Chemistry final review rev1

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter can neither be created nor destroyed and that The total mass of products is equal to the total mass of reactants.

Barometer

Measures the pressure exerted by the gases in the atmosphere by the height of mercury in the column (mmHg). *The pressure exerted by the gases in the atmosphere is equal to the downward pressure of a mercury column in a closed glass tube.

a compound's empirical formula is N2O5, if the formula mass is 108 amu, what is the molecular formula

N2O5

Electrons have what type of charge?

Negative

Neutrons have what type of charge?

Neutral (or no charge)

Non-redox

No electron transfer is involved

Chemical change

Occurs when a substance is converted into one or more new substances. a change in color, the formation of a solid (precipitate), the formation of bubbles (gas) heat (or flame) produced or heat absorbed

Single-Replacement reactions

One element takes the place of a different element in a reacting compound A+BC -> AC+B

Decomposition reactions

One substance splits into two or more simpler substances. AB -> A+B

OIL

Oxidation Is the Loss of electrons

Ideal gas law formula

PV = nRT

what is the formula for Lead IV oxide?

PbO2 (ionic)

Protons have what type of charge?

Positive

RIG

Reduction Is the Gain of electrons

what is the formula for sulfur dichloride

SCl2

what is the empirical formula for a compound that is 53.3% O and 46.7% S

SO2

Weak electrolytes

Solutes that only partially dissociate when dissolved in water

Strong electrolytes

Substances that dissolve well in solution

Solubility

The amount of solute that dissolves in a solution; may also refer to how quickly a solute dissolves in a solution (i.e. the dissolvent rate) affected by the type of solvent and temperature expressed as grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent (usually water) solubility=grams of solute/grams of liquid (water in most cases)

Exothermic

The energy of the reactants is greater than that of the products and heat is released along with the products -the heat of reaction (ΔH) value is written with a negative sign (-) indicating heat is released.

Endothermic

The energy of the reactants is lower than that of the energy of the products -heat is absorbed and used to convert the reactants to products and written with a (+) sign.

Molar Mass (definition)

The mass of one mole of a substance. the number of grams that equals the atomic mass of that element

Orientation

The reactants must align properly to break and form bonds.

Double-Replacement reactions

The two positive ions in the reacting compounds exchange places AB+CD -> AD+CB

Excess reactant

What's left over.

what is the formula for zinc flouride

ZnF2

write the noble-gas electron configuration represented in the orbital diagram below

[Ne] 3s2 3p3

write the noble gas electron configuration for silicon

[Ne]3s2 3p2

the elements in group 1 are also known as the

alkali metals

Name the compound Al2S3.

aluminum sulfide

a species that can react as either an acid or a base is...

amphoteric

a negative ion is known as an

anion

evidence gathered sine mendeleev's time indicates that a better arrangement than atomic mass for elements in the periodic table is an arrangement by

atomic number

What is an isotope?

atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

the melting points of ionic compounds are higher than the melting points of molecular compounds because

attractive forces between ions are greater than the attractive forces between molecules

the atomic mass of an element listed in the periodic table is the

average atomic mass

what did Arrhenius theorize?

bases give OH- and acids give H+ (H3O+)

A liquid reaches its boiling point when its vapor pressure...

becomes equal to the external pressure.

what are properties of bases?

bitter, slippery, pH of <7, turn indicators blue

name the compound CF4

carbon tetraflouride

a positive ion is known as a

cation

covalent bond

chemical bond that forms when 2 atoms share electrons

ionic bond

chemical bond that occurs when an atom transfers an electron to another atom

what do you use to balance chemical equations?

coefficients

name the compound CuO

copper II oxide (ionic)

the chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons is a

covalent bond

in a row in the periodic table, as the atomic number increases, the atomic radius generally

decreases

Name the compound N2O3

dinitrogen trioxide

what is the name of N2O3?

dinitrogen trioxide (covalent)

what are shared in a covalent bond

electrons

What is an electron cloud?

electrons moving at high speed; small negatively charged particles

a formula that shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms in a compound is the

empirical formula

the main energy level that can hold only two electrons is the

first

what is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a formula for a compound

formula mass

what happens when acids react with metals?

gives off H2 gas

if electrons in an atom have the lowest possible energies the atom is in the

ground state

compared with ionic compounds, molecular compounds

have lower melting points

ionic compounds are brittle because the strong attractive forces

hold the layers in relatively fixed positions

what does supersaturated mean?

holds more solute than it can (saturated then heated up and more solute added)

what relationship between pressure and volume does Boyle's Law demonstrate?

inverse

the B--F bond in BF3 (electronegativity for B is 2.0; electronegativity for F is 4.0) is

ionic

the empirical formula is always the accepted formula for an

ionic compound

Activation energy

is the amount of energy required to break the bonds between atoms of the reactants

Heat of reaction

is the amount of heat absorbed or released during a reaction

Actual yield

is the amount of product obtained when the reaction takes place.

