Chemistry of life review before quiz 4

The sugar-phosphate backbones of DNA are connected to one another by sequences of different bases.

4

A protein may consist of as many as ______ amino acid molecules.

5000

dehydration synthesis

A bonding of subunits to form a polymer with the loss of water

poymer

A chemical compound in which each molecule is made up of two or more simpler molecules strung together.

hormone

A chemical synthesized by an organism which aids in the control of a specific function in the organism.

lipid

A group of organic compounds including fats, steroids, and phospholipids.

protein

A large complex organic molecule consisting of a large number of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

A polysaccharide is a polymer of simple sugar.

A polysaccharide is a polymer of simple sugar.

antibody

A protein specialized to defend the body against disease.

polymerization

A reaction in which two or more molecules unite, forming a more complex molecule.

nucleic acid

A sequence of sugars, phosphates and nitrogenous organic bases: DNA and RNA.

glucose

A simple sugar (C6H12O6) occurring in plant and animal tissues

carbohydrate

A sugar or polymer of sugar

carbohydrate

A sugar or polymer of sugar; contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbon is not ideal for ionic bonds.

Carbon is not ideal for ionic bonds.

Carrying the genetic code and determining an organism's structure and function are the functions of:

DNA

Which statement correctly relates to DNA and RNA: RNA contains the genetic code RNA reads and translates the DNA code DNA reads and translates the RNA code DNA synthesizes protein

RNA reads and translates the DNA code

Starch is NOT a monosaccharide.

Starch is NOT a monosaccharide.

amino acid

The basic building block of proteins; contains a carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2).

hydrolysis

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules with water being a reactant.

monosaccharide

The building block unit of carbohydrates; a simple sugar

Two bases connect the double chain of DNA like a step on a ladder.

Two bases connect the double chain of DNA like a step on a ladder.

starch

a polymer of glucose units

polysaccharide

a polymer of simple sugars

*carbohydrate

a polymer of sugar

disaccharide

a two sugar polymer

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by incorrect sequencing of _____. amino acids hemoglobin fatty acids antibodies

amino acids

Why can carbon bond to many elements simultaneously? because its +4 valence forms ionic bonds because it has a natural ionic charge of "+4" because it is capable of forming multiple covalent bonds

because it is capable of forming multiple covalent bonds

Many scientists have concluded that coded information:

cannot arise by random undirected processes

Choose sources of protein in our diet. milk cheese poultry fish oils breads black beans eggs lettuce tomatoes

milk cheese poultry fish black beans eggs

Polymerization

synthesis of repeating molecules

What determines the coded information contained within DNA?

the sequence of bases making up the "rungs" of the ladder

RNA

(or ribonucleic acid) A nucleic acid which participates in the synthesis of proteins.

The two elements besides carbon found in carbohydrates are _____. hydrogen sodium magnesium oxygen nitrogen

hydrogen oxygen

Lipids are soluble in solvents called .

organic solvents

The connecting bases of DNA are always made of _____ sets.

paired

Cholesterol belongs to the group of lipids called _____.

steroids

When compounds which are formed from ionic bonds decompose, the products:

are usually ions of the original elements

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

The oxygen-transporting protein in the blood is called .

hemoglobin

A natural chemical which controls a specific body function is called a(n) .

hormone

RNA

an acid located in the cell nucleus

The simplest sugars are generally called .

monosaccharide

In addition to the elements found in carbohydrates and lipids, proteins contain the element .

nitrogen

The largest and most sophisticated molecules in a cell are _____. carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids

nucleic acids

Bonds between amino acids are called _____ bonds.

peptide

A protein specialized to protect the body from disease is a(n) .

antibody

Large organic molecules which are synthesized from multiple identical subunits are:

carbohydrates polymers proteins nucleic acids all of the above

The DNA molecule has a structure similar to a .

double helix

Carbohydrates are the most readily available source of _____.

energy

What happens when organic molecules decompose?

energy is released

Which of the following chemicals are proteins? antibodies starch polysaccharides enzymes amino acids hormones steroids

antibodies enzymes hormones

Which statement represents dehydration synthesis?

carbohydrate polymers formed

Organic compounds consisting of various compounds of sugar are generally called .

carbohydrates

Genetic codes contain: random data nonfunctional chance information complex information detailed instructions accidental complexity

complex information detailed instructions

Hydrolysis

decomposition using water

Lipids are composed of the same basic elements as carbohydrates.

Lipids are composed of the same basic elements as carbohydrates.

Many elements bond to carbon by exchanging electrons. True False

false

The most highly concentrated source of energy in the body is .

fats

The most abundant sources of carbohydrates are _____.

greenplants

Nucleic acids carry the codes of life.

hereditary

Choose from the following list the most common elements which bond to carbon. hydrogen nitrogen sulfur sodium potassium magnesium oxygen

hydrogen nitrogen oxygen

Steroids are:

lipids

The organic chemicals which help cell walls to conserve internal fluids are _____. phospholipids fats steroids proteins

phospholipids

Carbohydrates are manufactured in plants by the process of:

photosynthesis

Carbohydrates are produced readily by .

plants

The complex sugars are generally called .

polysaccharide

The physical properties of a ______ are highly sensitive to the sequence in which the amino acids are linked.

protein

The four organic molecules common to organisms are _____.

proteins fats nucleic acids carbohydrates

Choose from the following list the three groups of lipids. fatty acids steroids phospholipids amino acids proteins fats

steroids phospholipids fats

How do lipids differ from carbohydrates? they are formed from different basic elements they are not soluble in water they release less energy the H/O ratio is different

they are not soluble in water the H/O ratio is different

Starch is made up of:

units of C6H12O6

The building blocks of _____ are amino acids. carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids

proteins

Adenine pairs with _____, and guanine pairs with _____ in DNA.

thymine, cytosine

DNA

(or deoxyribonucleic acid) A complex molecule containing the genetic code.

The common name for C6H12O6 is _____.

glucose