Chemistry Lesson 1

The maximum capacity for any valence shell is ______ electrons.

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Freezing (liquid)

A change of state of matter from a liquid to a solid by the loss of heat

Element

A simple substance which cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical means

Al

Aluminum

Ion

An atomic or molecular species with a positive (cation) or negative (anion) electrical charge; an atom of an element or a group of atoms acting as one unit that has lost or gained an electron or electrons.

Metal

An element marked by luster , malleability, ductility, and conductivity of electricity and heat. Metallic elements tend to form positive ions. More elements are metallic than nonmetallic. Most are solid except for mercury.

Matter

Anything that occupies space and possess mass (the quantity of matter present in an object)

__________have a strong tendency to change from an un-stable form with an incomplete outer shell to a more stable form with a complete outer shell with filled orbitals.

Atoms

Organic Chemistry

Branch of chemistry that deals with certain carbon-containing compounds

Br

Bromine

C

Carbon

Melting (solid)

Change in state from a solid to a liquid

Sublimation (solid)

Change in state from a solid to a liquid

Physical Changes of Matter

Change in the form or state of matter without any change in chemical composition. 1. Changes in state - ice changing to water then to steam 2. Solvation (dissolving) - sugar dissolving into sugar water

Chemical Changes

Change in which a new substance or substances are produced that have entirely different properties from the original substance because the chemical composition has changed. 1. Cremation of remains 2. Decomp of remains 3. Preservation of remains

Chemical Properties

Characteristics that can be observed when a substance is interacting with other substances resulting in a change of chemical composition

Proton

Charge = +1 Location = Nucleus

Electron

Charge = -1 Location = Orbits or shells rotating around nucleus

Neutron

Charge = 0 Location = Nucleus

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemistry of inorganic matter. Studies the properties and reactions of elements, excluding organic or certain carbon-containing compounds

Cl

Chlorine

Solids

Condensed state of matter having a definite shape and volume

Solidification (liquids)

Conversion of a liquid or gas into a solid form

Liquefaction (gases)

Conversion of a solid or gas into a liquid form as a result of a physical or chemical change

Copper

Cu

Biochemistry

Deals with compounds produced by living organisms

The ___________ move around the nucleus in _______.

Electrons ; orbits

Combustibility

Explosiveness

Flourine

F

Iron

Fe

Hydrogen

H

Helium

He

Mercury

Hg

Reactivity

How it reacts with other chemicals

Iodine

I

Compounds in which the atoms are held together by ionic bonds are called ________compounds

Ionic

Atoms that are electrically charged because of a gain or loss of electrons are called ____________.

Ions

Atoms of the same element which have identical chemical properties but different atomic weights are called ________.

Isotopes

Potassium

K

Chemical measurements

Length - meters Volume - Liter Mass - kilogram (1000 grams) Heat - Calorie (small calorie)

Nitrogen

N

Sodium

Na

___________have no electrical charge, however they serve to offer stability to a nucleus.

Neutrons

Oxygen

O

Phosphorus

P

Physical Properties of Matter

Properties of a substance that are observed without a change in a chemical composition, which include COLOR, ODOR, TASTE, SOLUBILITY, DENSISTY, HARDNESS, MELTING POINT and BOILING POINT.

Boiling (liquid)

Rapid passage of liquid particles to the vapor state by forming bubbles thru the action of heat

Density

Ratio of a mass of a substance to its volume

Sulfur

S

States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

Gases

State of matter in which the atoms or molecules move about in almost complete freedom from one another. Gases have no definite shape or volume and assume the shape and volume of their container

Embalming Chemistry

Study of those types of matter and changes in matter related to the disinfection and preservation of human remains

Kelvin

The base SI unit of temp equal to 1/273.15 the absolute temperature of the triple point of water

Atom

The smallest particle of an element

Molecule

The smallest unit of a compound which can exist alone; an aggregation of atoms, specifically a chemical of 2 or more atoms which form a specific chemical substance

For any specific atom, the electrons in the outermost shell are called __________electrons.

Valence

These determine an elements chemical properties :________ & ___________

Valence & Electrons

Monatomic ion

a charged entity consisting of only a single atom

Covalent Bond

a chemical bond in which a pair of electrons is shared between 2 atoms

Oxide

a compound consisting of oxygen combined with only one other element

Neutron

a neutral subatomic particle with a mass similar to that of a proton. It is normally found in the nucleus of an atom

Formula

a qualitative and quantitative expression of a compound using symbols and subscripts to indicate the chemical constituents and their respective numbers

Proton

a subatomic particle normally found in the nucleus of an atom. It has a relative mass of 1 and an electrical charge of +1

Electron

a subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge and a mass that is 1/1,857 that of a proton. Electrons are found outside the nucleus.

Acids (Lewis)

a substance that accepts a pair of electrons

Base (Bronsted-Lowry)

a substance that accepts a proton

Base (Lewis)

a substance that donates a pair of electrons

Acids (Bronsted-Lowry)

a substance that donates a proton

Acids (Arrhenius)

a substance that yields hydrogen or hydronium ions in aqueous solution

Base (Arrhenius)

a substance that yields hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution

Nucleus

a very dense, small, positively charged center of an atom that contains most of the atom in the form of protons and neutrons

Symbol

abbreviation for an element

Diatomic ion

an ion composed of 2 atoms

Nonmetal

any element that is not metal. Nonmetals tend to form negative ions. Majority are gas, some liquid and even less solid.

Salt

any group of substances that result from the reaction between acids and bases other than water

The identity of elements is made by assignment of an _______ which is identical to the number of protons in the nucleus.

atomic number

CA

calcium

Condensation (gases)

change of state of matter from a gas to a liquid

Those things which hold elements together to form new substances are called___________.

chemical bonds

When electrons are shared between atoms a condition of __________ bonding occurs.

covalent

Solubility

measurement of how well 2 substances mix (highly soluble, insoluble)

Atoms may join together to form _______.

molecules

All atoms are composed of a central ________ with protons and neutrons.

nucleus

The mass of any atom is made up of the # of ________ and _________ located in the nucleus of the atom.

protons & electrons

Specific Gravity

ratio of densities with water as the standard

Thanatochemistry

study of physical and chemical changes in the human body that are caused by the process of death

Compounds

substance consisting of 2 or more atoms combined chemically in definite proportions by mass

Liquids

tend to flow readily but not tend to expand indefinitely. they have a definite volume but no definite shape

Chemistry

the branch of natural science that is concerned with the description & classification of matter, with the changes that matter undergoes, and with the energy associated with each of these changes.

Surface tension (liquid)

the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and tends to minimize the surface area

Diffusion (gases)

the movement of molecules or other particles in solution from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration until uniform concentration is reached

Diffusion (liquid)

the movement of molecules or other particles in solution from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration until uniform concentration is reached

Vaporization (gases)

the physical change from a liquid to a gas

Crystallization (liquid)

the process by which a substance is given definite form

The atomic weight of an atom is equal to _______________

the total # of protons + neutrons in the nucleus

The atomic # of an atom is equal to ______________

the total # of protons or neutrons in the nucleus

Viscosity (liquid)

thickness - the resistance that a liquid exhibits to the flow of one layer over another arising from the molecular attraction between the molecules of a liquid