Theoretical yield

is the maximum amount of product, which is calculated using the balanced equation.

Atmospheric pressure

is the pressure exerted by a column of air from the top of the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth.

Percent yield

is the ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield.

how does the energy required to remove an electron from an atom change as you move left to right in period 4 from potassium through iron

it generally increases

temperature is the measure of...

kinetic energy (motion)

in drawing a lewis structure, the central atom is generally the

least electronegative atom

the quantum number that indicates the position of an orbital about the three axes in space is the

magnetic quantum number

atoms of the same element can differ in

mass number

Law of conservation of mass

mass of reactants=mass of products

isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different

masses

what is an ionic compound made up of?

metal and non-metal

the molar mass of an element is the mass of one

mole of the element

which of the following shows the types and numbers of atoms joined in a single molecule of a molecular compound

molecular formula

what does unsaturated mean?

more solute can still be added

the average atomic mass of an element is the average of the atomic masses of its

naturally occurring isotopes

a nuclear particle that has about the same mass as a proton, but with no electrical charge, is called a

neutron

if two covalently bonded atoms are identical, the bond is

nonpolar covalent

the chemical formula for an ionic compound represents the

number of atoms in each molecule

A chemical formula includes the symbols of the elements in the compound and subscripts that indicate

number of atoms or ions of each element that are combined in the compound

the periodic law states that the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. What determines the position of each element in the periodic table

number of protons

all isotopes of hydrogen contain

one proton

a three-dimensional region around a nucleus where an electron may be found is an

orbital

the electron configurations of the noble gases from neon to radon in the periodic table make these elements part of the

p block

the set of orbitals that are dumbbell shaped and directed along the x, y, and z axes are called

p orbitals

a horizontal row of blocks in the periodic table is called a

period

the electron configuration of cesium, atomic number 55, is [Xe] 6s1. In what period is cesium

period 6

if the atoms that share electrons have an unequal attraction for the electrons, the bond is called

polar

elements in a group or column in the periodic table can be expected to have similar

properties

Nucleus contains what subatomic particles?

protons neutrons

An uncharged atom of phosphorus has an atomic number of 15. How many protons? How many electrons?

protons = 15 electrons = 15

the atomic number of oxygen, 8, indicates that there are 8

protons in the nucleus of an oxygen atom

what is the order that the orbitals are filled in

s, p, d, f

acids react with bases to produce what?

salt and water

the empirical formula for a compound shows the symbols of the elements with subscripts indicating the

smallest whole-number ratio of the atoms

what is the scientific name for NaBr?

sodium bromide (ionic)

what are properties of acids?

sour, pH of >7, turn indicators pink/red

what can you do to increase the rate of dissolving of a solid?

stir, heat, crush

the spin quantum number of an electron can be though of as describing

the direction of electron spin

If the energy of a collision is less than the activation energy...

the molecules bounce apart without reacting

an atom is electrically neutral because

the numbers of protons and electrons are equal

if you heat up a closed container of gas, what happens to the pressure?

the pressure increases (gay-lussacs)

what happens to the volume of a balloon if the temperature increases and the pressure remains unchanged?

the volume increases/expands (charles law)

how many electrons can occupy the s orbital at each energy level

two, if they have opposite spins

Mendeleev predicted that the spaces in his periodic table represented

undiscovered elements

what kind of solvent is water?

universal, polar

What determines how an atom is going to react with other atoms?

valence electrons

the electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared, when atoms form compounds are called

valence electrons

what is the oxidation number of Ca in Calcium Chloride?

+2

Charle's Law

-The Kelvin temperature of a gas is directly related to the volume of the gas, -P and n are constant, and -as the temperature of a gas increases, the molecules move faster and its volume increases to maintain constant P. v1/t1 = v2/t2 (P and N are CONSTANT)

Solute

-are spread uniformly throughout the solvent. -are not visible, but can give a color to the solution. -are usually present in a smaller amount than the solvent.

Oxidation-Reduction reaction

-electrons are transferred from one substance to another. -if one substance loses electrons, another substance must gain electrons -energy is provided to us from food -electrical energy is provided in batteries -iron rusts

Water

-is the most common solvent in nature. -is a polar molecule. -forms hydrogen bonds between the partially positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and the partially negatively charged oxygen atom in a different water molecule.

Dalton's Law

-states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. P(total)= P1+P2+P3 -indicates that pressure depends on the total number of gas particles.

