Chemistry Final Ch. 1-4
Which of the following statements correctly describe new additives used in manufacturing paints?
A new primer used for auto undercoats has 50% less VOCs and can be cured with a UV-A lamp. New coalescents are synthesized from vegetable oil.
Sunblock
A product that contains compounds like ZnO and TiO2 that physically block UV radiation
Which of the following correctly states the precautionary principle?
Even is scientific data are not complete, one should take action before adverse effects on human or heath or the environment are irrevocable.
Which statement is not true?
In forming a solution, the solute dissolves other substances that are called solvents.
Why is biodiesel unique among transportation fuels?
It can be made readily in small batches by individuals.
What is the term used to describe a condition in which a dynamic system has no net change in concentration of the major species involved?
Steady state
A volatile substance readily undergoes a phase change from ___.
Liquid to gas
Which of the following statements correctly describe a Lewis structure?
Lone pairs are shown as pairs of dots on individual atoms. Bonding electrons are shown as lines or pairs of dots between two atoms.
Even in very small concentrations ozone can affect ___ function in humans. Ozone also damages ___, which are essential to human life.
Lung, crops
Petroleum
Made from partially decomposed organic matter. A mixture of many different compounds.
Which of the following correctly describe a photon?
Matter cannot absorb or emit a fraction of a photon. A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation.
Droplets that contain suspended solid and liquid particles are called ___.
Aerosols
In general, hydrogen bonds are __.
about 1/10 as strong as typical covalent bonds.
A nanometer is one ___ of a meter.
billionth
The atomic mass of an element is the mass in grams of the same number of atoms found in exactly 12 g of ___-12.
carbon
The process by which atmospheric gases trap and return more than 80% of the heat energy radiated by Earth is called the ___ greenhouse effect, resulting in an increase in average global temperatures.
enhanced
Chemicals found in HCFCs
Hydrogen Chlorine Carbon Flourine
Which of the following options correctly describes toxicity?
Toxicity describes the intrinsic health hazard of a substance. The toxicity of a substance may differ for different groups of people.
Structurally, how are water soluble and fat soluble vitamins different?
Water soluble vitamins contain polar groups, such as OH and fat soluble do not.
A catalytic effect or acceleration of a reaction can occur in the __ of an enzyme.
active site
The risks presented by pollutants are a function of toxicity and ___, the amount of a substance encountered.
Exposure
A protein is a linear polymer composed of __.
amino acid-amino acid
Biodiesel is sold as a blend with petroleum-based diesel. Blends that contain up to ___% biodiesel are compatible with any diesel engine.
20
Positive forcings from greenhouse gases are roughly ____ times ____ than those from solar irradiance.
30, greater
Scientists predict that shells of some ocean creatures will start to dissolve after how many years of ocean acidification?
40 years
What, approximately, is the highest concentration of CO2 measured in the Earth's atmosphere in modern times?
400 ppm
Which of the following options correctly describe the symbols used to write a balanced equation?
A pure liquid is indicated by the symbol (l). The symbol (g) indicates a substance in the gas phase.
Assessing the impact of a particular greenhouse gas on climate change
Atmospheric lifetime of the gas How effectively the gas absorbs IR radiation Atmospheric concentration of the gas
What atoms are present in all proteins?
C, H, O, N
Variations in solar irradiance and its effect on Earth's climate
Changes in the Earth's orbit can affect the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth. Seasonal variation in sunlight intensity affect local temperatures significantly.
Which of the following is the primary source of atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2)?
Coal-burning plants
Potential biological effects of UV radiation in addition to skin cancer
Exposure to UV radiation can cause retinal damage/ Harmful UV radiation could have an effect on the carbon dioxide balance of our planet.
Is an AQI value is reported at 93, this indicates that one pollutant is present, and its AQI value is 93.
False
What type of radiation is absorbed by all greenhouse gases?
IR radiation
Interaction of a molecule with IR radiation
IR radiation can excite both bending and stretching vibrations. IR radiation causes the bonds in a molecule to vibrate in various ways. The wavelengths of IR radiation absorbed depends on the structure of the molecule.
Why do the balls of a Newton's cradle gradually rise less high and eventually come to a stop?
In each collision, some kinetic energy is converted into heat and sound instead of being transferred between the balls.
The elements are arranged in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic ___.
Number
Which of the following correctly describes air pollutants?
Particulate matter is an example of an air pollutant All air pollutants are hazardous at levels well below 1 ppm
Energy is not continuous, but is ___ or divided into "packets" each of which contains a definite amount of energy.
Quantized
The greatest source of atmospheric N2O, a gas that contributes to global warming is __.
bacteria convert soil nitrates to N2O
Enzymes are __.
biochemical catalysts that influence the rate of chemical reactions.
Particulate matter with the designation PM10 includes particles with an average diameter of 10 ___ or less.
|u m
"Hard" water in parts of the Midwest may have calcium ion concentration as high as 400 ppm. What is this calcium concentration when expressed as a percentage?
.04%
Scientific notation expresses a quantity with a single digit before the decimal point, multiplied by ___ raised to the appropriate power.
10
Sunscreen
A product that contains chemicals that absorb UV-A and UV-B radiation
In order to be a greenhouse gas, a molecule must __.
Be composed of two or more atoms. Undergo a change in over charge distribution during vibration
What is the primary hazard associated with exposure to particulate matter?
Cardiovascular disease
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
Second law of thermodynamics
Energy conversions cannot be 100% efficient. The entropy of the universe is constantly increasing.
