surround and interact with solutes

solvation

describes the dissolving of ionic or covalent compounds

solvation

Often water but it could be alcohol

solvent

The dissolving media

solvent

What is the most abundant substance in a solution?

solvent

Acids taste _.

sour

Boron (3 valence electrons) undergoes what kind of hybridization?

sp2

Carbon (4 valence electrons) undergoes what kind of hybridization?

sp3

appear in reactants and in the products

spectator ions

The analysis of light emitted or absorbed by matter

spectroscopy

What was used by Bohr to come up with energy levels or electron shells?

spectrum studies

what is the shape of the s sublevel?

spherical

Electron pairs have different whats?

spins!

The roman numeral system

stock system

about the mathematical relationships btw the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction

stoichiometry

refers to the mathematical relationship of the reactants and products in chemical reactions

stoichiometry

Never heat a _ test tube.

stoppered

Solution with a pH of 11-13 is a _ _.

strong base

show the types of atoms involved, the exact composition of each molecule, and the arrangement of chemical bonds

structural formulas

assigned l values

sublevels

A phase change where a solid becomes a gas

sublimation

The condition of a solution that contains more dissolved solute than it does at equilibrium

supersaturation

Most prominent item in the cell

symbol

What is the Latin word for acid? What does it mean?

"acidus"; sour

The transition elements are filling which sublevel?

"d" sublevel

When the right amount of energy "_" an atom, the _ _ the _ amount of energy required to jump up to a _ energy level.

"excites". electrons absorb; exact; higher

The lanthanide and actinide series are filling which sublevel?

"f" sublevel

What is the Latin name cuprum mean and what element is it for? What does iridium mean in Latin? Who were the two people that curium was named after? What element was Californium named after? What element is named after the Greek word sun? What is the meaning of the Greek word that Bromine is named after?

"from the land of Cyprus"; Copper; Rainbow; Pierre and Marie Curie; California; Helium; "stench"

So n = 2 Next energy level out from the nucleus has l =2 sublevels which is the "_" and "_" sublevels. They are called 2s & and _. The "_" value for all s sublevel is a _ orbital. It can hold _ pair of electrons. The "p" sublevels were the _ shape. There are three orientation for the p: along the _,_ and _ axis.

"s" and "p"; 2s and 2p; "m"; s; spherical;one;dumbbell; three; x, y, and z axis.

What is the symbol for substances dissolved in water and acids? What does it mean?

(aq); aqueous

what is the symbol for gases?

(g)

What is the symbol for liquids?

(l)

a statement that describes a recognizable, repeating pattern in nature

(scientific) Law

between reactants and between products

+

Rule 4 continued: Group 1 elements always have a _ oxidation number in compounds

+1

Rule 4 continued: Hydrogen usually has a _ oxidation number when bonded with another _. It is _ with _(metallic hydrides).

+1; nonmetal; -1; metals

What is hydrogen's usual oxidation number? What type of element is it bonded with for this number?

+1; nonmetals

Rule 4 continued: Group 2 elements always have a _ oxidation number in compounds

+2

Endothermic heat of solution=?

+ΔH-positive heat of enthalpy

Rule 4 continued: Halogens usually have an oxidation number of _ unless it is bonded with an element with _ _.

-1; higher electronegativity

What is Hydrogen's oxidation number when bonded with a metal? What is that compound called?

-1; metallic hydride

Rule 4 continued: Oxygen usually has a _ oxidation number except if bonded with _.

-2; fluorine

Binary Covalent compounds: the ending of the last element is changed to _.

-ide

If there are only two forms of oxyanions, the form with fewer oxygen atoms end in _ and the form with more oxygen atoms end in _.

-ite; -ate

Exothermic heat of solution=?

-ΔH-negative heat of enthalpy

What is the value for standard temperature?

0 Celsius or 273 Kelvin

What is absolute zero in Kelvins and Celsius?

0 K and -273.15 degrees Celsius

What is the freezing point of water in Celsius and Kelvin?

0 degrees Celsius and 273.15 Kelvins

What are the ranges in the electronegativity values of elements that allow you to easily determine the bond type?

0-0.4-------nonpolar covalent 0.5-1.9------polar covalent 2.0 & greater-------ionic

What is the freezing point of water in Celsius? What is that in Kelvin?

0.00; 273.15K

What is the freezing point of water in Celsius? What is it in Kelvin?

0; 273.15

1 cm contains how many mL if volume? Fix this one

1

1000 m= _km

1

60 min= _ h

1

What are the metric units for pressure?

1 Pascal=1 newton/meter squared

14.7 psi=?

1 atm

760 torr= (atm)?

1 atm

What is the value for standard pressure?

1 atm; 760 torr; 101, 325 Pa

1 Pascal= ?

1 newton/meter squared

A triple bond is formed of _ sigma bond(s) and _ pi bond(s).

1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds

1 L= _ mL

1,000

Gas volumes are _ times greater than the volume occupied by an _ number of particles in the _ or _ state.

1,000; equal; liquid; solid

What are the seven energy levels?

1,2,3,4,5,6,7

What are the 6 units and values associated with measuring Gas pressure?

1. 1 atm 2. 760 mmHg 3. 760 torr 4. 14.7 psi 5. 101,325 pascals 6. 101.3 kPa

Name the chemical properties and how they react. Give an example of each.

1. Active- to react/ blow up (combustion) 2. Inactive- nitrogen gas 3. Inert- don't react (noble gases: helium, zenon...)

List 6 of the 12 things that you learned from the Descriptive chemistry sections 5.13-5.25 with at least 3 being from the Hydrogen Section

1. Ammonia manufacturers consume most of the HYDROGEN produced in the US. 2. HYDROGEN is the lightest element and the most abundant in the entire universe 3. Laviosier gave HYDROGEN after its name which means "water-former." He named it that because it produces water when combusted in air. 4. Sodium is the 6th most abundant alkali metal. 5. Barium is used in fireworks and rat poison. 6. Radium is used to treat certain types of cancer.

What are the five steps in the scientific method?

1. Ask a question 2. Make a hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Organize and analyze data 5. Evaluate the hypothesis

What are the 2 properties of nonmetals?

1. Brittle (crumbly) 2. Poor conductors of heat and electricity

Name some examples of acids.

1. Citric Acid (lemons, oranges) 2.Lactic Acid (Sour Milk) 3. Acetic Acid (pickles, vinegar) 4. Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)

What are the three steps in the solvation process?

1. Endothermic-pulls solute apart 2. Endothermic- move solvent apart 3. exothermic- solvent attracted to solvent

What two postulates of the kinetic-molecular theory are not right?

1. Gas particles are tiny compared to the great distances btw them 2. Particles don't interact with each other or the walls of their container except during momentary collisions

How do you know if there is a chemical reaction? (6)

1. Heat given off 2. Light given off 3. Gas produced 4. Precipitate (an insoluble solid) produced 5. Electrical current produced 6. color changes

What are 3 factors that affect the rate of solution?

1. Heating 2. Stirring 3. Increase in surface area

What are the 5 periodic properties of elements?

1. Ionization energy 2. Ionic Radius 3. Electron Affinity 4. Electronegativity 5. Atomic radius

what are the 5 shapes of molecules that we've studied? Name and be able to draw an example of each.

1. Linear- Carbon dioxide (CO2); all diatomic molecules (H2) 2. Bent- Water (H2O) 3. Tetrahedral-carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 4. Trigonal Planar- Boron trichloride (BCl3) 5. Pyramidal- Ammonia (NH3)

What are the 4 quantum numbers in order? Name their symbols.

1. Principle Quantum Number (n) 2. Azimuthal or Sublevel Quantum Number (l) 3. Magnetic Quantum Number (m) 4. Electron-Spin Quantum Number (ms)

Steps in Problem Solving Step 1: _ the _ of the problem. Step 2. _ the _ of solution Step 3: _the _ tools to use. Step 4: _ up the problem, _, and _. Step 5.: _ and _.

1. Read; statement 2. Determine; method 3. Choose; specific 4. Set; estimate; calculate 5. Check; format

What are the 4 properties of all metals?

1. Shiny (lustrous) 2. Malleable 3. Ductile 4. Good conductors of heat and electricity

What are the four properties of metals?

1. Shiny (lustrous) 2. malleable (gold) 3. Ductile 4. Good conductors of heat and electricity

What are the 4 factors associated with colligative properties?

1. Solutes lower or depress vapor pressure 2. Solutes raise or elevate boiling point 3. Solutes will lower or depress freezing point 4. Solutes will raise the osmotic pressure

What are the 4 types of chemical reactions?

1. Synthesis or composition 2. Decomposition 3. Single Replacement 4. Double Replacement (or ionic)

What are the two reasons that models are essential to solving problems in the real world?

1. They are workable-they help us make sense of data 2. They have predictive power- they help us see what could happen in the future

What are the 2 types of spectra that chemists work with? Which one contains the colors?

1. Visible spectrum = roy g biv 2. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM The visible spectrum

What are the 6 dimensions for the derived units? What are their equations? What are their units? Which units do we use in the lab? *Fix equations and units

1. Volume- (l w h)- m- cm 2.(Mass) Density- (mass/volume)- kg/m- g/mL or g/cm 3. Energy- (work=Force x distance)- joule- J- 4. Radioactive decay- Becquerel(Bq)- s 5. Pressure- pascal 6. Temperature- Celsius

What are the 4 possible areas of electron density>

1. a nonbonding (lone) pair of electrons 2. a single bond 3. a double bond 4. a triple bond

What are the steps to finding the empirical formula?

1. change percent to grams 2. change grams to moles 3. find simplest whole number ratio by dividing smallest number of moles into all other numbers

Name the Physical Properties.

1. color 2. Physical state 3. Odor 4. Taste 5. Density 6. Malleability 7. Ductility 8. Conductivity *Moh's scale of hardness, texture,

Name the 7 parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

1. gamma rays (high E, short wavelength) 2. x-ray 3.UltraViolet (black lights) 4. visible light, 5. InfraRed (sun) 6. microwaves 7. radio wave, TV waves (low E, longer wavelength).

What three conditions do gases that are not like ideal gases have?

1. high pressure 2. high molecular weights (liquefy) 3. low temperature (tries to condense again)(liquefy)

Name the 6 strongest acids. Why are they the strongest?

1. hydrogen iodic (HI), 2. perchloric acid (HClO4), 3. Hydrobromic (HBr) 4. hydrochloric (HCl) 5. sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 6. nitric acid (HNO3) They give up protons easily and ionize completely. The equilibrium reaction in which they dissociate is product favored

What are the 5 dimensions of the SI Base Units? What is the abbreviation for the dimension? What are the Base units that go with each dimension? What is the abbreviation for each base unit? What is the unit we use for each dimesion in the lab?

1. length-l-meter (m)-cm 2. mass-m-kilogram- (kg)-g 3. time-(t)-second- (s)-s 4. Temperature (absolute)- (T)- Kelvin- (K)-degrees Celsius 5. number of particles- n- mole- (mol)

What three conditions do gases that are most nearly to an ideal gas have?

1. low pressure 2. high temperature 3. low molecular weights

What are the metric prefixes to know? What is the prefix symbol? What is the factor? What is the exponential form? Fix this one....

1. mega: (M-): 1 000 000 : 10 (million) 2. kilo: (k-): 1000 : 10 (thousand) 3. deci: (d-): 0.1 : 10 (tenth) 4. centi (c-): 0.01 10 (hundredth) 5. milli (m-) 0.001 10 (thousandth) 6. micro ( μ ) 0.000 001 1 (millionth) 7. nano (n-) 0.000 000 001 10 (billionth)

What are the three pairs of elements that bond? What is their bond type and polarity? How are their valence electrons configured? (6-1 Table)

1. nonmetal/nonmetal/covalent/ low to medium/ tightly shared 2. metal/nonmetal/ionic/ high/transferred 3. (metal/metal)/metallic/(n/a)/ widely shared

Name some octet rule exceptions.

