Chemistry Lesson 1
The maximum capacity for any valence shell is ______ electrons.
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Freezing (liquid)
A change of state of matter from a liquid to a solid by the loss of heat
Element
A simple substance which cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical means
Al
Aluminum
Ion
An atomic or molecular species with a positive (cation) or negative (anion) electrical charge; an atom of an element or a group of atoms acting as one unit that has lost or gained an electron or electrons.
Metal
An element marked by luster , malleability, ductility, and conductivity of electricity and heat. Metallic elements tend to form positive ions. More elements are metallic than nonmetallic. Most are solid except for mercury.
Matter
Anything that occupies space and possess mass (the quantity of matter present in an object)
__________have a strong tendency to change from an un-stable form with an incomplete outer shell to a more stable form with a complete outer shell with filled orbitals.
Atoms
Organic Chemistry
Branch of chemistry that deals with certain carbon-containing compounds
Br
Bromine
C
Carbon
Melting (solid)
Change in state from a solid to a liquid
Sublimation (solid)
Change in state from a solid to a liquid
Physical Changes of Matter
Change in the form or state of matter without any change in chemical composition. 1. Changes in state - ice changing to water then to steam 2. Solvation (dissolving) - sugar dissolving into sugar water
Chemical Changes
Change in which a new substance or substances are produced that have entirely different properties from the original substance because the chemical composition has changed. 1. Cremation of remains 2. Decomp of remains 3. Preservation of remains
Chemical Properties
Characteristics that can be observed when a substance is interacting with other substances resulting in a change of chemical composition
Proton
Charge = +1 Location = Nucleus
Electron
Charge = -1 Location = Orbits or shells rotating around nucleus
Neutron
Charge = 0 Location = Nucleus
Inorganic Chemistry
Chemistry of inorganic matter. Studies the properties and reactions of elements, excluding organic or certain carbon-containing compounds
Cl
Chlorine
Solids
Condensed state of matter having a definite shape and volume
Solidification (liquids)
Conversion of a liquid or gas into a solid form
Liquefaction (gases)
Conversion of a solid or gas into a liquid form as a result of a physical or chemical change
Copper
Cu
Biochemistry
Deals with compounds produced by living organisms
The ___________ move around the nucleus in _______.
Electrons ; orbits
Combustibility
Explosiveness
Flourine
F
Iron
Fe
Hydrogen
H
Helium
He
Mercury
Hg
Reactivity
How it reacts with other chemicals
Iodine
I
Compounds in which the atoms are held together by ionic bonds are called ________compounds
Ionic
Atoms that are electrically charged because of a gain or loss of electrons are called ____________.
Ions
Atoms of the same element which have identical chemical properties but different atomic weights are called ________.
Isotopes
Potassium
K
Chemical measurements
Length - meters Volume - Liter Mass - kilogram (1000 grams) Heat - Calorie (small calorie)
Nitrogen
N
Sodium
Na
___________have no electrical charge, however they serve to offer stability to a nucleus.
Neutrons
Oxygen
O
Phosphorus
P
Physical Properties of Matter
Properties of a substance that are observed without a change in a chemical composition, which include COLOR, ODOR, TASTE, SOLUBILITY, DENSISTY, HARDNESS, MELTING POINT and BOILING POINT.
Boiling (liquid)
Rapid passage of liquid particles to the vapor state by forming bubbles thru the action of heat
Density
Ratio of a mass of a substance to its volume
Sulfur
S
States of Matter
Solid Liquid Gas
Gases
State of matter in which the atoms or molecules move about in almost complete freedom from one another. Gases have no definite shape or volume and assume the shape and volume of their container
Embalming Chemistry
Study of those types of matter and changes in matter related to the disinfection and preservation of human remains
Kelvin
The base SI unit of temp equal to 1/273.15 the absolute temperature of the triple point of water
Atom
The smallest particle of an element
Molecule
The smallest unit of a compound which can exist alone; an aggregation of atoms, specifically a chemical of 2 or more atoms which form a specific chemical substance
For any specific atom, the electrons in the outermost shell are called __________electrons.
Valence
These determine an elements chemical properties :________ & ___________
Valence & Electrons
Monatomic ion
a charged entity consisting of only a single atom
Covalent Bond
a chemical bond in which a pair of electrons is shared between 2 atoms
Oxide
a compound consisting of oxygen combined with only one other element
Neutron
a neutral subatomic particle with a mass similar to that of a proton. It is normally found in the nucleus of an atom
Formula
a qualitative and quantitative expression of a compound using symbols and subscripts to indicate the chemical constituents and their respective numbers
Proton
a subatomic particle normally found in the nucleus of an atom. It has a relative mass of 1 and an electrical charge of +1
Electron
a subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge and a mass that is 1/1,857 that of a proton. Electrons are found outside the nucleus.
Acids (Lewis)
a substance that accepts a pair of electrons
Base (Bronsted-Lowry)
a substance that accepts a proton
Base (Lewis)
a substance that donates a pair of electrons
Acids (Bronsted-Lowry)
a substance that donates a proton
Acids (Arrhenius)
a substance that yields hydrogen or hydronium ions in aqueous solution
Base (Arrhenius)
a substance that yields hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution
Nucleus
a very dense, small, positively charged center of an atom that contains most of the atom in the form of protons and neutrons
Symbol
abbreviation for an element
Diatomic ion
an ion composed of 2 atoms
Nonmetal
any element that is not metal. Nonmetals tend to form negative ions. Majority are gas, some liquid and even less solid.
Salt
any group of substances that result from the reaction between acids and bases other than water
The identity of elements is made by assignment of an _______ which is identical to the number of protons in the nucleus.
atomic number
CA
calcium
Condensation (gases)
change of state of matter from a gas to a liquid
Those things which hold elements together to form new substances are called___________.
chemical bonds
When electrons are shared between atoms a condition of __________ bonding occurs.
covalent
Solubility
measurement of how well 2 substances mix (highly soluble, insoluble)
Atoms may join together to form _______.
molecules
All atoms are composed of a central ________ with protons and neutrons.
nucleus
The mass of any atom is made up of the # of ________ and _________ located in the nucleus of the atom.
protons & electrons
Specific Gravity
ratio of densities with water as the standard
Thanatochemistry
study of physical and chemical changes in the human body that are caused by the process of death
Compounds
substance consisting of 2 or more atoms combined chemically in definite proportions by mass
Liquids
tend to flow readily but not tend to expand indefinitely. they have a definite volume but no definite shape
Chemistry
the branch of natural science that is concerned with the description & classification of matter, with the changes that matter undergoes, and with the energy associated with each of these changes.
Surface tension (liquid)
the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and tends to minimize the surface area
Diffusion (gases)
the movement of molecules or other particles in solution from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration until uniform concentration is reached
Diffusion (liquid)
the movement of molecules or other particles in solution from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration until uniform concentration is reached
Vaporization (gases)
the physical change from a liquid to a gas
Crystallization (liquid)
the process by which a substance is given definite form
The atomic weight of an atom is equal to _______________
the total # of protons + neutrons in the nucleus
The atomic # of an atom is equal to ______________
the total # of protons or neutrons in the nucleus
Viscosity (liquid)
thickness - the resistance that a liquid exhibits to the flow of one layer over another arising from the molecular attraction between the molecules of a liquid