Elements in Group 7A are called ___, whereas elements in Group 8A are called ___ gases.
Halogens, noble
Free radicals are ___.
Highly reactive chemical species. Species with unpaired electrons. Species such as H. and .OH
Any process that decreases the Earth's reflectivity causes the amount of radiation absorbed to ___ and temperatures to ___.
Increase, increase
In a combustion reaction, a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Note that the oxygen found in the reactants ends up in both products. In order to balance the chemical equation in the most efficient manner it is best to balance the oxygen atoms ____.
Last
The accuracy of a calculation is limited by the quantity that has the ___ number of significant figures.
Least
The energy associated with each of the different wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum is called ___ energy.
Radiant
How H2O and N2O cause ozone to break down in the stratosphere
Both species form free radicals, which react with O3 to form O2
Wetlands and landfill
CH4 is produced from the decomposition of organic matter by anaerobic bacteria.
Oceans
CH4 may be released from methane hydrates due to drilling.
Farming
CH4 produced in the digestive systems of cattle and sheep is released to the atmosphere.
A ____ is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed. This type of substance is often used up but regenerated during the reaction.
Catalyst
What is the term used to describe a chemical used to soften latex particles in paint so that these particles spread more evenly when applied?
Coalescent
Issues raised by the 2011 Nuffield Council report on biofuels ethics
Competition of biofuels with food crops Loss of biodiversity to biofuels agriculture
Which of the following statements correctly describe the atomic number of an element?
Each element has its own unique atomic number. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.
Which of the following can be attributed to the atmosphere of planet Earth?
Earth's average temperature is higher than expected when considering its distance from the Sun.
Which of the following options correctly describe elements and compounds?
Elements and compounds are both pure substances A compound contains two or more different elements There are many more known compounds than elements
Cellulosic ethanol
Ethanol produced from inedible parts of plants
Which of the following options correctly describe the mass number of an element?
The mass number is often written as a left superscript next to the atomic symbol. The mass number is given by the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Which demographic group in the United States has the highest mortality rate from melanomas?
White males
Methane gas (CH4) is produced when organic matter is decomposed by ___, which are bacteria that function without the use of ___.
anaerobic, O2
One system used in the United States to encourage reduction in CO2 emissions is the ___-and-___ system, which sets an upper limit for CO2 emissions for the year for a given company. A company may purchase extra allowances from a company that is under its limit for the year.
cap, trade
The most abundant isotope of _____ is the internationally accepted standard for determining atomic mass.
carbon
The measure of how much energy is dispersed in a given process is called the __.
entropy
When oil is burned in a power plant, the ___ energy of the oil is converted into heat, which increases the ___ energy of the water.
potential, kinetic
Which of the following options correctly describe how to name a compound containing two nonmetals?
A Greek numerical prefix is used when more than one atom is present to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound The second element is named with its root and the suffix -ide The name of the first element remains unchanged, except for the addition of a prefix where appropriate
Which of the following options correctly describe the characteristics and behavior of argon found in the air?
Argon is a typical component of air. Argon makes up less than 1% of air.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same ___ number but a different ___ number. This is because isotopes have the same number of protons but different number of ___.
Atomic, mass, neutrons
In the destruction of ozone by CFCs chlorine is both consumed and reenerated during the cycle, with no net change in its concentration. Chlorine therefore acts as a ___ in the process.
Catalyst
Continuing challenges in implementing the Montreal Protocol on CFCs
Phasing out greenhouse gases that replaced CFCs Assisting developing nations in phasing out ozone-depleting substances Halting the illegal trade of banned substances
Which is the functional group containing a nitrogen atom?
amine
Risk assessment involves ____.
Evaluating scientific data and making predictions about an outcome.
Fischer-Tropsch Process
Example of a catalytic process Process can be used to produce gasoline from coal
What is climate adaptation?
The ability of a system to adjust to climate change, in order to moderate potential damage.
Sickle cell anemia: 1. is caused by mutation in the human gene that codes for a protein expressed in the red blood cells. 2. is a genetic disease, inheritable from one's parents 3. can cause red blood cells to become sickle shaped. 4. can clog organs, reducing their blood supplies
all of them
Which functional groups are present in all amino acids?
amine and acid groups
The heat of combustion of ethane, C2H6, is 1560 kJ/mol. What is the heat combustion of ethane, in kJ per gram?
51.9 kJ/g
The following molecules contain only single bonds. NH3 (g) + 3F2 (g) = NF3 (g) + 3HF (g) The bond energies are: N ---H 391 kJ/mol; F---F 158 kJ/mol; N---F 272 kJ/mol; H---F 566 kJ/mol Which heat evolved or absorbed per mole of NH3 that reacts with F2?
-867 kJ/mol
Which of the following is not a "clean coal" technology already in use?
"sequestration" to capture and store CO2 before it is emitted into the atmosphere
Calculate the mass of 2.50 x 10^4 molecules of nitrogen gas.
1.16 x 10^-18 g
Megacities contain ___ people or more.
10 million
Every increase of one pH unit indicates __.
10 times less hydrogen ions in solution.
Troposphere
100 O3 molecules (upper limit) per billion molecules that make up air
In the octane rating system, iso-octane assigned a rating of ___, while n-heptane has an octane rating of ___.
100, 0
Stratosphere
12,000 O3 molecules (upper limit) per billion molecules that make up the air
Calculate molar mass of CH2Cl2
12.0 + 2(1.0) + 2(35.5) = 85.0 g
What year will all production and importation of HCFCs end in the United States?