1. some molecules have an odd number of valence electrons to share 2. Some elements, such as Boron, are content with fewer than four pairs of shared electrons. 3. More than 8 valence electrons are shared with a central atom

What does the principal quantum number indicate?

1. the AVERAGE DISTANCE OR MOST LIKELY (OR PROBABLY) location of an electron around the nucleus/ The average or most likely distance from the nucleus where an electron resides 2. The # of sublevels each energy level can have

The Kinetic Molecular Theory says: 1. Gas particles are _ compared to the _ _ between them. 2. Particles move at _, with high _, in _ _, and at many different _. 3. Particles _ _ interact with each other or the _ of their _ except during _ _. 4. Collisions between gas particles are _. That is, they _ _. 5. The _ _ _ of the gas particles is _ _ to the _ of gas in _.

1. tiny; great distances 2. random; velocities; all directions; speeds 3. do not; walls; container; momentary collisions 4. elastic; conserve energy 5. average kinetic energy; directly proportional; temperature; kelvins

1 m= _ cm

100

What is the boiling point of water?

100 degrees Celsius and 373.15 Kelvins

What is the boiling point of water in Celsius? What is it in Kelvin?

100.0 degrees Celsius; 373.15 Kelvin

What is the boiling point of water in Celsius? What is that in Kelvin?

100.00; 373.15K

1 kg= _ g

1000

1 Kilocalorie is = to _ calories which is = to _ C.

1000; 1

1 atm= (Pa)?

101,325 Pa

How many elements have scientists currently produced?

118

When did Dalton's discoveries take place?

1803

How many orbitals are possible for each of the following sublevels? s=_; p=_; d=_; f=_

1; 3; 5; 7

How many sublevels does principal energy level 1 have?

1; s

S sublevel has _ orbital or orientation (a _)

1; sphere

The strongest bases are in what group?

1A

Which two groups are filling the "s" sublevel.

1A and 2A

The Equilibrium constant (Keq) {hydronium ion concentration times the hydroxide ion concentration in water} often called ionization constant of water (Kw) is always equal to what?

1x10^-14

According to the ionization constant of water (Kw), hydronium and hydroxide ions are both equal to what? Where is this constant from?

1x10^-7 at 25 degrees Celsius; equilibrium constant

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a 3s orbital?

2

how many electrons can 1 orbital have?

2

How many sublevels does principal energy level 2 have?

2; s,p

How many sublevels does principal energy level 7 have?

2; s,p

How many electrons are possible for each of the following sublevels? S=_; p=_; d=_; f=_

2;6;10;14

Each orbital can hold _ electrons. They are called an orbital _.These two electrons spin in _ directions (one _ _ and the other _ spin _

2;pair; opposite; one clockwise +1/2 and the other counterclockwise spin -1/2

What is the maximum number of unpaired electrons that can be placed in a 3p orbital?

3

You body temperature should be 37 degrees Celsius. What is that in Kelvin?

310.15

What is the body temperature of Celsius and Kelvins?

310.15 Kelvins and 37 degrees Celsius

Your body temperature should be 30 degrees Celsius. What is that in Kelvin?

310.15K

An experiment needs to have a temperature of 63.50 degrees Celsius. What is that in Kelvins?

336.65K

P sublevel has _ orbitals (as in the _,_,_ _)

3; (as in the x, y, and z axis)

An orbital contains location information in how many geometrical directions? What are they?

3; (x,y,z)

How many rules for multiplying and dividing measured data are their? How many math rules are there?

3; 5

How many orbitals are in the p sublevel? How many are in the f sublevel?

3; 7

How many sublevels does principal energy level 3 have?

3; s,p,d

How many sublevels does principal energy level 6 have?

3; s,p,d,f

Which groups are filling their "p" sublevel?

3A-8A

How many sublevels does principal energy level 4 have?

4; s,p,d,f

How many sublevels does principal energy level 5 have?

4; s,p,d,f

Which electrons are most likely to be involved in a chemical reaction:Those in a 4s energy level or those in a 3d energy level?

4s because outershell electrons are used in chemical reactions

How many steps in problem solving are there?

5

The d sublevel has _ orbitals

5

How many SD rules are there?

6

an atom's ground state contains how many levels?

6 or 7

The number of particles presented by a mole is ____. This is called _ _.

6.022x10^23; avogadro's number

1 min= _ secs

60

How many base units are there?

7

How many energy levels are there?

7

How many principal quantum numbers are there?

7

the f sublevel has ___ orbitals

7

What is the pH of pure water?

7.0

14.7 psi=(torr)?

760 torr

There are _ energy levels where electrons can be found. They are also called _(_-_).

7; shells (k-q)

Remember that the most electrons an atom can have in the outer shell is _ or an _.

8 or octet

same as a single arrow

=

Pure water (H2O) is what?

A conductor. An electrolyte

What is a worldview?

A perspective from which to see and interpret all life

What is a homogeneous mixture called? What is the best example?

A solution; Air (and then water)

What is the difference between a chemical subscript and a coefficient?

A subscript is written at the lower right of a chemical symbol. They indicate the number of atoms or groups of atoms in a chemical formula. A chemical coefficient is a standard-size number in front of a chemical symbol. A chemical coefficient applies to the entire formula immediately following it, multiplying each subscript.

Describe the formula for a synthesis reaction.

A+B=AB

Describe the formula for a single replacement reaction.

A+BX=B+AX

Which of the following statements is FALSE?: A. When handling chemicals, be sure to read the label one time before taking it to your station B. Never taste a chemical C. When heating test tubes, point it away from others (toward a wall if possible) D. Do not eat or drink while at the lab bench E. Do not eat or drink out of glassware.

A. When handling chemicals, be sure to read the label one time before taking it to your station

SD Rule 1: A. Significant digits do not apply to _ or _ numbers. B. Significant digits do not apply to _ that are __ _ by definition.

A. counted; pure B. ratios; exactly 1

SD Rule 4. A. If a _ point is _, all zeros to the _ of the last _ digit are significant. B. If a _ point is _ present, no _ zeros are significant C. In _ _, all zeros to the _ of the first _ digit are not significant.

A. decimal; present; right; nonzero B. decimal; not; trailing C. decimal numbers; left; nonzeros

What is the equation for the mass number?

A=Z+N

the mass number is equal to what?

A=Z+N

What is the equation for the mass number? What do the symbols mean?

A=Z+N; A: mass number; Z: atomic number; N= number of neutrons

Describe the formula for a decomposition reaction

AB=A+B

What is the formula for double replacement reactions?

AX (aq)+BY (aq)=AY+BX

Describe the formula for a double replacement reaction.

AX+BZ=BX+AZ

The theoretical temperature at which all molecular and atomic movement ceases. 0 K

Absolute zero

The theoretical temperature where molecular motion is at a minimum

Absolute zero

Which truth is true for all time, and is based on God's word. What is the Bible verse?

Absolute; Mark 1:31- Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will never pass away.

What are the two expressions of uncertainty?

Accuracy and precision

_ is the closeness of a measurement to an _ _. It is expressed in _ _.

Accuracy; accepted value; percent error

Acid+Base equals what?

Acid+Base=water+salt

The form of wave-transmitted energy that is detected by ear

Acoustic energy

Filling the "f" sublevels; at the bottom of the table; are f block elements in which interior f sublevel electrons are added with increasing atomic #.

Actinide series

Silver

Ag

Silver

Ag+

Aluminum

Al+3

Early chemists who were trying to make gold and find immortality

Alchemists

What is the Family name for group 1 (1A)?

Alkali Metal

Which elements have the lowest IONIZATION ENERGY

Alkali Metal

What is the family name for Group 1 (1A)?

Alkali Metal Family

Which family has the lowest electronegativity? Which element has the lowest electronegativity? Why?

Alkali Metals; Francium; bc they want to get rid of one so they can have a full outer shell

Which elements have the lowest ionization energy?

Alkali metals because it's easiest to take away an electron from them

What is the Family name for group 2 (2A)?

Alkaline Earth Metal

What is the family name for Group 2 (2A)?

Alkaline Earth Metal Family

What does the second law of thermodynamics state? What is the other name of this law?

All natural processes tend toward the highest ENTROPY and minimum USABLE ENERGY

What does the second law of Thermodynamics say?

All natural processes tend toward the highest entropy and the minimum usable energy.

A mixture of a metal with another element to produce special metallic properties.

Alloy

Mixture of a metal's atoms with another element. It has metallic properties.

Alloy

The positive particle which has the same composition as a He-4 nucleus. What is its symbol?

Alpha particle; α

Al

Aluminum

Know the correct procedure for preparing acid solutions. _ _ the _slowly to the _. Never pour _ into a _ acid.

Always add; acid; water; water; strong

Who developed the mole?

Amedeo Avogadro

Give an example of a compound that is not considered an Arrhenius base.

Ammonia (NH3), Methanol (CH3OH)

What is a valence electron?

An electron with an INCOMPLETE outershell

What does it mean to say that an electron's energy within an atom is quantized?

An electron's energy is considered to be quantized bc it charges in exact amounts. To change energy levels, an electron must emit or absorb the exact amount of energy required for that level

Tells which sublevel an electron is located in

Angular Momentum (Azimuthal QN)

Negatively charged ions

Anion

How does the size of an anion compare to the size of its neutral atom?

Anions are larger than their neutral atom. The additional electrons are generally added to the outer main energy level, resulting in a larger cloud.

Convert 975 mm to meters. Show set up

Answer: 0.975 m

The importance of the valence electrons is that they....

Are electrons that are most likely to be involved in chemical bonding (reactions)

Ar

Argon

A compound that has ionizable hydrogen

Arrhenius Acids

ionize to release hydrogen ions (H+) into aqueous solutions and bonds to a water molecule to form the hydronium ion (H3O+).

Arrhenius acids

Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-) into solutions.

Arrhenius bases

Arsenic

As

In terms of the atomic radius, what happens as the atomic number increases?

As the atomic number increases from left to right across a period, the outer shell electrons are held progressively tighter, and the average distance from the nucleus to the outer-shell electrons decreases.

arsenate

AsO4-3

A basic particle of matter that makes up the elements.

Atom

The neutral fundamental particle of elements

Atom

Given in 4 significant digits. Under the symbol.

Atomic mass

Model that is the foundation of present atomic theories.

Atomic model (Dalton)

At the top left of the cell. The number of protons

Atomic number

The number of protons in the nucleus

Atomic number (Z)

What is the difference between an atom and an ion?

Atoms are ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL. This means that they have the same number of protons as electrons. Ions are CHARGED PARTICLES. If an

Gold

Au

Arrangement of electrons always starts with the lowest energy level and add one electron at a time.

Aufbau principle

always start with the lowest energy level and add one electron at a time. the arrangement of electrons in an atom is determined by adding electrons to an atom with a lower atomic number, that is, one with fewer electrons.

Aufbau principle

The volume of a gas, maintained at a constant temperature and pressure, is directly proportional to the number of mole of the gas

Avogadro's law

the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12

Avogadro's number

To which quantum numbers do the sublevel designations s,p,d, and f correspnd? Give the maximum electron capacity of each

Azimuthal QN; s=2 p=6 d=10 f=14

Boron

B

Borate

BO3-3

Dispose of broken glass in _ _ _. _ put broken glass in the _.

BROKEN GLASS RECPTACLE; Trash

Barium

Ba2+

Ba

Barium

Measures a basic dimension/ One of the seven units that measures a basic dimension from which all other metric dimensional units are derives

Base unit

Why is it impossible to find the exact location of an electron?

Bc they move quickly. They aren't stagnant

Beryllium

Be

What unit do we use to measure radiation?

Becquerel (Bq)

Who was the first professor of chemistry in the US?

Benjamin Rush

The negative particle. What is its symbol?

Beta Particle; β

Negatively charged radiation from an unstable nucleus. It is an electron being emitted from the nucleus

Beta particle

neutrons and protons in the nucleus

Beta particles

An acid with two elements

Binary compound

Bi

Bismuth

Bases turn red litmus paper _.

Blue

Developed the planetary model using spectroscopy to model the movement of electrons

Bohr

Used Spectrum studies

Bohr

What kind of orbitals are in the molecular bonding theory?