Gay-Lussac's Law

-the pressure exerted by a gas is directly related to the Kelvin temperature. -V and n are constant. -an increase in temperature increases the pressure of a gas. P1/T1 = P2/T2

Boyle's Law

-the pressure of a gas is inversely related to its volume when temperature (T) and amount of gas (n) are constant. -if the pressure (P) increases, then the volume (V) decreases.

a nonpolar covalent bond is most likely to form between two elements that have a difference in electronegativity values of

0.1

what is the standard temp?

0°C

Lithium has an atomic number of 3. How many electrons are in its highest occupied energy level?

1

the number of valence electrons in group 1 elements is

1

Name 3 ways an atom can become stable

1) lose an electron 2) gain an electron 3) share an electron

The elements whose electron configurations end with s2 p5 in the highest occupied energy level belong to Group

17

Chlorine has atomic number 17 and mass number 35 it has

17 protons, 17 electrons, and 18 neutrons

phosphorus-33 (atomic number 15) contains

18 neutrons

what is the concentration of OH- in pure water?

1E-7

what is the standard pressure?

1atm or 760mmMg

How many electrons are in each energy level of Hydrogen? (electron configuration)

1e

what is the electron configuration for nitrogen, atomic number 7

1s2 2s2 2p3

the electron notation for aluminum (atomic number 13) is

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

How many electrons does the Helium atom have?

2

the spin quantum number indicates that the number of possible spin states for an electron in an orbital is

2

The atomic number of calcium is 20. How many electrons do you expect it to have?

20

an aluminum isotope consists of 13 protons, 13 electrons, and 14 neutrons, its mass number is

27

How many electrons are in each energy level of Boron? (electron configuration)

2e, 3e

How many electrons are in each energy level of Sulfur? (electron configuration)

2e, 8e, 6e

The electron configuration of aluminum, atomic number 13, is [Ne] 3s2 3p1. Aluminum is in Period

3

how many electrons are needed to completely fill the fourth energy level

32

How many valence electrons does Carbon have?

4

What is the percentage composition of CuCl2

47.27% Cu, 52.73% Cl

How many electrons are in the highest occupied energy level of a nitrogen atom?

5

The percentage composition of sulfur in SO2 is about 50%. What is the percentage of oxygen in this compound

50%

How many electrons does Carbon have?

6

How many neutrons does Carbon have?

6

How many protons does Carbon have?

6

What is the atomic number of Carbon?

6

the number of atoms in 1 mol of carbon is

6.02 E23

Avogadro's number

6.02 E23 atoms of an element

bromine, atomic number 35, belongs to group 17. How many electrons does bromine have in its outermost energy level.

7

the number of valence electrons in group 17 elements is

7

in drawing a lewis structure, each nonmetal atom except hydrogen should be surrounded by

8 electrons

Combustion reactions

A carbon-containing compound that is the fuel burns in oxygen from the air to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and energy in the form of heat or a flame.

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Nonelectrolytes

A molecular compound that does not ionize in water, preventing the solution from conducting electricity.

Redux

Another name for an oxidation-reduction reaction

which element has the following electron configuration [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5?

Bromine

a compound's empirical formula is C2H5. If the formula mass is 58 amu what is the molecular formula

C4H10

what is the formula for carbon tetrachloride?

CCl4 (covalent)

what is the formula for the compound formed by calcium ions and chloride ions

CaCl2

Conditions required for a chemical reaction to occur

Collision, orientation, and energy

Gas

Consists of small particles that move randomly with high velocities. -have essentially no attractive (or repulsive) forces toward each other. -have a very small volume compared to the volume of the containers they occupy. -are in constant motion. -have kinetic energies that increase with an increase in temperature.

Unsaturated solutions

Contain less than the maximum amount of solute present

Supersaturated solutions

Contain over the maximum amount of solute present in this condition. A supersaturated solution may provide for an unbalanced equation that leaves the formula incorrect. Be careful to balance the equation to account for the excess of the product. The rate at which the solute dissolves equals the rate at which the solute forms.

Saturated solutions

Contain the maximum amount of solute present

which elements orbital is shown

F

Reduction characteristics

Gaining electrons Loss of oxygen Gain of hydrogen DECREASE in the # of Carbon Oxygen bonds

a compound contains 64 g of O and 8g of H. What is the empirical formula for this compound

H2O

what is the formula for hydrofluoric acid?

HF

Limiting reactants

In a chemical reaction is the substance that is used up first and limits the amount of product that can form.

what is the empirical formula for a compound that is 31.9% potassium, 28.9% chlorine, and 39.2% oxygen

KClO3

Oxidation characteristics

Losing electrons Addition of oxygen Loss of hydrogen INCREASE in the # of Carbon Oxygen bonds