2015
Greenhouse gas
A gas that absorbs and traps infrared radiation, thus warming the atmosphere.
Which of the following is not carried out by bacteria in soil?
All of these are carried out by bacteria.
Which of the following are sources of particulate matter?
Burning coal Diesel engines Wildfires
Which human activity has the greatest net effect on atmospheric CO2 levels?
Burning fossil fuels
Examples of carbon capture and storage
CO2 captured from combustion is injected into depleted oil fields to enhance oil recovery. CO2 is separated from other combustion products and stored in geologic locations.
Give the number of carbon atoms, hydrogens atoms, and fluorine atoms in a molecule of CFC-12
Carbon atoms: 1 Hydrogen atoms: 0 Fluorine atoms: 2 ADD 90, then use those numbers.
Which of the following species are the two products of respiration?
Carbon dioxide Water
The ___ cycle describes a set of ___-state reactions for stratospheric ozone.
Chapman, steady
Which of the following options correctly describe the chemical symbols for elements?
Chemical symbols are also called atomic symbols. Chemical symbols are abbreviations for elements named for people, properties, planets, and places.
Which of the following countries is the largest consumer of coal (by total mass)?
China
Major sources of energy used in the United States
Coal Petroleum Natural gas
A chemical equation that is properly balanced obeys the law of ___.
Conservation of mass
Which of the following reactions will release the most energy?
High-energy reactants form low-energy products
What type of hydrocarbon molecule burns most smoothly in an internal combustion engine?
Highly branched hysrocarbons
Sources of renewable energy
Hydropower Wind Biofuels
According to the relationship E=hc/lamda, energy and wavelength are ___ related. Therefore, the shorter the wavelength the ___ the energy of radiation.
Inversely, greater
Glycerol
Is a byproduct of biodiesel production. Is used in soaps and cosmetics. Can be converted to propylene.
Properties that make one grade of coal more desirable than another
Low sulfur content Higher C content Lower oxygen content
What compound makes up the majority of natural gas?
Methane
A species in which electrons are shared, such as H2 or O3, is called a ___.
Molecule
Output of carbon ___ is used to measure the efficiency of an automobile. This gas is measured in order to determine the degree of ____ combustion.
Monoxide, incomplete
Which nitrogen-containing substance is generally unreactive?
N2
Which of the following is the correct molecular formula for dinitrogen pentoxide?
N2O5
Which compound reacts with ozone, reducing the ozone concentration along congested highways?
NO
Resonance forms
No individual resonance form actually exists. Resonance forms differ only in the arrangement of electrons. An individual resonance form does not accurately represent the structure of the species.
In order to halt increases in the amount of these gases in the Earth's atmosphere, global greenhouse gas emissions must be decreased by 9 billion tons. Which of these would NOT provide that much relief in global greenhouse gas emissions?
None of the above would provide the needed 9 billion tons.
Ozone decomposes into oxygen and atomic oxygen. Which of the following statements correctly describes the balanced equation for this reaction?
O2 is a product of the reaction There are 3 atoms of oxygen on the left side of the reaction and 3 atoms of oxygen on the product side of the equation
Which of the following are involved in the conversion of NO to NO2 in the atmosphere?
OH. O3 VOCs
Which of the following has the highest boiling point?
Octane
Which type of paint has the highest level of VOCs?
Oil-based paints
A molecule that always contains carbon and may contain hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen is called a _____.
Organic
Formation of ozone
Ozone can be formed from O2 Ozone is typically formed during a lightning storm
Which of the following options correctly describe ozone exposure and its effects?
Ozone reduces lung function. Ozone reacts with the rubber on car tires.
UV radiation
Photons from UV radiation can displace electrons from neutral molecules creating cations. UV radiation can cause biological damage.
Effect of different hydrocarbons on an internal combustion engine
Preignition occurs when cylinder compression alone can ignite a fuel. Knocking is a violent and uncontrolled reaction inside an engine cylinder.
Which of the following statements correctly describe subatomic particles?
Protons are positively charged. The electrons are located outside the nucleus. The mass of an electron is negligible compared to the mass of a proton.
Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a neutral atoms represented by 65 29 Cu.
Protons: 29 Neutrons: (65-29)= 36 Electrons: 29 TOP NUMBER IS MASS NUMBER, BOTTOM NUMBER IS ATOMIC.
Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)
Provide a surface for chemical reactions to occur. Are composed of tiny ice crystals.
Replacement for halons
Pyrocool FEF is an aqueous solution. Pyrocool FEF is environmentally benign. Pyrocool FEF is more effective at fighting fire than halons.
Which noble gas is the second leading cause of lung cancer after cigarette smoke?
Radon
Which of the following correctly describe a radon?
Radon is chemically unreactive. Radon is radioactive. Radon can be found in basements.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the information gathered from a balanced chemical equation?
Relative quantities of substances involved Often the physical states of reactants and products Identities of substances involved
Greatest advantages of biofuels
Release less net CO2 than fossil fuels Are renewable resources
During a chemical reaction, the number of different substances may or may not change, but the total mass of matter present _____.
Remains unchanged
Human activities that increase the levels of atmospheric CO2
Replacing trees with cultivated crops Respiration Burning fossil fuels
In the process of ___, the foods that we eat are metabolized to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
Respiration
The process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome is called ____ assessment.
Risk
Which of the following activities do not cause indoor air pollution?