Bonding and antibonding orbitals

What are the six metalloids and their symbols?

Boron(B), Silicon(Si), Geranium(Ge), Arsenic(As), Antimony(Sb), and Tellurium(Te)

The state of matter that exists at temperature close to absolute zero.

Bose-Einstein condensate

_ atoms acquire _ valence electron that fills the _ in that particular orbital.

Both; another; vacancy

The volume of a dry gas is inversely related to the pressure if the temperature is held constant.

Boyle's Law

Bromine

Br

Bromide

Br-

Bromate

BrO3-

Who were famous alchemists?

Brahe, Newton, Boyle, and Bacon

A spectrum showing only certain colors or wavelengths of light; pattern of bright lines.

Bright Line spectrum

The random jiggling of microscopic matter that Brown observed is called what?

Browninan Motion

Substance that donates a proton; proton donor

Brønsted-Lowry Acid

Substance that accepts a proton

Brønsted-Lowry Base

The Brønsted-Lowry model encompasses _ Arrhenius acids and bases. What is the difference btw Brønsted-Lowry bases and Arrhenius bases?

Brønsted-Lowry bases expands the number of substances called bases bc it includes many substances with OH groups.

Be Cautious when using a _ _: a. _ _ should be __ _ to reduce the possibility of it catching on fire. b. _ _ _ dangling jewelry or _ clothing c. Glass stays _ _ _ _ _. If it is hot, let it _.

Bunsen Burner; Long hair; Tied back; DO NOT WEAR; Loose; HOT FOR A LONG TIME; COOL;

How do we know which element is more reactive?

By checking the reactivity series. The free element must be higher than the metal

How do you know the bond type?

By determining the difference in electronegativity btw the 2 elements

How have we studied atoms over the 1800's and 1900's before we finally developed means recently to actually see atoms.

By making MODELS of the atoms

How are we currently able to "see" atoms?

By using a technique called Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

Carbon

C

Which of the following statements is FALSE?: A. Always add acid slowly to water B. Never pour water into a strong acid C. Water can be added to strong acid if it is done quickly D. ALL THESE STATEMENTS ARE TRUE

C. Water can be added to a strong acid if it is done quickly

Acetate

C2H3O2−

Oxalate

C2O4-2

What is absolute zero in Celsius? What is in Kelvin?

C=-273.15, K=0

What is the formula for Celsius?

C=K-273.15

Give some examples of compounds that aren't considered Arrhenius Acids.

CH4 (methane gas)

Cyanide

CN-

carbonate

CO3-2

Calcium

Ca2+

Cd

Cadmium

Ca

Calcium

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius. To heat 1000 grams of water would take a _.

Calorie; kilocalorie

Read directions _. Follow directions _.

Carefully; precisely

What apparatus did Thomson use to make his discovery?

Cathode ray tube

Emissions from the cathode/ The stream of electrons emitted from the cathode in a cathode-ray tube.

Cathode rays

An atom that has lost one or more electrons

Cation

How does the size of a cation compare to the size of its neutral ion? Why?

Cations-positive ions- are smaller than their parent atoms because they have fewer electrons than the fixed positive nuclear charge. In many cases, the entire outer shell or principal energy level is lost. (Lose outer shell electrons)

Uses two reference points to anchor the temperature scale

Celsius

Discovered the missing mass in an atom and named particle, the neutron

Chadwick

Discovered Neutron.

Chadwick (1937)

Who discovered the neutron? When?

Chadwick in 1932

when the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the temperature in kelvins and the volume are directly proportional

Charles's Law

Which law deals with temperature and volume?

Charles's law

natural linking with other atoms to rearrange electrons for maximum stability

Chemical bond

Metal rusting

Chemical change

Which change is described? "The positions and chemical bonds of the particles change."

Chemical change

A change in the composition of the particles of a material that alters the identity of the material.

Chemical change.

Changes in the identity of a material- changes that result in a different material with a different composition and properties.

Chemical changes

What kind of change are these examples of? Metal rusting, oil burning, wood rotting, food digesting, RUSTING, BURNING, DECOMPOSITION, DIGESTION, PRECIPITANT/PRECIPITATE

Chemical changes

Used to represent the millions of kinds of molecules or formula units that make up compounds.

Chemical formulas

Describe how matter acts in the presence of other materials or how it changes composition when sufficient energy is added to it.

Chemical properties (of matter)

a one-, two-, or 3- letter representation of the element's name. The _ letter of an element's symbol is _ capitalized and the _ letter is _ lowercased.

Chemical symbol; 1st ALWAYS; 2nd,always

Handle _ carefully, Check the labels of all bottles _ removing the contents. Read the labels _ _: - you pick up the container, _ the container is in your _, and when you put the bottle _.

Chemicals; BEFORE; THREE TIMES; before, when, hand, back

List the 7 diatomic elements.

Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Bromine, Iodine, Fluorine

List the seven diatomic elements

Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Bromine, Iodine, Fluorine

List the seven diatomic elements.

Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Bromine, Iodine, Fluorine

Chlorine

Cl

Chloride

Cl-

Hypochlorite

ClO-1

Chlorate

ClO3-

After completing an experiment, _ and _ your equipment.

Clean and put away

Cobalt (III)

Co+3

Cobalt (II)

Co2+

Co

Cobalt

He (Jesus) is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation. For by Him all things were created... and in Him all things consist.

Colossians 1:15-17

A gas law that combines Boyle's law, Charles's Law, and Gay-Lussac's law, where temperature, pressure, and volume are constant.

Combined Gas law

Pure substances that consist of two or more elements chemically combined

Compounds

What are the changes of common states of matter?

Condensation, Vaporization, Freezing, Melting, Sublimation, Deposition

A complete visual spectrum with no frequency gaps; emitted only by an ideal luminous object

Continuous spectrum

Gas particles are in _, _, and _ motion.

Continuous, rapid, random

a fraction that contains both the original unit and its equivalent value in a new unit

Conversion factor

Cu

Copper

Atoms with similar electronegativities SHARE electrons to meet the octet rule.

Covalent bonds

It takes little energy to separate the molecules in this compound.

Covalent compound

Chromium

Cr

Chromium (III)

Cr+3

Dichromate

Cr2O7-2

Chromate

CrO4-2

Cesium

Cs

Copper(I)

Cu+

Copper (II)

Cu2+

Calculated the masses of Atoms of the elements.

Dalton

Developed the 1st atomic theory

Dalton

Formed the 1st Atomic theory using the law of Definite Composition

Dalton

Theorized that an atom was a solid indivisible, indestructible particle

Dalton

The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures

Dalton's law of partial pressures

Model changed from solid (__________________), and plum pudding (__________________) to _ WITH _, _ NUCLEUS and mostly _ _ where the electrons move. Year was _. _ were discovered. Atomic number for elements. (_).

Dalton; J.J. Thompson; atom; small positive, empty space; 1909; protons; Z

Who 1st recognized nitrogen as an element?

Daniel Rutherford

Developed the Quantum model

De Broglie

Quantum model

De Broglie and others;

SD Rule 4: _ _ define significant zero.

Decimal points

Proceeds from general statements called premises to a specific conclusion./ Arguments from general accepted statements called premises to more specific conclusions. It proves a conclusion to be true is the premises are true

Deductive Reasoning

1st who used the word "atomos" to refer to the smallest, indivisible, and indestructible particle of matter

Democritus

Who was the first to state that matter is made up of separate, discrete particles?

Democritus

first came up with the idea of a particle so small it could not be divided any more. At what approximate time was this idea developed?

Democritus; 400 BC;

List 7 properties that would be called physical properties

Density, ductility, conductivity, color, texture, odor, taste, malleability

Gases have a low _. It is _ _ (_/_) that of a liquid or solid.

Density; one-thousandth; (1/1000)

What is the formula for Density?

Density=Mass/Volume

The change from a gas directly to the solid state

Deposition

What is an element that whose atoms naturally bond into two-atom units? Give an example.

Diatomic element; Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine

Any measurable property of the physical universe such as length, mass, volume, time, and electrical charge.

Dimension

Two aqueous ionic compounds that switch partners.

Double replacement reaction

One of the 1st scientists to discover similar properties of elements

Döbereiner

Who is associated with triads?

Döbereiner

Who is the concept of periodicity associated with?

Döbereiner

What is the 4th Quantum number?

ELECTRON-SPIN Quantum number

Ancient chemistry was practiced by the _,_,_, and even the _. It included a strong sense of _.

Egyptians, Romans, Arabs, and Europeans, superstition

the amount of energy required (or given off) when an atom RECEIVES an electron.

Electron Affinity

The number and location of electrons in each occupied energy level in the neutral atom; listed below atomic mass

Electron configuration

gives the direction of the spin of the orbital pair of electrons.

Electron-Spin QN

Explains how metal atoms bond together and also explains why metals have such unique properties

Electron-sea theory/ free-electron theory

The attraction of a nucleus for its valence electron

Electronegativity

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary CHEMICAL means.

Element (118 of them)

List two examples of a pure substance.

Element and compound

What are the two types of pure substances?

Elements and Compounds

tell what elements are present and give the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in the compound

Empirical formula(s)

Energy or heat TAKEN IN during a reaction. Surroundings COOL OFF as energy is taken in.

Endothermic

The ability to do work.

Energy

The ability to do work. Measured in joules.

Energy

Einstein predicted the equivalence of _ and _ with his famous equation, E=mc2, which relates _ (E) to the _ of _ (m) by the _ of _(c) squared.

Energy and matter; energy, mass of matter; speed of light

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics say?

Energy is not created or destroyed in reactions, but can be changed from one form to another.

What country were both Dalton and Thomson from?

England

The disorder of a system or the dispersal of energy.

Entropy

The measure of the dispersal of energy. What is an example of this?

Entropy; diffusion

Experimented shooting alpha particles (positive charged particles) at Gold foil.

Ernest Rutherford

What was the matter that makes up the physical universe created out of? Who created it?

Ex Nihilo (out of nothing); God

_ atoms _ _ _ (p. 86) of _ energy that can be seen or detected as electrons _ to _ state

Excited; give off PHOTONS; QUANTIZED; return; ground

Energy or heat GIVEN OFF during a reaction. Surrounding gets warmer of HOT. Can also give off light.

Exothermic

Give an example of an exothermic reaction. Give an example of an endothermic reaction.

Exothermic- Zinc+ Hydrochloric acid/ lighting a match Endothermic- Ammonium Chloride

A way to observe a natural process, sometimes under controlled conditions, so that a scientist can know if the hypothesis is right or wrong.

Experiment

True or False. A molecule displaying resonance does oscillate between two (or more) possible electron configurations.

False

A triatomic molecule is always linear.

False; A diatomic molecule is always linear. This because there is no polarity.

Pi bonds are stronger than sigma bonds. (T or F).

False;Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds because the region of highest electron density lies on the bond axis.

Iron

Fe

Iron (III)

Fe+3

Iron (II)

Fe2+

Who used the atomic model when he participated in the Manhattan Project, the secret project that developed the atomic bomb.

Feynman

Energy is not created or destroyed in reactions, but can be changed from one form to another

First law of thermodynamics

Energy is not created or destroyed in reactions, but can be changed from one form to another

First law of thermodynamics; Law of conservation of mass-energy

F

Fluorine

Which element has the highest electronegativity?

Fluorine

Which element in the halogen fam gives off the most energy?

Fluorine

What elements have the highest electronegativity?

Fluorine, Oxygen, and Chlorine

The ratio of cations to anions needed to achieve neutrality that determines the chemical formula for the compound.

Formula units

Which element has the lowest electronegativity?

Francium

What elements have the lowest electronegativity?

Francium (Fr), Cesium(Cs), and Rubidium (Rb)

Radioactive decay that has no mass or charge. It is a type of electromagnetic wave with high penetration

Gamma

Which has the greatest penetrating power?

Gamma rays

List the seven parts of the Electromagnetic spectrum

Gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, InfraRed, microwaves, radio waves

Not a particle but a form or electromagnetic radiation. What is its symbol?

