Chemistry of life review before quiz 4
The sugar-phosphate backbones of DNA are connected to one another by sequences of different bases.
4
A protein may consist of as many as ______ amino acid molecules.
5000
dehydration synthesis
A bonding of subunits to form a polymer with the loss of water
poymer
A chemical compound in which each molecule is made up of two or more simpler molecules strung together.
hormone
A chemical synthesized by an organism which aids in the control of a specific function in the organism.
lipid
A group of organic compounds including fats, steroids, and phospholipids.
protein
A large complex organic molecule consisting of a large number of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
A polysaccharide is a polymer of simple sugar.
A polysaccharide is a polymer of simple sugar.
antibody
A protein specialized to defend the body against disease.
polymerization
A reaction in which two or more molecules unite, forming a more complex molecule.
nucleic acid
A sequence of sugars, phosphates and nitrogenous organic bases: DNA and RNA.
glucose
A simple sugar (C6H12O6) occurring in plant and animal tissues
carbohydrate
A sugar or polymer of sugar
carbohydrate
A sugar or polymer of sugar; contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbon is not ideal for ionic bonds.
Carbon is not ideal for ionic bonds.
Carrying the genetic code and determining an organism's structure and function are the functions of:
DNA
Which statement correctly relates to DNA and RNA: RNA contains the genetic code RNA reads and translates the DNA code DNA reads and translates the RNA code DNA synthesizes protein
RNA reads and translates the DNA code
Starch is NOT a monosaccharide.
Starch is NOT a monosaccharide.
amino acid
The basic building block of proteins; contains a carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2).
hydrolysis
The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules with water being a reactant.
monosaccharide
The building block unit of carbohydrates; a simple sugar
Two bases connect the double chain of DNA like a step on a ladder.
Two bases connect the double chain of DNA like a step on a ladder.
starch
a polymer of glucose units
polysaccharide
a polymer of simple sugars
*carbohydrate
a polymer of sugar
disaccharide
a two sugar polymer
Sickle-cell anemia is caused by incorrect sequencing of _____. amino acids hemoglobin fatty acids antibodies
amino acids
Why can carbon bond to many elements simultaneously? because its +4 valence forms ionic bonds because it has a natural ionic charge of "+4" because it is capable of forming multiple covalent bonds
because it is capable of forming multiple covalent bonds
Many scientists have concluded that coded information:
cannot arise by random undirected processes
Choose sources of protein in our diet. milk cheese poultry fish oils breads black beans eggs lettuce tomatoes
milk cheese poultry fish black beans eggs
Polymerization
synthesis of repeating molecules
What determines the coded information contained within DNA?
the sequence of bases making up the "rungs" of the ladder
RNA
(or ribonucleic acid) A nucleic acid which participates in the synthesis of proteins.
The two elements besides carbon found in carbohydrates are _____. hydrogen sodium magnesium oxygen nitrogen
hydrogen oxygen
Lipids are soluble in solvents called .
organic solvents
The connecting bases of DNA are always made of _____ sets.
paired
Cholesterol belongs to the group of lipids called _____.
steroids
When compounds which are formed from ionic bonds decompose, the products:
are usually ions of the original elements
amino acids
building blocks of proteins
The oxygen-transporting protein in the blood is called .
hemoglobin
A natural chemical which controls a specific body function is called a(n) .
hormone
RNA
an acid located in the cell nucleus
The simplest sugars are generally called .
monosaccharide
In addition to the elements found in carbohydrates and lipids, proteins contain the element .
nitrogen
The largest and most sophisticated molecules in a cell are _____. carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids
nucleic acids
Bonds between amino acids are called _____ bonds.
peptide
A protein specialized to protect the body from disease is a(n) .
antibody
Large organic molecules which are synthesized from multiple identical subunits are:
carbohydrates polymers proteins nucleic acids all of the above
The DNA molecule has a structure similar to a .
double helix
Carbohydrates are the most readily available source of _____.
energy
What happens when organic molecules decompose?
energy is released
Which of the following chemicals are proteins? antibodies starch polysaccharides enzymes amino acids hormones steroids
antibodies enzymes hormones
Which statement represents dehydration synthesis?
carbohydrate polymers formed
Organic compounds consisting of various compounds of sugar are generally called .
carbohydrates
Genetic codes contain: random data nonfunctional chance information complex information detailed instructions accidental complexity
complex information detailed instructions
Hydrolysis
decomposition using water
Lipids are composed of the same basic elements as carbohydrates.
Lipids are composed of the same basic elements as carbohydrates.
Many elements bond to carbon by exchanging electrons. True False
false
The most highly concentrated source of energy in the body is .
fats
The most abundant sources of carbohydrates are _____.
greenplants
Nucleic acids carry the codes of life.
hereditary
Choose from the following list the most common elements which bond to carbon. hydrogen nitrogen sulfur sodium potassium magnesium oxygen
hydrogen nitrogen oxygen
Steroids are:
lipids
The organic chemicals which help cell walls to conserve internal fluids are _____. phospholipids fats steroids proteins
phospholipids
Carbohydrates are manufactured in plants by the process of:
photosynthesis
Carbohydrates are produced readily by .
plants
The complex sugars are generally called .
polysaccharide
The physical properties of a ______ are highly sensitive to the sequence in which the amino acids are linked.
protein
The four organic molecules common to organisms are _____.
proteins fats nucleic acids carbohydrates
Choose from the following list the three groups of lipids. fatty acids steroids phospholipids amino acids proteins fats
steroids phospholipids fats
How do lipids differ from carbohydrates? they are formed from different basic elements they are not soluble in water they release less energy the H/O ratio is different
they are not soluble in water the H/O ratio is different
Starch is made up of:
units of C6H12O6
The building blocks of _____ are amino acids. carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids
proteins
Adenine pairs with _____, and guanine pairs with _____ in DNA.
thymine, cytosine
DNA
(or deoxyribonucleic acid) A complex molecule containing the genetic code.
The common name for C6H12O6 is _____.
glucose