Running the washing machine Turning on the television
Which of the following pollutants have short enough lifetimes that their concentration indoors is much lower than outdoors?
SO2 O3 NO2
Which of the following statements correctly describe the sources and environmental effects of SO2 (sulfur dioxide)?
SO2 can react with water to produce acid rain. SO2 can lead to the formation of aerosols.
Which of the following are examples of mixtures?
Soil Tap Water
Increase ozone production
Sun directly overhead Sun closer to the Earth Increased intensity of UV radiation
Which of the following are among the goals of green chemistry?
Sustainability Reducing or eliminating the generation of hazardous substances
The most common strategies currently being developed to reduce levels of atmospheric CO2 generally focus on __.
Technologies and fuels that produce less atmospheric CO2
Improving the octane rating of gasoline
Tetraethyl lead (now banned) served as an antiknock additive in gasoline. Catalytic reforming can be used to create molecules with higher octane ratings.
Which of the following options correctly describe the UV index?
The UV Index is based on the length of time required for skin damage to occur. A UV Index color-coded orange indicates a moderate level of UV radiation.
What is ambient air?
The air surrounding us, usually outside air.
Carbon cycle
The main atmospheric form of carbon is CO2. CO2 is generated by the combustion of fossil fuels.
The label on a popular brand of margarine states it is made from "partially hydrogenated" corn oil. Which statement is false?
The margarine has the same amount of unsaturated fat (C===C) as the corn oil.
Most common effect of increasing temperature on a chemical reaction
The reaction rate will increase
What is the global atmospheric lifetime of gas?
The time required for removal of a gas that has been added to the atmosphere
What do the "Big Six" polymers have in common?
They are all thermoplastics (can be melted and shaped)
Why fossil fuels do not meet the criteria for sustainability
They are nonrenewable resources. They produce undesirable waste products.
What term is used to describe a situation where a resource is no particular group's responsibility but if it is destroyed or overused this has consequences for a large number of people?
Tragedy of the commons
What is the term used to define the lower region of the atmosphere in which we live, which lies directly above the surface of the Earth?
Troposphere
Electrons are arranged in energy levels about the nucleus. The innermost energy level can hold a maximum of ___ electrons, while the second level has a maximum capacity of ___.
Two, eight
What type of radiation can break chemical bonds?
UV radiation
Which of the following options correctly describe the formation and control of pollutants produced by cars?
Volatile organic compounds are connected to the formation of nitrogen dioxide. Catalytic converters have reduced CO emissions from cars.
Why is water a liquid at room temperature instead of a gas?
Water has hydrogen bonds between the molecule.
Which of the following options correctly describe the factors that affect air quality?
Weather patterns have an effect on air quality. The number of people living in a region affects air quality.
A monomer is __.
a small molecule used to make a polymer chain.
When naming a compound of two nonmetals, the number of ____ of each element is indicated by a Greek numerical prefix. The first element in the name is numbered only when more than ___ atoms of that element is/are present.
atoms, one
For any element, the atomic mass recorded on the periodic table is not a whole number since it is a ___ of the masses of its naturally occurring isotopes.
average
Scientists have correlated average global temperatures with atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 160,000 years using ice cores from Antarctica. How is the carbon dioxide level determined.
by measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped air bubble in the ice layers.
What atmospheric component is responsible for the natural acidity of rain?
carbon dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
characteristic brown color; emitted from car engines
Process of combustion
chemical combination with oxygen to release energy
The periodic table is organized such that elements with similar ___ properties fall into vertical columns called ___.
chemical, groups
Which is not a polymer of glucose?
cholesterol
Particulate Matter
classified by size rather than composition
Examples of fossil fuels
coal petroleum natural gas
Carbon Monoxide
colorless, tasteless, and odorless, the "silent killer"
A substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical methods is called a __.
compound
Isonomers
contain the same number and type of atoms, but they are connected in different ways
Which raw material serves as the source for most polymers?
crude oil
X-ray diffraction is a method for __.
determining the position of atoms in a crystal.
The most important greenhouse gas on Earth is carbon __.
dioxide
If you were worried about your cholesterol intake, which breakfast should you not eat?
eggs fried in butter with bacon and white toast
The process of water evaporating from your skin is ___ because heat is ___.
endothermic, absorbed
Radiative forcings are ____.
factors that influence the balance of Earth's incoming and outgoing radiation.
Gases molecules are in constant random motion and are extremely ____ under normal atmospheric conditions. If the gas molecules in a sample of air were condensed their actual volume would be ___.
far apart, small
An estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions produced by an individual in a given time frame is referred to as that individual's carbon __.
footprint
Pure Substance
form of matter with a definite composition
A chemical ___ (eg CO2) represents the elementary composition of any pure substance.
formula
A particular grouping of atoms that gives characteristic chemical and physical properties to a molecule that contains it is known as a ____ group.
functional
Cl
halogen
What do the letters HDPE represent?
high density polyethylene
The primary structure of a protein is the __.
identity and sequence of amino acids present
Where is the most carbon on Earth stored?
in the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks
Introducing too many Cl atoms into a potential replacement for CFCs causes a ___ in toxicity and a ___ in boiling point.
increase, increase
Clean coal technologies are best described as methods of ___.
increasing the efficiency and decreasing the harmful emissions of coal power plants
Any gas that can absorb ____ radiation can act as a greenhouse gas.