Gamma rays;γ

When a liquid particles have enough velocity to escape from their partners

Gas

We live in what kind of solution? ---(Air)

Gas-gas

Particles far apart

Gases

Pressure is directly proportional to temperature in kelvins for a fixed mass of gas held in a constant volume

Gay-Lussac's Law

What instrument do we use to measure radiation?

Geiger counter

Name the reference and fill in the blanks.......... In the _ _ _ the heavens and the earth.

Genesis 1:1; Beginning God created

Who gave the negatively charged particles that Thompson observed the name "electron?"

George Johnstone Stoney

Genesis 1:1 says, "In the beginning _ _ the heavens and the earth."

God created

Genesis 1:1 states, in the beginning _ _ the heavens and the earth.

God created

states that the rate of effusion for a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.

Graham's law of effusion

indicates how many atoms of each element are in a binary covalent compound.

Greek prefix system

An atom that has all its electrons in their lowest energy state.

Ground state

Hydrogen

H

Hydrogen

H+

Hydride

H-1

A chemical formula that shows the exact number of atoms in the formula of a compound/ of a molecule; used for covalent compounds

Molecular formula

Used for covalent compounds

Molecular formula

What is the difference between the molecular formula for a covalent compound and formula units for an ionic compound?

Molecular formula indicates the EXACT # of atoms in a molecule. Formula units shows the ratio of the # of atoms (ions) in a crystal

Which theory can be used to predict if a bond will form between two atoms?

Molecular orbital theory

suggests that the orbitals of a molecule's atoms are replaced by totally new orbitals when a molecule forms

Molecular orbital theory

A bonding property where atoms take on an intermediate character or shape

Molecular resonance

Distinct groups of atoms bonded together

Molecules

What is an element that occurs naturally as individual atoms? Name an example.

Monatomic element- noble gases (Neon, Argon, Xenon)

For single replacement reactions, the _ _ _ can replace another element in a compound.

More Reactive Metal

the micro prefix symbol is _.

Mu

Nitrogen

N

Nitride

N-3

What is the acronym for the -3 anions?

NAPPB

How do you find the number of protons, neutrons and electrons?

NEUTRONS: Subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass. To find the number of neutrons, you will need to subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass. PROTONS AND ELECTRONS: the atomic number is the same as the number of protons and the number of electrons is the same

_ _ chemicals. DO NOT _ OR _ while at the lab bench. Do not eat or drink out of _ _.

NEVER TASTE; EAT DRINK, LAB GLASSWARE

Amide

NH2-

Ammonium

NH4+

Is there one standard form of the scientific method?

NO

Nitrite

NO2-

Nitrate

NO3-

Sodium

Na

Sodium

Na+

How many atoms of each element are in the following formula? *Write in the formula

Na=16; S=8; O=32

What compounds are considered Arrhenius bases?

NaOH, Mg(OH), Al(OH)

Appears right about the element's symbol

Name

Ne

Neon

Explain how atoms can be electrically neutral even though they contain charged particles.

Neutral atoms contain the same number of protons as electrons

A reaction between a (strong) acid and a (strong) base in an aqueous solution that produces a salt and water.

Neutralization

Who are the octaves associated with?

Newlands

Who saw a correlation between music and science?

Newlands

Nickel

Ni

Nickel (II)

Ni2+

Developed Planetary model. When?

Niels Bohr 1913

What are the anions in the acronym NAPPB?

Nitride, arsenate, Phosphate, phosphide, borate

Are hydrogen-containing compounds always Arrhenius acids?

No

Can the kinetic-molecular theory exactly describe the behavior of most gases?

No

Does DI have ions?

No

Will acids or bases conduct electricity without being in solution?

No

What does the Pauli exclusion principle say?

No two electrons can have the exact set of Quantum numbers. Could have the same n value, same l value, same m value, but the spin has to be different.

Do all bases produce color change in red litmus paper?

No, the weaker ones may not

Are compounds with OH groups always considered Arrhenius bases? Why or why not?

No; Some do not have an OH group

Was Mendeleev's idea accepted right away? What was the turning point?

No; When gallium, one of the missing elements, was discovered

What is the family name for group 18(8A)?

Noble Gas (Inert Gas)

What is the family name for Group 18 (8A)?

Noble Gas Family

Which elements have the highest IONIZATION ENERGY?

Noble gas

Which elements have the highest ionization energy?

Noble gas

Which elements do not want another electron?

Noble gases bc they already have a full outer shell/outet

The class of element that the atoms on the right side of the periodic chart represent.

Nonmetal

A covalent bond where there is an even attraction of the shared electrons.

Nonpolar

A convention that contains a combination of arabic numerals and letter that are placed above to indicate the valence electrons of the elements in each column.

North American Convention

_ your teacher _ of problems (__, _, _ ,etc.) Report any damaged _.

Notify, immediately, burn, spill, cut, equipment

The spontaneous emission of rays and particles from the nucleus of unstable atoms

Nuclear radiation

very small/ central, dense region of an atom

Nucleus

Oxygen

O

Oxide

O-2

Peroxide

O2-2

Hydroxide

OH-

what are the three main ways we write out the electron arrangement for an element?

ORBITAL NOTATION, ELECTRON CONFIGURATION NOTATION, and ELECTRON DOT.

In all cases, atoms are trying to attain the stability of having a full outer shell or 8 electrons.

Octet Rule

The probable location of an atom. Each can hold a pair of electrons

Orbital

What does ex nihilo mean? what language is it?

Out of nothing; Latin

The number of electrons an atom in a compound must gain or lose to return to its neutral state

Oxidation number/oxidation state

Rule 1: The _ of a _ (uncombined) element is _.

Oxidation; free; zero

What is the equation for Dalton's law of partial pressures?

P(total)=PO2+PH2O

Phosphide

P-3

What is the equation for Gay-Lussac's Law?

P1/T1=P2/T2

What is the equation for the combined gas law?

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

What is the equation for Boyle's Law?

P1V1=P2V2

P

PHOSPHORUS

Phosphate

PO4-3

No two electrons can have the exact set of Quantum numbers. Could have the same n value, same l value, same m value, but the spin has to be different.

Pauli exclusion principle

Lead

Pb

Lead (IV)

Pb+4

Lead (II)

Pb2+

After a scientist has experimented or conducted a survey, he must formulate his results and have his work examined by other experts in the _ _ process.

Peer review

The lanthanide series is part of which period?

Period 6

grouping elements into families with similar properties/exists when some measurable property repeats on a regular basis in a sequential list or time sequence.

Periodicity

Only 1 type of matter (compound or element)

Pure substance

Matter can be divided into what two categories based on its physical and chemical properties?

Pure substances and mixtures

What are the two major categories of matter? What do we use to describe these?

Pure substances(elements and compounds) and mixtures; physical and chemical properties

_ or _ _ bonds would exist for any of the _ elements bc they have the _ attraction for electrons.

Pure; Nonpolar covalent; diatomic; same

This is the shape of a molecule with 4 atoms. The central atom is from 5A, so it will have an unshared pair of electrons causing this shape.

Pyramidal

You must work _ during lab. (_ or _ talk)

QUIETLY,Whisper soft

Observations, such as texture or color, that use numerical data/ Data in the form of words used to describe something

Qualitative data

Data that is in the form of numbers resulting from measurements

Quantitative

Observations, such as weight or mass, that use numerical data/Data in the form of numbers determined through measuring

Quantitative data

What is the current model?

Quantum Model

What is the current model?

Quantum model

solutions to various wave equations scientists use to describe energy, momentum, and probable location.

Quantum numbers

A high-temperature state of matter that forms when nuclear collide with such energy that their protons and neutrons are broken down into a "soup" of particles Quark gluons

Quark gluon plasma

Arguments that begin with known facts and proceed to an unknown general conclusion./ Proceeds from known data to an unknown general conclusion. It shows a conclusion is likely

Inductive Reasoning

The sum of the potential and kinetic energies of its component particles

Internal energy

What does IUPAC stand for?

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

The convention of numbering groups from 1-18.

International Union of Pure and applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

How does temperature affect liquid-gas solution solubility?

Inversely proportional; If there is an increase in temperature, the solubility will decrease.

Transfer of valence electrons

Ionic

Which type of bond is a TRANSFER of valence electrons?

Ionic

What are the 4 types of chemical bonds?

Ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen

the energy required for an atom to lose an electron (to remove an electron)

Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove an electron from the outermost shell of an atom

Ionization energy

Atoms of the same element with different mass

Isotope

describe the isotope of an atom. GIve two ways it can be represented.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different mass or different number of neutrons. An isotope can be written with symbol followed by mass number or isotopic notation preceded by the mass number in superscript and atomic number ins subscript.

What happens to the ionization energies of the elements as you go down a group? Why?

It decreases as you go down a group because the electrons are farther and farther away from the nucleus and it makes it easier to take them away.

How does electron affinity vary as you go down a group? Why?

It decreases because the electrons are getting farther and farther away from the nucleus and there's less pull.

What happens to the atomic radius as you go across a period from left to right?

It decreases because the nucleus of the atom gains protons moving from left to right, increasing the positive charge of the nucleus and increasing the attractive force of the nucleus upon the electrons.

Why are some processes endothermic while others are exothermic?

It depends on the balance of how much it takes to separate versus how much attractive force is present

How does an ion become negatively charged?

It gains an electron

What happens to the atomic radius as you go down a group? Why?

It increases because another principal energy level is added with each subsequent period. It goes to higher and higher energy levels.

How does ionization energy vary as you go across a period from left to right?

It increases because the element is closer to getting an octet or full outer shell.

How does electron affinity vary as you go across a period? Why?

It increases because there's a stronger attraction for electrons and the element is getting closer to having an octet.

What does the third law of thermodynamics state?

It is impossible to reach absolute zero, so this reference point is unattainable

Is an ionic bond strong or weak? Why? Do the elements have high or low melting points?

It is strong because it is held together by the oppositely charged ions. High melting points

What does the bright line spectrum allow us to know?

It lets us know/calculate where an electron is located (electron's address)

how does an ion become positively charged?

It loses an electron

Why was the discovery of the neutron difficult? why was it important for the development of the atomic model?

It was difficult since the neutron was not a charged particle and could be deflected in a magnetic field or charged plate like the electron, proton, and alpha particles. It explained isotopes.

Acid: If the metal is more active than the hydrogen, what will happen?

It will replace the hydrogen ion of the acid, liberating diatomic hydrogen

Who came up with the plum pudding model and has electrons and protons associated with their name?

J.J. Thompson

Who explained cathode rays and said that they traveled in straight lines,unaffected by gravity?

J.J. Thompson

Who discovered that a negatively charged particle could be separated from the atom (electron)? When?

J.J. Thompson 1897

Thought the atom was a solid particle.

John Dalton

The SI unit that measures the work, energy, or heat in a system.

Joule

What is the SI unit used to measure work, heat, or energy?

Joule

What is the SI unit for the measuring of heat?

Joule, but we use the calorie or Kilocalorie in chemistry

What is energy is energy measure in?

Joules

Potassium

K

Potassium

K+

What is the formula for kinetic energy? Add Here! What do these variables mean?

K=1/2mv; (m): the mass of a system; (v)= velocity of a system

What is the formula for Kelvin?

K=C+273.15

What is the formula to convert from Celsius to Kelvin? Kelvin to Celsius?

K=C+273.15 C=K-273.15

Which SI unit goes to density?

KG/M3

A temperature scale proposed in the 1880s that consists of only positive temperature values

Kelvin

Which SI unit goes to temperature?

Kelvin

What are the Kelvin and Celsius values for absolute zero?

Kelvin: 0 Celsius: -273.15

The energy of motion

Kinetic energy

Explains that the behavior of gases, such as in a helium-filled balloon, based on the motion of particles

Kinetic-Molecular Theory

A theory stating that the particles of matter are in constant motion, affecting the properties of matter

Kinetic-molecular theory

Kr

Krypton

Filling the "f" sublevels; at the bottom of the table immediately after lanthanum.

