Chemistry of Carbohydrates (Study Guide)

How many molecules of water are represented by the formula H2O?

1 molecule

Which molecules combine to form disaccharides?

2 Monosaccharide Sugar Molecules

What does the prefix "poly" mean?

3 or more (Polysaccharides )

What is a structural formula? What is the structural formula of water?

A formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound; H2O

Give the names of two disaccharide molecules studied in lab.

Maltose, Sucrose

What does the prefix "mono" mean

one (Monosaccharide)

The word carbohydrate is derived from carbon and water (hydrate). Explain why this combination correctly describes this chemical group.

Carbon - C Water - H2O Two of hydrogen per oxygen, and made up of all these atoms Carbon with attached water molecules.

What three elements are present in glucose, fructose, and galactose?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

removing H20

Dehydration Synthesis

Give the names of two monosaccharide molecules studied in lab.

Glucose, Fructose

How many times larger is the number of hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms in a molecule of glucose? fructose? galactose?

Glucose: 2 Fructose: 2 Galactose: 2

Add subscripts to the following that indicate the proper molecular formula in: glucose fructose galactose

Glucose: C6H12O6 Fructose: C6H12O6 Galactose: C6H12O6

What is removed from the "ends" of smaller sugar molecules in order to form either disaccharides or polysaccharides?

H20 (hyrdrogen, and oxygen-hydrogen) >>> Known as Dehydration Synthesis

What elements make up water?

Hydrogen and Oxygen (H2O)

What three elements are present in all carbohydrates

Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon

adding H2O

Hydrolysis <opposite of dehydration synthesis which is hydration>

Polysaccharides are.........

Just as double sugars were formed from two single sugar molecules, polysaccharides are formed when many single sugars are joined together chemically. The prefix "poly-" means many. Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are the three most common polysaccharides in biology. They consist of long chains of glucose molecules joined together.

What is the difference between an element, molecule and a macromolecule? Explain.

Macromolecules are large molecules, element are atoms, and a molecule is made up of atoms and makes up macromolecules.

Which molecules combine to form polysaccharides?

Many single sugars (Many Monosaccharide Sugar Molecules)

Name the three categories of carbohydrates studied in this investigation.

Monosaccharide, Disaccharide and, Polysaccharide

How does the molecular formula for sucrose compare to maltose?

Sucrose has two less hydrogen atoms and one less oxygen atom.

What does the number 2 following H tell you?

The 2 following H (H2)represents two hydrogen atoms

4 major macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Polysaccharides

chains of monosaccharides energy storage; plants is starch and animals is glycogen structure; plants is cellulose and anthropoids + fungi is chitin

Surcrose is composed of________________and________________

glucose and fructose

lactose is composed of ______________ and _________________

glucose and galactose

maltose is composed of _____________ and ____________

glucose and glucose

Monosaccharides are ..................

glucose, fructose, galactose

How many atoms of carbon are present in a molecule of glucose? fructose? galactose?

glucose: 6 fructose: 6 galactose: 6

carbon

indicates if something is organic

atom

smallest unit

What does the prefix "di"

two (Disaccharide )

What is the molecular formula? What is the molecular formula of water?

A molecular formula is a formula with the given number of atoms of each element ;H2O

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

Sucrose molecular formula is?

C12H24O12

Why does oxygen not have a subscript?

Oxygen does not have a subscript because there is only one oxygen atom in water

Give the name of one polysaccharide molecule studied in your lab

Starch

-Mono-" means one, "di-" means two, and "poly-" means many. Why are these terms used in describing the three types of sugars?

To show how many single molecules are used to make the three types of sugars.

Disaccharides are........

Two monosaccharide sugar molecules can join together chemically to form a larger carbohydrate molecule called a disaccharide. The prefix "di-" means two. By chemically joining a glucose molecule with a fructose molecule, a double sugar called sucrose is produced.

(a)How many times larger is the number of hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms in all carbohydrates? (b) In water?

a) 2 times b) 2 times