infrared
Metals
large green area to the left of the step
The central oxygen atom in H2O is surrounded by four electron pairs. The two lone pairs occupy more space than the bonding pairs, causing the bond angle in H2O to be ___ the ideal angle of 109.5 degrees.
less than
Aerosols scatter incoming radiation very effectively, so that __ IR radiation is absorbed and trapped by atmospheric gases. This leads to a ___ effect.
less, cooling
The organic material that decomposed to form fossil fuels has a very ___ level of carbon-14. Burning fossil fuels therefore causes a ___ in the concentration of carbon-14 in atmospheric CO2.
low, decrease
Which color, as used in the Air Quality Index, warns that the level of pollutant is hazardous, the most dangerous level?
maroon
In order for a molecule to absorb IR radiation, the energy of the IR radiation must ___.
match one of the vibrational energy modes of the molecule
Cu
metal
Classify zinc as a macromineral, micromineral, or trace mineral.
micromineral
Any action undertaken with the purpose of permanently eliminating or reducing the long-term risks and hazard of climate change is called climate ___.
mitigation
The molar mass of any substance is the mass of 1 ___ of the particles of that substance.
mole
Among other effects, climate change is expected to cause ___ weather along with changed climate.
more extreme
In general, a lone pair occupies ___ space than a bonding electron pair, and will therefore ___ the bond angle between bonding pairs.
more, decrease
UV radiation is ___ dangerous than microwave radiation because it is of shorter wavelength and ___ energy.
more, higher
Metalloids
narrow orange strip located on both sides of the step
Is silk a natural or synthetic polymer?
natural
What is a fossil fuel?
natural gas
Ne
noble gas
The atomic number is the ___.
number of protons in the nucleus
What would be classified as a "synthetic" polymer?
nylon
The effects of the observed increase in global temperatures over the last century
on average the planet is warmer than it was a century ago
Biofuels are energy sources that are produced from ___ matter.
organic
Elements in the same column of the periodic table in the Groups labeled A tend to have similar chemical and physical properties because they have the same number of ___.
outer (valence) electrons
The most stable molecular arrangement is the one in which the ___ electron groups are as far apart as possible, to minimize electron-electron ___.
outer, repulsion
Reformulated gasolines
oxygenated gasolines with lower percentages of some VOCs
The molecules that are added to polymers to make them softer and more pliable are known as __.
plasticizers
Which of the following power plants has the highest net efficiency?
produced 450 kJ of electricity from 600 kJ of heat
The nucleus of an atom contains ___.
protons and neutrons only.
Factors that influence the balance of Earth's incoming and outgoing radiation are called ___.
radiative forcings
In order to predict if a given molecule can act as a greenhouse gas, we must use its Lewis structure to determine its molecular ____.
shape
The pair of electrons involved in a covalent bond is called a ___ electron pair, whereas the electrons not involved in bonding are called an unshared or ___ pair.
shared, lone
Ozone
sharp odor; a pollutant in the immediate atmosphere but essential at high altitudes
Sulfur Dioxide
sharp, unpleasant odor; produced by burning coal
Which of the following is a pure substance?
silver wire
The wavelength of light in the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum is __.
smaller than a virus
In earth's atmosphere, where is the ozone layer?
stratosphere
The heat of combustion of a compound is best described as __.
the amount of heat released when a specific amount of substance burns.
Cracking is ___.
the breaking of larger molecules into smaller ones.
The energy contained within fossil fuels originates from the conversion of ___ to ___.
the energy of sunlight, stored chemical potential energy
Combustion is correctly described as __.
the process in which a substance burns in oxygen
Neither N2 or O2 are greenhouse gases because __.
their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate.
The EPA regulates the presence of nitrates and nitrites in water because __.
they interact with the blood and limit its ability to transport oxygen.
In the periodic table, which elements typically have similar properties?
those in the same columns
The main reason that water supplies are "chlorinated is __.
to kill disease-causing organisms in the water.
Ozone is considered an air pollutant in the ___ but is a valuable protective layer in the ___.
troposphere, stratosphere
DNA, the genetic material of living organisms, is damaged by light in the __.
ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm.
What is biodegradation?
using bacteria and fungi to "eat" the waste plastic
The distance a wave travels during one cycle is called its __. This is measured as the distance between two successive __.
wavelength, crests
What is the name of the functional group In hexamethylenediamine? In apidic acid? In ethanol? In syrene? In ethylene glycol?
- amine carbolic acid Hydroxyl group or alcohol phenyl group Hydroxyl group or alcohol
What is the concentration of hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution containing [H+]=1 x 10^-5 ?
1 x 10^-9
Nanotechnology is concerned with science on what scale?
1 x 10^-9 m
Place the chemical steps involved in ozone production in the correct order.
1. Nitrogen dioxide is exposed to sunlight. 2. Nitrogen monoxide and an oxygen atom are produced. 3. An oxygen atom reacts with an oxygen molecule. 4. Ozone is produced.
Calculate the mass of 25,000 molecules of nitrogen gas. (1 mole = 6.02x10^23 molecules).
1.16 x 10^-18 g
The bond angle for a tetrahedral molecule is equal to ___.
109.5 degrees
The production of nitric acid is closely linked to the manufacture of fertilizers, and it is estimated that 60 million tons of this substance was produced worldwide in 1999. What is the mass of nitrogen in this quantity of nitrogen in this quantity of nitric acid?
13 million tons
If the average temperature of earth is currently 15.0 degree C, what does the NOAA model (the line in the graph) predict for the average global temperature in 2080?