Lanthanide series

For some elements that were known in ancient times, their _ names serve as the basis for their symbols.

Latin

Who was the first to use the word element?

Lavoisier

The law that states that "every compound is formed of elements combined in specific ratios by mass that are unique for that compound."

Law of Definite Composition

under equivalent conditions, the volumes of reacting gases and their gaseous products are expressed in ratios of small whole numbers

Law of combining volumes

What do Lewis structures show and what do they not show? Why is this significant?

Lewis structures show the bonds between atoms but they tell nothing about the 3-dimensional shape of the molecule. This is significant bc the shape determines many of a molecules chemical and physical properties.

Lithium

Li

Lithium

Li+

Name 3 strong bases.

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH,CsOh, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2

How did observations of line spectra lead to conclusions that the energy given off by excited atoms is quantized?

Lines in emission spectra are indications of the release of specific amount of energy. Once Bohr realized that electrons emitted light when dropping from high energy state to lower, he found that the energy was released in discrete amounts (wavelengths) that could be observed.

Developed the concept of electronegativity

Linus Pauling

Who was first chemist to quantify electronegativity?

Linus Pauling

Particles close, but can move around and past each other.

Liquid

List the four states of matter

Liquid, solid, gas, plasma

Pressure affects the solubility of what kind of solution? Who's law is says this?

Liquid-Solid; Pressure is directly proportional to the partial pressures of the gases above solutions-Henry's Law

So n = 1 _ energy level _ to the nucleus has (l =1) sublevel which is the "_" sublevel. It is called _. ALL ENERGY LEVELS WILL HAVE AN _ SUBLEVEL AS YOU assign the _ of electrons. The "_" value for all s sublevel is a _ orbital. It can hold _ pair of electrons.

Lowest; closest; "s"; 1s. s; position; "m"; spherical;one

Safety glasses _ _ be worn when at lab benches.

MUST ALWAYS

Its symbol is the letter "m"

Magnetic QN

Tells the axis or orientation of orbital

Magnetic QN

Mn

Manganese

This is the sum of number of protons plus number of neutrons

Mass number

What is the symbol for mass number? Atomic number?

Mass number (A) atomic number (Z)

Name the masses of the subatomic particles. This is a _ to _ ratio

Mass of the proton 1.673 x 10-27 kg Mass of neutron 1.675 x 10-27 kg Mass of electron 9.11 x 10-31 kg charge to mass ratio

What does the first law of thermodynamics state? What is it called?

Matter and Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form into another; The law of conservation of mass-energy

The act of comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit

Measurement

Energy possessed by objects that are moving or have the potential to move

Mechanical energy

What are the six most common forms of energy?

Mechanical, acoustic/sound, thermal, electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear

A physical change from the solid state to the liquid state

Melting

Developed the modern periodic table

Mendeleev

Who created the periodic table with "blanks" or "gaps?"

Mendeleev

Who developed the modern periodic table

Mendeleev

Who developed the modern periodic table?

Mendeleev

Who found that the physical and chemical properties of elements kept reoccurring when he arranged the elements in increasing atomic mass order?

Mendeleev

Who included transition metals in their table?

Mendeleev

Who recognized elements that hadn't been discovered yet?

Mendeleev

Who was the first to use atomic WEIGHT.

Mendeleev

Atoms with low electron affinities w/ only a few loosely held valence electrons that share many atoms. (Ik this doesn't make sense but this is how he worded it.)

Metallic bonds

Which bond type makes for good conductors?

Metallic bonds

What do metallic carbonates decompose into?

Metallic carbonate= metallic oxide+ carbon dioxide

What do Metallic hydroxides decompose into?

Metallic hydroxides=metallic oxide+Water

Ionic Bond: _ atom with a low _ (high electron affinity), _ an electron (becomes a _) to a _ (with a high _) _ the electron (becoming an _).

Metallic;electronegativity; loses; cation; nonmetal; electronegativity; gains; anion

Elements that have both metallic and nonmetallic properties.

Metalloid

What is to the left of the line of separation?

Metals

Magnesium

Mg

Magnesium

Mg2+

The formula for the compound formed when Magnesium combines with chlorine is what?

MgCl2

one thousandth (0.001)

Milli-

Material that can be separated into two or more pure substances by physical changes

Mixture

Permanganate

MnO4-1

How did we study atoms before?

Models

What kind(s) of motion do liquids have?

ROTATIONAL and vibrational

Which type of bond is the strongest? Why?

Sigma bonds are the strongest type of bond bc the region of highest electron probability lies on the bond axis

the digits are known for certain plus one estimated digit

Significant digits (SDs)

Si

Silicon

Who first isolated the elements in the alkali metals family?

Sir Henry Davy

The British doctor who used reasoning to learn about how people get malaria

Sir Ronald Ross

Tin

Sn

Tin (IV)

Sn+4

Tin (II)

Sn2+

Why do atoms form chemical bonds?

So that they can achieve MAXIMUM STABILITY

Give an example of a base.

Soap

A uniform mixture of solid particles suspended in a liquid or gas.

Suspension

A portion of the universe under study

System

What does SI mean?

System International

The modern metric system

Systéme International d'Unités/ French for the International System of Units

What kind(s) of motion do gases have?

TRANSLATIONAL, vibrational, rotational

A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in matter/ Measure of "hotness" or "coldness'

Temperature

The idea that matter was made of atoms rose from what culture?

The Greek

tells the axis or spatial orientation of the orbitals within the atom.

The Magnetic Quantum number (m)

What does the pH value describe?

The acidity or alkalinity of a solution

What is an example of a model that models the world and is faithful to the Bible?

The catastrophic plate tectonics model. It models how the earth's surface changed very quickly after the Flood.

What does the dipole moment describe?

The magnitude and direction of molecular polarity

What is the pH of a solution?

The negative logarithm of the molar hydronium ion concentration

If a bond is polar, which atom is positive and which is negative

The one with the HIGHEST ELECTRONEGATIVITY or is the closest to achieving an octet is the negative one. The positive one is the one with the lower electronegativity.

If a bond is polar, which atom is positive and which is negative.

The one with the HIGHEST ELECTRONEGATIVITY or is the closest to achieving an octet is the negative one. The positive one is the one with the lower electronegativity.

Which are the strongest bases?

The ones with the hydroxide ion

Brønsted-Lowry bases experience protonation. What is that?

The process of gaining a proton

Brønsted-Lowry acids experience deprotonation. What is that?

The process of losing a proton

What is chemistry?

The study of matter and the changes it undergoes

an overarching explanation of scientific observations (phenomenon)/ An idea that has consistently been tested over time that explains a certain phenomenon

Theories

The theory that electron orbitals in molecules are arranged so that they are as far apart as possible around the central atom bc of electron repulsion

VSEPR theory

Two elements form a bond when they share two unpaired, oppositely spinning electrons. The orbitals containing the shared orbitals overlap.

Valence Bond theory

The concept that covalent bonds are formed when orbitals of different atoms overlap.

Valence bond theory

Electrons in the outermost energy level

Valence electrons

What kind(s) of motion do solids have?

Vibrational

What is the Non-SI Unit to know? What is its unit and symbol?

Volume- liter- L

When checking for an odor, _ odors _ you

Waft, toward

Why is the metric system used?

We needed a standardized measurement system for around the world

When can electrolytes cause water to conduct electricity?

When they're in solution

what is something that chemical equations do not tell?

Whether or not a reaction goes to completion and how a reaction occurs

If any of you lacks _. He should ask God who gives generously to all.

Wisdom

John 1:1-3 says, "In the beginning was the _."

Word

Name the reference and fill in the blanks...... In the beginning was the _, and the _ was with _ and the Word _ God. _ was with _ in the _. _ _ _ _ were _: _ Him _ was made that has been made.

Word, word,God, was, He, God, beginning, Through HIm all things were made, without nothing; John 1:1-3

What is the symbol for the atomic number?

Z

Zinc

Zn

Zinc

Zn2+

Every acid is what? What effect does polarity have on the strength of acids?

a polar covalent compound; The more polarity, the stronger the acid

Is a potassium atom or a potassium cation larger?

a potassium atom

The amount of water in the crystal is denoted by what?

a raised dot

What is a model?

a tool that simplifies something in the world to explain, describe, or represent it

A. How many orbitals are in an s sublevel? B. How many are in a d sublevel? C. How many are in the second principal energy level? D. How many are in the fourth energy principal level?

a. 1 orbital b. d=5 c. 4 d. 16

Describe the discoveries or advancements that made each of these atomic models obsolete: a. Dalton's model, b. Plum pudding model, c. nuclear model, d. planetary model

a. Dalton's model of the indivisible atom had to be modified when it was discovered that the atom contained at least one smaller particle by JJ Thomson b. Plum pudding model didn't fit when RUtherford found that the nucleus was a very small and dense positive-charged, massive nucleus. c. Rutherford's atom didnt account for what the electrons were doing around the nucleuss. Bohr's work demonstrated that electrons' orbitals were quantized at only certain allowed distances d. Quantum model established that electrons were both particles and waves that they occupied 3-dimensional volume of space and didnt orbit in a plane.

1. Briefly describe each of the following atomic models. a. Dalton's model, b. plum pudding model, c. nuclear model, d. Bohr's model, e. quantum model

a. Dalton's model, solid particle, spheres having their own properties b. Thompson's model consists of two negative electrons scattered with positive charged material c. Nuclear model was Rutherford's atom contained an extremely tiny,positively charged nucleus, which held the majority of the mass of the atom. Electrons were arranged around the atom d. Bohr's model consisted of a nucleus orbited by a particle-like electron that could orbit at only certain allowed distances from the nucleus e. The quantum model describes the atom as a nucleus surrounded by indistinct regions where wavelike electrons have a high probability of existing

Know the locations and use of the following safety equipment. (a,b,c,d)

a. Fire extinguisher b. eyewash c. safety shower d. fire blanket

The numerator of the fraction lies within _ _ signs. Written this way, the percent error is _ positive and is more properly called the _ _ _.

absolute value; always; absolute percent error

The theoretical temperature where molecular motion is at a minimum

absolute zero

This indicates the closeness a measured value is to an accepted or actual value

accuracy

a numerical evaluation of how close the measured value is to the actual or accepted value of the dimension measured.

accuracy

Name some weak acids

acetic, lactic, carbonic, citric

How do you peform the proper technique for preparing an acid solution?

acid to water!!!!! NEVER water to acid!!!!!!!!

In self-ionization of water, one molecule acts as an _ and one acts as a _.

acid; base

covalent compounds whose formulas usually begin with hydrogen

acids

Binary (two-element) covalent compounds that are not _ are named using a system of _ _.

acids; Greek prefixes

Rule 3: The _ _ of the oxidation number of _ atoms in a _ must be _.

algebraic sum; all; compound; zero

Rule 5: The _ _ of the oxidation numbers of _ the atoms in a _ _ is _ to its _.

algebraic sum; all; polyatomic ion; equal; charge

Positively charged radiation that has the same composition as a He-4 nucleus

alpha particle

The nucleus of the helium atom produced as the byproduct of a nuclear decay process

alpha particle

Which has the least penetrating power?

alpha particles

positively charged particles

alpha particles

Safety glasses must _ be worn when at the lab benches

always

WHat is Aufbau principle?

always start with the lowest energy level and add one electron at a time.

