Chemistry of Carbohydrates (Study Guide)
How many molecules of water are represented by the formula H2O?
1 molecule
Which molecules combine to form disaccharides?
2 Monosaccharide Sugar Molecules
What does the prefix "poly" mean?
3 or more (Polysaccharides )
What is a structural formula? What is the structural formula of water?
A formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound; H2O
Give the names of two disaccharide molecules studied in lab.
Maltose, Sucrose
What does the prefix "mono" mean
one (Monosaccharide)
The word carbohydrate is derived from carbon and water (hydrate). Explain why this combination correctly describes this chemical group.
Carbon - C Water - H2O Two of hydrogen per oxygen, and made up of all these atoms Carbon with attached water molecules.
What three elements are present in glucose, fructose, and galactose?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
removing H20
Dehydration Synthesis
Give the names of two monosaccharide molecules studied in lab.
Glucose, Fructose
How many times larger is the number of hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms in a molecule of glucose? fructose? galactose?
Glucose: 2 Fructose: 2 Galactose: 2
Add subscripts to the following that indicate the proper molecular formula in: glucose fructose galactose
Glucose: C6H12O6 Fructose: C6H12O6 Galactose: C6H12O6
What is removed from the "ends" of smaller sugar molecules in order to form either disaccharides or polysaccharides?
H20 (hyrdrogen, and oxygen-hydrogen) >>> Known as Dehydration Synthesis
What elements make up water?
Hydrogen and Oxygen (H2O)
What three elements are present in all carbohydrates
Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon
adding H2O
Hydrolysis <opposite of dehydration synthesis which is hydration>
Polysaccharides are.........
Just as double sugars were formed from two single sugar molecules, polysaccharides are formed when many single sugars are joined together chemically. The prefix "poly-" means many. Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are the three most common polysaccharides in biology. They consist of long chains of glucose molecules joined together.
What is the difference between an element, molecule and a macromolecule? Explain.
Macromolecules are large molecules, element are atoms, and a molecule is made up of atoms and makes up macromolecules.
Which molecules combine to form polysaccharides?
Many single sugars (Many Monosaccharide Sugar Molecules)
Name the three categories of carbohydrates studied in this investigation.
Monosaccharide, Disaccharide and, Polysaccharide
How does the molecular formula for sucrose compare to maltose?
Sucrose has two less hydrogen atoms and one less oxygen atom.
What does the number 2 following H tell you?
The 2 following H (H2)represents two hydrogen atoms
4 major macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Polysaccharides
chains of monosaccharides energy storage; plants is starch and animals is glycogen structure; plants is cellulose and anthropoids + fungi is chitin
Surcrose is composed of________________and________________
glucose and fructose
lactose is composed of ______________ and _________________
glucose and galactose
maltose is composed of _____________ and ____________
glucose and glucose
Monosaccharides are ..................
glucose, fructose, galactose
How many atoms of carbon are present in a molecule of glucose? fructose? galactose?
glucose: 6 fructose: 6 galactose: 6
carbon
indicates if something is organic
atom
smallest unit
What does the prefix "di"
two (Disaccharide )
What is the molecular formula? What is the molecular formula of water?
A molecular formula is a formula with the given number of atoms of each element ;H2O
Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Macromolecules
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
Sucrose molecular formula is?
C12H24O12
Why does oxygen not have a subscript?
Oxygen does not have a subscript because there is only one oxygen atom in water
Give the name of one polysaccharide molecule studied in your lab
Starch
-Mono-" means one, "di-" means two, and "poly-" means many. Why are these terms used in describing the three types of sugars?
To show how many single molecules are used to make the three types of sugars.
Disaccharides are........
Two monosaccharide sugar molecules can join together chemically to form a larger carbohydrate molecule called a disaccharide. The prefix "di-" means two. By chemically joining a glucose molecule with a fructose molecule, a double sugar called sucrose is produced.
(a)How many times larger is the number of hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms in all carbohydrates? (b) In water?
a) 2 times b) 2 times