17.4 degrees C
Determine the molar mass for fluoxetine (C16H16F3NO), also known as Prozac.
295.3 g/mol
A boron (B) atom has __ valence electrons.
3
There are exactly ___ x10^23 atoms in 12g of carbon-12. This number is called ____ number.
6.02, Avogadro's
Which of the following options correctly describe the troposphere?
75% of our air is found within the troposphere. An inversion layer in the troposphere occurs when cooler air is trapped below warm air. The troposphere is the region of the atmosphere in which humans live.
The octet rule states that when atoms bond they may lose, gain, or share electrons in order to attain an outer level containing ___ electrons.
8
The greenhouse and enhanced greenhouse effects refer to the return of approximately __ percent and greater than ___ percent of the heat radiated by Earth.
80, 80
The quantity 8.7x10^5 g expressed in standard decimal notation is:
870,000g
Which of the following statements correctly defines a molecule?
A molecule is independent structure consisting of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
Cellulose
A structural component of plants. A polymer of glucose.
Which of the following options correctly describe aerosols?
Aerosols can contribute to pollution. Aerosols are liquid and solid particles that remain suspended in air. SO3 can combine with water to create sulfuric acid aerosols.
How aerosols interact with radiation and affect Earth's temperature
Aerosols promote cloud formation, allowing more solar radiation to be reflected. This has a cooling effect. Aerosols scatter incoming radiation efficiently, decreasing the amount of radiation available for greenhouse gases to absorb.
How can ice-core data provide information about changes in atmospheric CO2 levels over time?
Air bubble trapped in the ice are analyzed to determine the CO2 content at a particular time period.
What factor determine how many calories per day a person needs? 1. health 2. level of activity 3. gender 4. age 5. body size
All of them
How is ethanol most commonly used as biofuel?
As a mixture with gasoline, typically 10%
Process of distillation
Asphalt and lubricants are common distillation products of crude oil. It involves heating a mixture to boiling and recollecting the vapors. It is commonly used to separate the components of crude oil.
Which statement related to the "wonder drug" aspirin is not true?
Aspirin selectively blocks the COX-2 enzyme but does not block the COX-1 enzyme.
Which of the following incorrectly represents a combustion reaction?
C3H8 + O2 + 3CO2
The most significant step toward halting the depletion of the ozone layer was the call to stop the production of ___.
CFCs
Fossil fuels
CH4 found together with oil and coal deposits is released by drilling and mining.
Organic compound always contain the element ___.
Carbon
VOCs are ____-containing compounds that pass easily into the ___ phase.
Carbon, gas
Techniques of proposed "clean coal" technologies
Chemically removing SO2 before releasing combustion products Washing to remove impurities before use
Which of the following options correctly describe atoms?
Compounds contain two or more different types of atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable, independent entity.
Advantages and disadvantages of HCFCs as replacements for CFCs
Considered greenhouse gases Are nontoxic and nonflammable
Biodiesel molecules
Contain a long hydrocarbon chain. Contain a "cap" from methanol or similar alcohol. Contain an ester functional group.
The bond formed between two nonmetals is called a ___ bond. This bond involves the __ of one or more electron pairs between two atoms.
Covalent, sharing
When UV light causes the bonds in ___ molecules to break, it can cause mutations leading to skin cancers.
DNA
Replacing halogen atoms (such as Cl) in CFCs with hydrogen results in a __.
Decrease in boiling point Decrease in molar mass
A highly reactive species with one or more unpaired electrons is called a ___.
Free radical
Which of the following options correctly describe gases?
Gases are in constant random motion. Gas molecules are extremely small. Air is mostly empty space.
Which class of molecules have been introduced as replacements for CFCs?
HCFCs
Which of the following compounds is useful for putting out fires and does not deplete stratospheric ozone concentrations?
Halon-1211
Which of the following options correctly describes how hydrocarbons are named?
Hydrocarbons are named with the root based on the number of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -ane.
Wavelength and frequency are ____ proportional to each other. As wavelength increases frequency will ___.
Inversely, decrease
On average, the concentration of stratospheric ozone at the equator is ___ than at the poles.
Lower
Each element in a given compound comprises a fixed percent by ____ of the compound.
Mass
For low concentrations, it is more convenient to use units of ppm or parts per ____ instead of percent. The unit is of a concentration 10,000 times smaller than 1%.
Million
What is the correct term used to describe the species HF, in which electrons are shared between H and F?
Molecule
Internal combustion engines
More than half the energy they produce is lost as heat. They use the gas products of combustion to drive mechanical pistons. They are less efficient than most power plants.
Natural sources of chlorine
Natural chlorine-containing substances are water soluble. HCl is a natural form of chlorine.
Which of the following options correctly describe N2?
Nitrogen is colorless and odorless Nitrogen is the most abundant substance in air
Mole
One mole of any substance contains 6.02x10^23 particles. The number of particles in a mole is called Avogadro's number.
What characterizes a free radical?
One or more unpaired electrons
A 20 year old female weighing 60 kg (132 pounds) has a BMR of 1440 cal/day but her daily recommended intake is 2200 cal/day. What does this mean?
Only 65% of the energy derived from her food intake goes to keep her body system going.
Which of the following options correctly describe the characteristics and role of oxygen?
Oxygen is the most abundant element in the human body. O2 is a necessary reactant in burning and rusting. O2 is absorbed into our blood via the lungs.
A designated region in the stratosphere of maximum O3 concentration is called the ____ layer.