What are the only positive polyatomic ions?

ammonium ion (NH4+) and the mercurous ion

Substance that can act as both a Brønsted-Lowry acid and a Brønsted-Lowry base.

amphoteric

Atomic mass of an element is the mass in what?

amu (atomic mass units)

The atomic weights for the elements on the chart have what units? What does it stand for?

amu (or "u"); unified atomic mass units

What are the two parts that a measurement consists of?

an number and a unit

What is the symbol for gases if they are a product?

an upward arrow in parenthesis

A nondigital metric instrument that measures by comparing an object or phenomenon directly to a scale.

analog instrument

When you use an _ (nondigital) metric instrument, you should _ the measurement to the nearest _ of the smallest _ _ on the instrument's scale.

analog; estimate; tenth; decimal subdivision

In order to identify the dehydrated form of a compound as distinguished from hydrates, the term _ is used.

anhydrous

Has no water of crystallization

anhydrous compound

compound that has no water in its crystalline structure

anhydrous compound

An atom that has gained one or more electrons

anion

Negatively charged ion

anion

What is matter?

anything that takes up space and mass

explores natural products and processes for specific applications

applied science

separates the reactants from the products and shows the direction of the reaction

arrow

shows that a reaction has occurred; can read this symbol as "reacts to produce" or"yields"

arrow

How is precision expressed?

as absolute deviation or relative deviation

what is hund's rule?

as electrons fill p, d, f sublevel all orbitals must receive one electron with the same spin before they begin to pair up.

smallest particle capable of chemical reactions

atom

The number of particles: Mass in grams = _.

atomic mass

The _ _ is a part of the foundation of modern chemistry.

atomic model

The number of protons in the nucleus

atomic number

the number of protons in an element

atomic number (Z)

mass of atoms in an element (under chemical symbol?)

atomic weight

What was the name of the masses that Dalton calculated?

atomic weight.

The neutral fundamental particle of elements are called _.

atoms

5. The _ _ _ of the gas particles is _ _ to the _ of gas in _.

average kinetic energy; directly proportional; temperature; kelvins

indicates the sublevel of the electrons.

azimuthal QN

chemical equations that follow the law of mass conservation

balanced chemical equations

Atmospheric pressure is measured with a _.

barometer

These would include meter, kilogram, second, etc.

base unit

Why is bridge notation called bridge notation?

bc it looks likes a trestle bridge

Why are valence electrons important?

bc they're the only ones involved in chemical reactions

radioactive decay derived unit

becquerel

Both _ and _ shapes are _ and so always produce _ molecules.

bent; pyramidal; polar

Where are bonding orbitals located? When do antibonding orbitals form?

between the nuclei; when atomic orbitals combine in an unfavorable manner.

Atomic radii go from _ to _ as u move from left to right across a period.

big to small

acids consisting of hydrogen and one other nonmetal

binary acids

Are named after the two ions involved.

binary ionic compounds

two-element compounds consisting of a metal and nonmetal

binary ionic compounds

How do bases taste?

bitter

A region of high electron density that forms on a line connecting two nuclei

bond axis

When two bonding orbitals are superimposed, the overlapping space containing both electrons becomes available to _ _.

both nuclei

Name three alloys

brass, bronze, steel

A special notation for multiplying and dividing several measurements together at the same time

bridge notation

What let's us know the electron's address?

bright line spectrum

a solution of weak conjugate acid pairs

buffer

solutions that resist pH changes

buffers

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius

calorie

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water to 1 degrees Celsius

calorie

The amount of heat transfer required to change the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius.

calorie (cal)

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius is called a _. to heat 1000 grams of water would take a_.

calorie; kilocalorie

Math Rule 3: The product or quotient of measured data _ have more _ _s than the _ with the fewest SDs.

cannot; SDs; quantity

substances that change the rate of the reaction but do not undergo permanent changes themselves

catalysts

Positively charged ions

cation

a positively charged ion

cation

For binary ionic compounds, the name of the _ appears first, followed by the name of the _.

cation; anion

one hundredth (0.01)

centi-

Is metal rusting a chemical or physical change?

chemical

Gasoline burning

chemical change

Ice melting

chemical change

Metal rusting

chemical change

Water decomposing into hydrogen and oxygen

chemical change

gasoline burning

chemical change

When iron RUSTS, it undergoes a _ _. The iron particles combine with oxygen particles to form _. Not only is _ a new _ totally different from oxygen or iron, but it also had a different _ _.

chemical change; rust; rust; substance; physical appearance.

an expression that represents the reactants and products in a chemical reaction by using chemical formulas, symbols, and numerical coefficients

chemical equations

can change one element to another

chemical reaction

The study of matter and the changes it undergoes

chemistry

After completing an activity, _ and _ _ your _. Clean your _ _. _ your _ before you leave the room.

clean and put away your equipment; work area; Wash your hands

Standard-sized number in front of a chemical formula

coefficient

In the formula, 5H2SO4, the four would be called a _. The five would be called a _. How many of each element are there?

coefficient; subscript; H=10, S=5; O= 20

tell them how many atoms, ions, molecules, or formula units are present

coefficients

In a balanced equation, the _ give us the _ _ of chemicals in a reaction

coefficients; mole ratio

A physical property of a solution that depends only on the number of solute particles present without regard to type

colligative properties

A mixture of small particles (between 1 and 1000 nm in size) that remain dispersed in a medium.

colloids

List the six properties that would be called physical properties

color, conductivity, density, ductility, texture, odor

Two or more elements that have been chemically combined

compound

Two or more elements that have been chemically combined.

compound

Math Rule 5: In _ calculations, do not _ off at the _ steps.

compound, round, intermediate

The Law of Definite Composition states that every _ is formed of elements combined in specific ratios by _ that are unique for that compound.

compound; Mass

Fill in the blank and name the law. Also name the person associated with it. Every _ is formed of _ combined in specific_ by _ that are _ for that compound.

compound;elements; ratios; MASS; unique; Law of Definite Composition; Proust

Rule 4: In _, the oxidation number of many elements _ to the elements' _ in the _ _.

compounds; corresponds; position;periodic table

The ability of a substance (usually a gas) to decrease its volume under pressure

compressibility

A measure of the number of solute particles in a certain volume or mass of the solvent, or of the solution itself

concentration

this tells what the term does

conceptual definition

A phase change from a vapor to a liquid

condensation

The change of state, or phase change, from gas to liquid

condensation

Most acids when in solution will _ electricity.

conduct

The ability of a material to transfer heat or electricity btw its particles

conductivity

All matter is in _(or continuous) _. What is this called? Who discovered this? How did he?

constant; motion; Brownian Motion; Robert Brown; He was studying pollen grains under a microscope

The group of samples not exposed to the variable

control group

In a _ _ _, the new unit is in the _ and the old unit is in the _.

conversion factor ratio; numerator; denominator

Math Rule 4: The product or quotient of a measurement and a _ number, _ _ , or _ value has the same number of decimal places, or same _, as the original measurement.

counted; conversion factor; defined; precision

Ionization happens with what kind of compounds?

covalent

We use Lewis structures to represent molecules whose atoms are bonded together by _ bonds.

covalent

Exist in a wide array of colors and lusters

covalent compound

Generally poor conductors of heat and electricity

covalent compound

Solids of this compound generally lack the density, hardness, and rigidity of metals and ionic substances

covalent compound

at room temp., these compounds are gases, liquids, or solids with LOW melting points

covalent compound

generally consist of distinct molecules

covalent compound

This refers to God's command in Genesis chapter 1 for us to fill the Earth and to study it to take care of it

creation mandate

An extensive 3-dimensional structure that represents the regular pattern of atoms or ions

crystal lattice

Transition metals are putting electrons in which sublevel?

d

If waves could behave like particles, then particles could behave like waves.

de Broglie's hypothesis

10

deca-

one tenth (0.1)

deci-

the opposite of a synthesis reaction; breaks substances down into two or more simpler substances

decomposition reaction

As you go down a group of elements, the ionization energy will _.

decrease

The atomic radius _ as you go left to right across a period

decreases

Temperature is measure in _ (_).

degress (Celsius)

What is the symbol for things being heated that appears over the arrow that means "yields?"

delta (triangle)

The amount of matter packed into a given volume

density

The factor in an experiment that is affected when a scientist changes another variable

dependent variable

Phase change gas to solid

deposition

a phase change from a gas to a solid

deposition

2

di-

What is the best example of a network covalent substance? Name another.

diamond; quartz

The spontaneous, uniform spreading and mixing of particles caused by particle motion

diffusion

The properties of mass, length, volume, time, etc.

dimension

Polar covalent bonds result in a _ being formed

dipole

This quantity describes the magnitude and direction of molecular polarity

dipole moment

a vector sum of all bond polarities that exist within the molecule. Which Greek letter is used as a symbol for this quantity?

dipole moment; mu

Brønsted-Lowry acid that can donate two protons

diprotic

How does temperature affect a liquid-liquid solution solubility?

directly proportional; If there is an increase in temperature, then the solubility will increase

What are the other common names for single replacement reactions?

displacement or substitution reactions

The SEPARATION of ions in an ionic compound when put into a solution

dissociation

3. Particles _ _ interact with each other or the _ of their _ except during _ _.

do not; walls; container; momentary collisions

show that a reaction happens in the reverse direction as well as the forward direction; between reactants and products

double arrows

What kind of reaction is a neutralization?

double replacement

two compounds switch partners

double replacement reactions

What is the symbol for precipitates?

downward arrow in parenthesis

What is an example of sublimation

dry ice

Materials that can be drawn into long, thin wires are _.

ductile

The physical property that refers to a metal being drawn into a thin wire

ductility

What shape is the second energy level?

dumbell shaped

A chemical equilibrium in which two or more opposing events occur at the same rate but result in no net change

dynamic equilibrium

who were apothecaries?

early pharmacists

The escape of a gas from a liquid-gas solution

effervescense

A process in which gas particles pass through a tiny opening into an evacuated chamber or space

effusion

4. Collisions between gas particles are _. That is, they _ _.

elastic; conserve energy

Name the excited atoms: (?)

electrical, heat, or light

Any substance that ionizes to conduct electricity in a solution

electrolyte

If there are ions present, then the compound is an _. If there are none present, then the compound is _ an _.

electrolyte; not; electrolyte

Bases in solution usually conduct electricity, so like acids, they are _.

electrolytes

The combined action of electrical and magnetic energies in the form of wave-like, radiant energy

electromagnetic energy

The amount of energy change when an atom receives an electron

electron affinity

arrangement of electrons

electron configuration

Which electrons in an atom are represented by the dots in electron dot notation?

electron dot notation

used to represent the valence of an atom

electron dot notation

Which subatomic particle has the greatest charge to mass ratio? Which one weighs more?

electron; neutron

The attraction that holds the atoms together

electrostatic force

A pure substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means

element

What are the two examples of a pure substance?

element and compound

What a scientist observes or determines using data gathered from an experiment

empirical

A chemical formula that gives/represents the simplest whole number ration of atoms making up the compound; This is used for ionic compounds

empirical formula

the point at which some change in a property of the solution is detected

end point

Chemical reactions that take in or absorb energy

endothermic

Take in energy

endothermic

(1st step) Solvent molecules surround the solute and pull the solute into the solution (_). When the solvent is _, this is called hydration.

endothermic; water

Calorie is still used in reference to the _ _ of food.

energy content

What is the alternative name for an electron shell?

energy level

The disorder of a system or the dispersal of energy

entropy

The Second Law of Thermodynamics says all natural processes tend toward the highest _ and the minimum usable _.

entropy; energy

Scientists sign an _ _ every _.

ethics agreement; year

In nonpolar covalent bonds, there is an _ sharing of electrons

even

Chemical reactions that give off energy

exothermic

Give off energy

exothermic

chemical reactions that give off energy

exothermic

Bonding reactions usually give off energy (__), but can take in energy (__) such as _.

exothermic; endothermic;n photosynthesis

Cases where there are more than 8 valence electrons being shared are called _ _ and only occur in Periods _-_. The valence bond theory explains that the extra electron are shared with orbitals in the _ sublevel.

expanded octets; 1-3; d

The limitless ability of a gas to expand in an environment of lower pressure

expansibility

A way to observe a natural process under controlled conditions

experiment

The group of samples exposed to the independent variable

experimental group

SD Rule 6: The decimal _ of _ _ contains only significant digits.

factor; scientific notation

T/F in the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible light part is large?

false; it is very small

Vertical columns of elements (refers to important PROPERTIES)

families

The term involving similar properties for the vertical column of elements on the periodic chart

family

Bright line spectrum _ _ for each _ _.

finger print; element demonstration

Nuclear energy process where a heavy nucleus is split apart into smaller, more stable nuclei

fission

A substance that can flow to take the shape of its container; a liquid or a gas

fluid

The chemical formula for ionic substance that tells the ratio of ions needed for a compound.

formula unit

Compounds that are crystals have chemical formulas called _ _.

formula units

A physical change from the liquid state to the solid state

freezing

Changing a liquid to a solid

freezing

a phase change from a liquid to a solid

freezing

_ was used to treat malaria.

quinine

*single covalent bonds between electrons in the "s" sublevels

Sigma bonds

_ _ focuses on the locations of highest electron density surrounding the central atom in a molecule.