Ozone
UV-C radiation is absorbed by which two substances in the stratosphere?
Ozone Oxygen
Combustion is an example of a type of chemical ___, where reactants are transformed into products.
Reaction
Why are many drugs administered as salts rather than as the corresponding neutral compounds?
Salts have greater water solubility and stability than the neutral compound.
A ___ pollutant is produced from chemical reactions involving one or more other pollutants.
Secondary
Which of the following options correctly describe the additives used in paints?
Solvents are another type of VOC added to paint. Glycols are VOCs that are added to paint.
Common contaminants in coal
Sulfur Lead Uranium
Natural variations in stratospheric ozone levels
The amount of radiation emitted by the Sun varies over an 11- to 12-year cycle, which causes variations in ozone production. Random fluctuations in ozone concentration occur.
What is meant by malnutrition?
The diet is lacking in proper nutrients, even though caloric intake may be sufficient.
Calorie
The energy needed to increase the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C.
You often hear the phrase "you are what you eat". Which statement is true?
The food we eat provides the fundamental material to keep our bodies functioning.
Which of the following options correctly describe the determination of ozone concentration by measuring UV radiation from the atmosphere?
The lower intensity of UV radiation reaching the detector, the greater the concentration of ozone in a column of air. Dobson units are used to quantify the amount of ozone in a column of air.
Molar mass
The periodic table can be used to calculate the molar mass of any substance. The molar mass of a molecular substance is the mass per mole of its molecules. The molar mass of oxygen is 16.00g. This means that 1 mole of oxygen atoms has a mass of 16.00g.
Which of the following statements correctly describe a properly balanced chemical equation?
The physical states of the reactants may be different than the physical states of the products. The total number of atoms of each element must be the same in the reactants and products.
Why are generic versions of some prescription drugs not always available?
The prescribed drug may still be protected by the 20-year patent.
Benefits of catalysts for green chemistry
They are not consumed in the reaction, so only small amounts are needed, and they allow for lower reaction temperatures.
Concerning dietary supplements, which of the following statements is true?
They are not reviewed by the FDA before they are marketed.
Most important properties considered when designing a suitable replacement for CFCs
Toxicity Flammability Extreme stability
How can exposure to UV radiation result in skin cancers?
UV radiation can cause bonds in DNA molecules to break, resulting in genetic mutations.
Skin cancers are linked to excessive exposure to sunlight; more specifically, to __ radiation. The most deadly skin cancers are those that arise in ___.
UV-B, melanocytes
Which of the following is most biologically damaging type of radiation?
UV-C
Which of the following pollutants are produced by cars?
VOCs Particulate matter Nitrogen oxides Carbon monoxide
Electrons that are found in the highest energy level are called ____ or outer electrons.
Valence
The observed trends in physical and chemical properties of elements are related to the number of their __.
Valence electrons
Bond energy
Values are always positive. The total energy required to break bonds depends on the number of bonds.
Substances that can be used to produce biodiesel
Vegetable oil Animal fat
VOCs or ____ are a class of air pollutant that typically originates from ____.
Volatile organic compounds, cars
Which substance has the highest pH?
a lye solution
The proportion of incoming radiation is reflected by a surface called the ___. This quantity is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface.
albedo
Human insulin protein: 1. is helpful in the treatment of diabetes in humans 2. controls the levels of glucose in the blood 3. can be produced in the bacterium, E. coli
all of them
Influences on the environment resulting from human activities are called __ influences.
anthropogenic
Father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, described making a tea that was effective against fever by boiling willow bark. Years later, the active ingredient was isolated and chemically modified to produce the drug we know as __.
aspirin.
Both Venus and Earth have higher average surface temperatures than expected because ___.
both planets have atmospheres that trap radiation
Advantages and disadvantages of using coal as a fuel source
burning coal can release sulfur and mercury coal mining can cause environmental harm
Which is the most abundant mineral in the body?
calcium
Chemical name for Ca(OH)2
calcium hydroxide
The measure of the amount of energy dispersed in a process is called ___.
entropy
A calorimeter is used to measure the ___ released or absorbed by a reaction.
heat
An infrared spectrum records ___.
intensity of transmitted radiation vs. wavelength
The speed of light in air ___.
is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light.
Potable water is water that __.
is safe to drink and cook with.
Land use changes have a big impact on global warming because of their effect on albedo. Albedo __.
is the ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface to the amount of radiation hitting that surface.
The heat energy released or absorbed by a chemical reaction is generally determined by the difference between the energy that ___.
must be put in to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy released upon making the bonds in the products.
A chemical equation must be balanced. This means that the same ____ and ____ of atoms must appear on both sides of the equation.
number, type
Mixture
physical combination of two or more species
Skin, hair, muscle, and enzymes are all made of protein, which is a natural polymer. Proteins are __.
polyamides
Energy conversion can never be 100% efficient because __.
some amount of potential energy is always dissipated as heat
The backbone structure of DNA is __.
sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate
What is the biggest limitation in the production of petroleum products?
the amount of easily recoverable deposits
Activation energy is best described as ___.
the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction
A polar covalent bond is created when __.
two atoms share their bonding electrons equally.
Ice core data shows that atmospheric CO2 levels ___.
were relatively constant from the beginning of the last millennium until around 1800
Atoms bond in order to fill their valence shell of electrons. Most elements strive for a total of ___ valence electrons while hydrogen strives for a total of ___.