VSEPR Theory

what do excited electrons give off when they return to the ground state?

a photon of light

SD Rule 1: Significant digits apply only to _ _.

measured data

List 6 of the 12 things that you learned from the Descriptive chemistry sections 5.13-5.25 .

1.Daniel Rutherford 1st recognized Nitrogen as an element. 2. Phosphorus is used to manufacture fireworks and matches 3. Bromine is named after the Greek word "bromos," which means "stench" 4. Argon's name means "the lazy one" 5. All noble gases are colorless, odorless, and tasteless 6. Florescent lights contain a mixture of argon and mercury vapor.

How many derived units are there?

22

What is the number and units for Molar volume?

22.4 L/mol

What are the 6 most common forms of energy?

mechanical thermal acoustic electromagnetic chemical nuclear

one million (10*6)

mega-

Changing a solid to a liquid

melting

a phase change from a solid to a liquid

melting

The curved surface of water in a graduated cylinder

meniscus

the curved surface of a graduated cylinder

meniscus

What are the two types of mixtures?

Homogeneous and heterogeneous

Heat always goes _ or _.

Hot Cold

The key to becoming a student chemist is to do what?

The key to becoming one is to learn think and work like a scientist

What is the other name for the first law of thermodynamics?

The law of conservation of mass-energy.

What is the equation for Charles's Law?

V1/T1=V2/T2

shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors or heat and electricity

metal

Compounds with ionic bonds are usually formed from a _ and a _.

metal and a nonmetal

Describe ionic compounds.

High melting points, solid crystalline substance, good insulators

Are antibonding orbitals higher or lower in energy than the atomic orbital from which they form?

Higher

Hydrogen Carbonate (Bicarbonate)

HCO3-

What compounds are considered Arrhenius acids?

HCl,HCOOH, H2SO4

Hydrogen Sulfate

HSO4-

The time it takes to change half of a radioactive nuclide into a daughter nuclide (or time for half of a sample to decay).

Half-life

What is the family name for group 17 (7A)?

Halogen

What is the family name for Group 17 (7A)?

Halogen Family

Who gives off the most energy when receiving another atom?

Halogen fam

Which family has the highest electronegativity? Which element has the highest electronegativity? Why?

Halogen; Fluorine; needs one more electron to have a full outer shell.

What elements from the periodic chart form ionic bonds?

Halogens(7A) and Alkali Metals (1A)

Helium

He

After considering the evidence of his assistant's experiment, how did Rutherford describe the atom and what evidence was his model based on?

He reasoned that the atom must be mostly empty space with a very small positive center

Has to do with the total transferable energy.

Heat

The transfer of thermal energy between two objects or substances.

Heat transfer

It is impossible to know both the energy and exact position of an electron at the same time

Heisenberg uncertainty Principal

It is impossible to know both the energy and the exact position of an electron at the same time.

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Who was the 1st person to systematically select and study hydrogen?

Henry Cavendish

Using x-rays, he counted protons finding the ATOMIC NUMBER of the elements

Henry Moseley

Who used x-rays to determine ATOMIC NUMBER?

Henry Mosely

Who worked on the revision of the periodic law?

Henry Mosely

A mixture of 2 or more substances in separate phases, such as a suspension./ 2 or more visible parts

Heterogeneous

Mixtures where you can see different materials that make it up

Heterogeneous

Mercury

Hg

Mercury

Hg2+

Mercury (I)

Hg2+2

What does the chemical formula tell?

How many atoms of each element are in the molecule or FORMULA UNIT RATIO

What determines the physical properties (of matter)?

How the particles that compose the material relate to one another

What does malleability have to do with?

How well a material can be hammered into a thin sheet

As electrons fill a p,d, or f sublevel, all orbitals receive on electron with the same spin before they begin to pair up.

Hund's Rule

as electrons fill p, d, f sublevel all orbitals must receive one electron with the same spin before they begin to pair up.

Hund's rule

The process by which new kinds of orbitals with equal energy are formed from combinations of s and p orbital with different energy.

Hybridization

A binary acid contains which two elements?

Hydrogen and another nonmetal

Name the 7 Diatomic Elements.

Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine

What three elements do ternary acids contain?

Hydrogen, oxygen, and another nonmetal

A suggested explanation

Hypothesis

One of the first steps the scientific method, after you have stated the question or the problem is to form a _, which is an educated guess or suggested explanation.

Hypothesis

Iodine

I

Iodide

I-

Iodate

IO3-

PV=nRT

Ideal Gas Law

What are the periodic properties?

Phases of matter, classes of matter, Size (Atomic radius) of an atom, ionization energy, etc

Massless particles of light energy given off by excited atoms

Photons

Changes that occur in a material without changing the identity of a material. Changes in both the state and shape of a material.

Physical Changes

A change in state or shape that does not alter the identity of the material.

Physical change

Which change is described? "The positions or motions of the particles may change; chemical bonds between particles remain unchanged."

Physical change

What kind of change are these examples of? Ice melting, wheat being ground to flour, sugar dissolving in water. FREEZING OR MELTING, BOILING OR =CONDENSING (CRUSHING)

Physical changes

What is the difference between physical changes and chemical changes?

Physical changes are changes that occur in a material without changing the identity of a material. Physical changes are changes in both the STATE AND SHAPE of a material. Chemical changes are changes in the identity of a material- changes that result in a different material with a different composition and properties.

Colors and icons that give info about the physical properties of the element, such as whether it is a metal or nonmetal and whether it is radioactive.

Physical property

A gas-like substance, formed at very high temps, that consists of high energy ions

Plasma

gas-like state at very high temperature, made of ions, electrons, and neutral atoms traveling at extremely high speeds, no definite shape or volume, can be affected by magnetic field

Plasma

When heating a test tube, _ _ _ from others (toward _).

Point it AWAY from others; wall

Covalent bonds where there is an uneven attraction for shared electrons by both atoms.

Polar

A covalent bond with an uneven sharing of electrons.

Polar covalent bond

What kinds of compounds can conduct electricity??

Polar covalent compounds and ionic compounds

Who developed the Law of Definite Composition? When? What does it say?

Proust; the early 1700s; every compound is formed of elements combined in specific ratios by mass that are unique for that compound.

Platinum

Pt

What does "like dissolve like mean?"

Polar substances dissolve polar substances. Nonpolar substances dissolve nonpolar substances

A covalent bonded group of atoms that have a charge

Polyatomic ion

A group of covalently bonded atoms that have a charge

Polyatomic ion

Covalently bonded GROUPS of atoms that make up an ion to achieve the octet rule/covalently bonded anion

Polyatomic ion

The energy of position

Potential energy

A quantitative evaluation of the exactness of a measurement or a measuring instrument

Precision

Which values does Gay-Lussac's Law deal with?

Pressure and Temperature

How does Pressure usually affect liquid-solid solution solubility?

Pressure has no effect

Gay-Lussac's law says, "_ is _ _to temperature in kelvins for a fixed mass of gas held in a constant _."

Pressure; directly proportional; volume

Indicates the energy level or shell electron is in

Principal QN

Its symbol is the letter "n"

Principal QN

This value would be a number between 1 and 7

Principal QN

List the formal names and symbols for the 4 quantum numbers, their alternative names (if applicable), and all possible values in the ground state of an atom.

Principal QN (n); energy level (shell) n=1,2,3,4,5,6, or 7 Azimuthal QN (l); sublevel shape, s, p,d,f Magnetic QN (m) Spin QN (ms), clockwise +1/2 or counterclockwise -1/2

1st quantum number

Principal Quantum Number (n)

Identifies the principal energy level

Principal quantum number (n)

When orbitals overlap on the bond axis forming strong bonds

Sigma bond

Acids turn blue litmus paper _.

Red

What are the 7 colors in the continuous visual spectrum?

Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

List the 7 different colors found in a continuous, visible spectrum

Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

Molecules appear to take on an intermediate character when no single Lewis structure can completely describe the distribution of electrons. Benzene and sulfur dioxide are two good examples of this

Resonance

Radon

Rn

Reasoned that an atom is mostly empty space

Rutherford

Nucleus and protons are associated with him.

Rutherford and Gieger

Nuclear Model; when was this developed?

Rutherford/Gieger; 1909

Sulfur

S

sulfide

S-2

Abbreviation of the International System of Units

SI

Sulfite

SO3-2

Sulfate

SO4-2

What is the acronym for the anions that have 4 oxygens?

SOAPC

Antimony

Sb

a means of measuring

Scale

A logical sequence of steps of problem-solving that starts with observations and is based on inductive reasoning

Scientific method

Silicate

SiO3-2

particles have relatively little kinetic energy compared to the attractive forces that are present between particles

Solid

Particles very close, highly ordered

Solids

The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific solvent under specific conditions, such as temperature and pressure.

Solubility

The substance being dissolved

Solute

What do the compounds have to be in for a double replacement reaction to occur?

Solution (aqueous)

What is used to come up with energy levels or electron shells?

Spectrum studies

Gives the direction of the orbital pair of electron

Spin QN

Fire Blanket- Remember: _, _, _

Stop, Drop (and) Roll

Solution with a pH of 1-3 is a _ _.

Strong acid

Sr

Strontium

The change from a solid to gas

Sublimation

What are the anions in the acronym SOAPC?

Sulfate, Oxalate, Arsenate, Phosphate, and Chromate

Math Rule 2 (+ & -): The _ or _ of measured data cannot have _ _ than the least precise _ in the sum or difference.

Sum; difference; greater precision; quantity

This explains how regions with a high density of valence electrons repel each other, forcing bonds and lone pairs of electrons to position themselves as far as possible around the central atom.

VSEPR

What is the equilibrium constant? What is it equal to?

The concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions in PURE water; 1x10^-14 at 25 degrees Celsius

The strength of an acid is determined by what?

The degree of ionization, how easily it gives up protons

Why are all solutions with pH's less than 7 called acidic solutions?

The hydronium ion concentration is greater than the hydroxide concentration

Why are all solutions with pH's greater than 7 called basic or alkaline solutions?

The hydroxide ions outnumber the hydronium ions

The kinetic energy of atom-sized particles as they move in random directions

Thermal energy

The study of the movement and conversion of energy, especially thermal energy.

Thermodynamics

What do you use to measure temperature and heat?

Thermometer

What did the scientists in the 1800's and 1900's use to study the atom when they could not actually see it?

They made models to study it

What is an example of high heat and low temperature? What is an example of low temperature and high heat?

Thimble of Boiling water Tub of ice water

*Who is the electron associated with?*

Thompson

Developed the plum pudding model

Thomson

Proved that there are negatively charged particles in an atom

Thomson

Ti

Titanium

Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92, Uranium's atomic number.

Transuranium elements

What is an element whose particles are normally composed of groups of three or more identical atoms? Name an example.

Triatomic/ Polyatomic element; ozone (0 ) 3

This is the shape of a molecule with four atoms lying all in one plane. The molecule forms a y shape. Central atom is from Group 3A.

Trigonal Planar

(T/F) Only odd an odd number of orbitals is possible for any electron sublevel.

True

A covalent bond is a pair of shared electrons. (T or F)

True

A solution is a homogeneous mixture

True

T/F: Absolute zero cannot actually be reached

True

T/F: The melting point is identical to the freezing point of a substance

True

The polarity of a diatomic molecule is usually the same as its bond type.

True

True or False. ALl bonds formed between atoms of different elements are polar to some extent.

True

True/False One mole of any gas at STP will have the same volume as one mole of any other gas at STP.

True

True/False. every element has a different bright line spectrum.