8, 2
Resonance forms are Lewis structures that have the same relative placement of ___ but a different arrangement of ___.
Atoms, electrons
Which of the following are formed on polar stratospheric clouds in the Antarctic, causing severe ozone depletion when exposed to UV light?
Cl2 HOCl
Advantages of oxygenated fuels
Enhance the octane rating of the gasoline. Produce less CO than traditional gasoline.
Why is the mileage a vehicle gets less when burning E85 than 100% gasoline?
Ethanol has a lower heat of combustion.
Which of the following are VOCs that are released by paints?
Ethylene glycol Benzene Texanol
The ___ of a wave is the number of wave cycles per second that pass a fixed point.
Frequency
Hydrocarbons are primarily used as ___.
Fuel
The natural process by which Earth's atmospheric gases trap the infrared radiation radiated by Earth is called the ___. This causes Earth's average surface temperature to be ___ than that predicted when considering the distance of the Earth from the Sun.
Greenhouse, higher
Which of the following comprise the largest component of gasoline?
Hydrocarbons with 5-12 carbon atoms
Activation energy
Increasing temperature allows more particles to have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. Lower activation energy generally results in faster reactions.
Products separated from crude oil
Industrial oils and lubricants Jet fuel Starting materials for plastics and other carbon-based products.
Why petroleum has overtaken coal as the largest energy source in the United States
It produces more energy per gram than coal. It is easier to extract from underground.
Photosynthesis
It requires energy input to occur. It generates products with higher potential energy than its reactants. It removes free CO2 from the atmosphere.
Which of the following factors affect the level of exposure to a toxic substance?
Length of time exposed to a pollutant Concentration of the pollutant in the air Rate of breathing
Skin Cancers
Most are linked to exposure to sunlight. Cancers in melanocytes are more deadly than those in basal cells.
The makeup of coal
Mostly carbon and hydrogen, with some oxygen and other trace impurities.
The chemical definition of alcohol is a molecule that ___.
contains hydroxyl (OH) group
Effect catalyst has on a chemical reaction
lowers the activation energy for a reaction
A ___ figure is a digit that represents the accuracy with which an experimental quantity is known.
significant
Nonmetals
small blue area to the right of the step
The pH of rain water falling through an unpolluted atmosphere is closest to:
5.4
Which of the following actions are permitted in balancing a chemical equation?
Adding coefficients to formulas of reactants and products
Which of the following statements correctly describe different forms of matter?
Both mixtures and pure substances are forms of matter. Mixtures can consist of any three phases of matter.
Triglycerides
Can be used to prepare biodiesel. Fats and oils consist of triglycerides. A triglyceride molecule contains three hydrocarbon chains.
Origin and uses of CFCs and halons
Halons and CFCs are inert and nontoxic. CFCs and halons are very chemically persistent molecules.
Electromagnetic radiation consists of particles called ___, each of which has a discrete amount, or quantum, of energy. However, since electromagnetic radiation also has wave properties, each particle is also characterized by a specific __ and frequency.
Photons, wavelength
Purpose of Kyoto Protocol
Set legally binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions Set targets for reduced greenhouse gas emissions for participating countries
Although all aspirin tablets contain the same active ingredient, acetylsalicylic acid, not all aspirin tablets are the same. Which is not a possible reason for this difference?
Some may contain the inactive isomer in the preparation.
Determined very likely by the IPCC in 2007
Human activities are the main factor that has caused warming since 1950. Snow and ice cover have both decreased measurably on the Earth. Higher maximum temperatures are observed over nearly all land areas when compared to records from a century ago.
Unique conditions in the Antarctic that cause the region to have a disproportionately large hole in the ozone layer
Polar stratospheric clouds formed in this region initiate reaction of benign species to more reactive species Temperatures are as cold as -90 degrees C Winds in the area form a vortex that prevents warmer air from entering the Antarctic
The smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable independent entity is a(n) ___.
atom
Albedo
A more reflective surface will have a higher albedo than a less reflective one. The albedo of the Earth affects global temperatures. Albedo is the fraction of incoming radiation that is reflected by the surface.
What products may be formed when a hydrocarbon undergoes combustion?
Heat Light CO CO2
Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only ___ and ____.
Hydrogen and carbon
Molecule that can absorb IR radiation
Its bond vibrations must involve a change in charge distribution.
Use the figure below to specify the region of the electromagnetic spectrum where radiation with a wavelength of 0.6 nm is found.
X-ray
The hydronium concentration in a solution with pH 10 is ___ than the hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 13.
1,000 times greater
Place the steps for drawing a Lewis structure in the correct order.
1. Count the number of outer electrons contributed by each atom. 2. Add the valence electrons contributed by each individual atom to determine the total number of outer electrons for that species. 3. Arrange the outer electrons in pairs around the contributing atoms. 4. Ensure that each atom has a full outer shell.
Three-dimensional representations of a molecule
Wedge-dash Space-filling
Which correctly describes groundwater?
any water taken from aquifers.
Direct measurements of atmospheric CO2 levels in Hawaii show that since 1960 ___.
The annual average CO2 levels have increased steadily. The CO2 levels in a given year fluctuate depending on the time of year.
Consequences of halting the production of CFCs
The concentration of ozone-depleting gases peaked in the 1990s despite the Montreal Protocol. There has been a slow rate of change in the concentration of stratospheric chlorine since the halt of the production of CFCs.
The global warming ___ (GWP) of a greenhouse gas represents the relative contribution of a given atmospheric gas to global warming.
potential