True

True/False: A chemical property of a substance cannot be determined without causing or attempting to cause a chemical change to occur in the substance

True

True/False: Acids and Bases can be electrolytes.

True

VSEPR Theory focuses on the locations of highest electron density surrounding the central atom in a molecule.

True

True or false. Light is a particle and a wave.

True!

Proverbs 3:5-6 says, "_ in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your _ _."

Trust; own understanding

W

Tungsten

The scattering of light by particles in a colloid

Tyndall effect

Uranium

U

One of something/ A label used to specify a measurement's dimension, such as, "inch" or "meter"

Unit

Air is an example of what?

a homogeneous mixture

Water ionizes itself to form what?

a hydroxide ion and a hydronium ion

Nuclear energy reaction where two lighter nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus with great energy given off

fusion

Some excited atoms show a _ sublevel

g

What are the units for the density of gases?

g/L

which part of the electromagnetic spectrum has high energy and a short wavelength?

gamma rays

Consist of large numbers of tiny particles that are far apart relative to their SIZE.

gases

Solutions may exist as what?

gases, liquids, or solids

The reaction between _ and _ is _. This term is also known as _.

gasoline and oxygen; combustion; burning

What does the Spin QN give?

give the direction of the spin of the orbital pair of electrons.

A negative heat of enthalpy (-ΔH) does what?

gives off energy

What is the least reactive element?

gold

What is the most malleable metal?

gold

accurately subdivided into measurement unit

graduated

What is the atomic weight for ionic compounds?

gram formula weight

The molar mass of an element is the mass in _.

grams

What is the atomic weight for elements?

grams

What is the molecular weight for covalent compounds?

grams

all electrons in lowest energy positions

ground state

The term for a vertical column of elements on the periodic chart involving a number and indicated the number of valence electrons

group

vertical columns of elements (refers to the NUMBERS)

groups

If a d or f sublevel is one electron away from being full or half full, it will use the outer shell s sublevel electron to fill it (NOT A TERM ON QUIZ)

half full/ full principle

If a d or f sublevel is one electron away from being full or half full, it will use the outer shell s sublevel electron to fill it.

half full/ full principle

half full/ full principle -

half full/ full principle - If a d or f sublevel is one electron away from being full or half full, it will use the outer shell s sublevel electron to fill it.

For some polyatomic ions, especially those that contain _, there are more than two oxyanions. In such cases, the form with the fewest oxygen atoms has the prefix _ , and the form with the most oxygen atoms has the prefix _.

halogens; hypo-; per-

7

hepta-

Mixtures that have different parts or makeups

heterogeneous

different parts or makeup

heterogeneous

6

hexa-

How high are the melting points of ionic crystals? (Don't have to Answer this. It was just in my notes.)

higher than metals

A mixture that shows only a single phase/ all one makeup

homogeneous

Mixture that have all the same makeup or are in the same phase

homogeneous

all same makeup

homogeneous

Air is a good example of what?

homogeneous mixture

Energy levels are _, meaning that energy emissions come only in _ amounts or _.

quantized; certain; quantities

What is the strength of bases dependent on?

how easily it protonates (receives protons)

Malleability has to do with what?

how well a material can be hammered into a thin sheet

s & p orbitals combine to form new equal energy orbitals

hybridization

To name hydrates, the word _ is preceded by a _ _ is added to the end of an ionic compound's name.

hydrate; greek prefix

compounds that hold a characteristic amount of water in their crystalline structures

hydrates

A type of solvation in which water molecules surround and interact with solute particles

hydration

The solvation process is called what in an aqueous solution?

hydration

In General, the names of binary acids include the prefix _ (referring to _), the root name for the nonmetal with an _ ending, and the word _.

hydro; hydrogen; ic; acid

Most acids react with active metals to produce what?

hydrogen gas and a salt

What do Arrhenius Acids in solution release? What are they? What do they combine with? What do they form?

hydrogen ions (H+); protons or a hydrogen nucleus; a water molecule; a hydronium ion

What are the 7 diatomic elements?

hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine

Arrhennius noticed that acids ionize in solution to release _ ions. These are really just a proton and combine with _ to produce _ ions.

hydrogen; water; hydronium

Arrhenius defined bases as substances that can dissociate to form _ ions.

hydroxide

What do Arrhenius bases release?

hydroxide

What is the ion that all bases have?

hydroxide

One of the first steps in the scientific method. After you have stated the question or problem, you are to form a _, which is an educated guess or suggested explanation.

hypothesis

This is a scientific guess or suggested explanation made at the beginning of an experiment

hypothesis

For ternary acids, if the anion ends in ate, you change the ending to what?

ic

Oil and Water are _.

immiscible

Pertaining to liquids that are not soluble in each other

immiscible

Name the term and fill in the blank. It is _ to know both the _ or _ and the _ _ of an electron at the _ _.

impossible; energy or momentum; exact position; same time; HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

As you do down a group of elements, the atomic radius will _.

increase

The factor in an experiment that the scientist changes, affecting other variables

independent variables

substances whose colors are sensitive to pH.

indicators

What does "atomos" mean? Who created it?

indivisible; Democritus

You must work _ during lab.

quietly

What is the SI unit used to measure work, energy, or heat?

joule

Which SI unit goes to energy?

joule

Base SI unit for Temperature

kelvin

Density Derived unit

kg/m3 or g/cm3

1,000

kilo-

The base SI unit for mass

kilogram

The mass of 1 cubic decimeter of water

kilogram

Which SI unit goes to mass?

kilogram

Math Rule 1 (+ & -) : Measured data must be the same _ of _ and have the same _ before they can be _ or subtracted.

kind; dimension; units; added

Colossians 2:3, "In Christ are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and _.

knowledge

2nd energy level would have _=_-_ which is = _ and represents an p or _ shaped sublevel.

l = 2 -1 which is = 1; dumbell

1st energy level would have _=_-_ which is = _ and represents an s or _ sublevel.

l=1-1; 0; spherical

A statement that has been tested by many people. it describes a recognizable, repeating pattern in nature

law

says that matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions

law of mass conservation

Binary Covalent compounds: The _ electronegative element comes element comes first, followed by the _ electronegative element.

least, more

Give examples of dimensions.

length, mass, volume, time, electrical charge

the reactant that is used up before the others

limiting reactant

Each element has its own pattern of bright lines, called _ _.

line spectrum

Particles remain close to each other

liquid

Solvation is the dissolving process in what kind of solution?

liquid-solid

What kind of solutions are the most common?

liquid-solid and liquid-liquid

Which SI unit goes to volume?

liter

equations written so that most or all quantities are represented by letter rather than numbers/ relate quantities, whether variables or constants

literal equations

What is the most reactive element?

lithium

What is the other name for the valence bond theory?

localized electron theory

In metallic bonds, Atoms with _ _ _w/ only a few loosely held valence electrons that share many atoms. (Ik this doesn't make sense but this is how he worded it.)

low electron affinities

volume derived unit

mL3 or liter

What is the 3rd quantum number?

magnetic quantum number

Which quantum number has the sublevels?

magnetic quantum number

The physical property that refers to metals being hammered into a thin sheet

malleability

Materials that can be hammered easily into shapes or thin sheets are _.

malleable

a whole number that is equal to the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom

mass number

number of protons + neutrons

mass number

What is the unit label for molar mass?

mass/mole (grams/mole)

Anything that occupies space and has mass

matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass

matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

matter

A quantitative measure of concentration equal to the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

molality

The mass of a mole of a substance is called what?

molar mass

the mass of one mole of any pure substance

molar mass

The most common quantitative measure of concentration equal to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution; M=mol solute/ L solution

molarity

6.022x10^23 number of particles (atoms, molecules, or formula units)

mole

Which SI unit goes to number of particles?

mole

the amount of a substance contained in 6.022x10^23 particles

mole

The ratio btw moles of one substance and the moles of another substance as indicated by the coefficients in a balanced equation

mole ratio

show the types and numbers of atoms involved as they appear in the molecule

molecular formula(s)

Orbitals of molecules take on totally new characteristics than the individual atom's orbitals

molecular orbital theory

This theory suggests that the orbitals of a molecule's atoms are replaced by totally new orbitals when a molecule is formed.

molecular orbital theory

Rule 2: The oxidation number of a _ _ is _ to its charge.

monatomic ion; equal

1

mono-

Covalent bonds involve two atoms sharing pairs of valence electrons with _ _. These shared electrons occupy _ filled valence orbital regions that _ between bonded atoms.

opposite spins; partially; overlap

special notation used to illustrate the electron configuration if an atom

orbital notation

what is the other name for the magnetic quantum number?

orbital quantum number

3-dimensional regions regions of probable position

orbitals

For ternary acids, if the the anion ends in ite, you change the ending to what?

ous

Even symmetrical molecules are polar if the _ _ are different.

outer atoms

What is the alternative name for a ternary acid?

oxyacid

which sublevel has orbitals that correspond with the x,y, and z axis?

p

In Binary Ionic Compounds, positive ions (cations) use the same name as their _ atoms (sodium atoms form sodium ions)

parent

If you need more than one of a polyatomic ion, put _ around it.

parenthesis

What is the formula for percent composition?

part/wholex100%

What is the SI unit for pressure?

pascal (Pa)

5

penta-

A quantitative measure of concentration in which the mass of the solute is compared to the mass of the solution; It equals the mass of solute divided by the mass of solutionx100%

percent by mass

A quantitative measure of concentration in which the volume f the solute is compared to the volume of the solution. It equals the volume of the solute/volume of solutionx100%

percent by volume

describes the mass composition of a compound by showing what percentage of its total mass comes from each element

percent composition

What is accuracy expressed through?

percent error

error analysis that compares the magnitude of the measurement error with the size of the measurement..

percent error

What is the equation for percent error? write out... add absolute value signs

percent error=observed value-accepted value /accepted valuex100%

the percentage of the theoretical yield that was actually produced

percent yield

Horizontal rows (all have outer shell electrons in the same ENERGY LEVEL).

period

The DIAGONAL RULE is not really very important, because if you study the _ _ it will tell you which _ to fill next.

periodic chart; sublevel

The properties of elements vary with their atomic numbers in a periodic way

periodic law

A description of how elements differ from one another

periodic table

The ability of a gas to mingle with or pass through another porous substance

permeability

Rule 4 continued; Another exception for oxygen is the _ ion, O2-2, in which it is _.

peroxide; -1

a massless particles of energy

photons

A solid that falls out a solution

precipitate

an insoluble solid

precipitate

In order to react (double replacement), either a _ or _ will be produced pulling ions out of the solution

precipitate or water

The quantitative evaluation of the exactness of a measurement or a measuring instrument

precision

In Charles's law, what is held constant?

pressure

the average force exerted per unit of area when molecules collide against a boundary

pressure

What two things does Boyle's Law deal with?

pressure and volume

Charles's law says,"When the _ on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the _ in kelvins and the _ are _ _."

pressure; temperature; volume; directly proportional

Assumptions people have made based on their beliefs and worldview and not through proof

presupposition

Bohr's electron energy levels/ A region around the nucleus containing a specified group of electrons in sublevels and orbitals

principal energy levels

Indicates the # of sublevels each energy level can have

principal quantum number

Indicates the AVERAGE DISTANCE OR MOST LIKELY (OR PROBABLY) location of an electron around the nucleus/ The average or most likely distance from the nucleus where an electron resides

principal quantum number

Position of electron= ?

probability in orbitals

Substances that are produced by a reaction appear on the right-hand side

products

The _ of elements _ with their _ _ in a _ way.

properties, vary, atomic numbers, periodic

Brønsted-Lowry defined a base as a _ _.

proton acceptor

Brønsted-Lowry defined a acid as a _ _.

proton donor

positive particles in the nucleus

protons

Henry Moseley calculated the number of _ each atom had by using x-ray scattering data. This added the _ _ to the periodic chart.

protons; atomic number

What are the English units for pressure?

psi: pounds/square inch

probes nature simply to learn new things about the universe we live in

pure science

This data is more general and is not based on words not numbers.

qualitative

The MOLE is a chemical _.

quantity


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