Chemistry Periodic Table

Silver

Symbol: Ag Atomic Number: 47 Atomic Weight: 107.8682 Density: 10.49 g/cm3 Melting Point: 961.78 °C Boiling Point: 2162 °C Notes: A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it possesses the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal.

Aluminum

Symbol: Al Atomic Number: 13 Atomic Weight: 26.981538 Density: 2.7 g/cm3 Melting Point: 660.32 °C Boiling Point: 2519 °C Notes: it is a silvery white, soft, ductile metal. this element is the third most abundant element, and the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust.

Argon

Symbol: Ar Atomic Number: 18 Atomic Weight: 39.948 Density: 1.784 g/l Melting Point: -189.3 °C Boiling Point: -185.8 °C Notes: this element is inert and colorless until an electric current excites it to a blue glow. it is often used as a shield gas to protect against oxidation.

Arsenic

Symbol: As Atomic Number: 33 Atomic Weight: 74.9216 Density: 5.727 g/cm3 Melting Point: 817 °C Boiling Point: 614 °C Notes: Arsenic was the poison of choice until its detection became easy. Combined with gallium it forms a semiconductor used in creating high-speed integrated circuits for supercomputers and cell phones.

Astatine

Symbol: At Atomic Number: 85 Atomic Weight: 210 Density: N/A Melting Point: 302 °C Boiling Point: N/A Notes: It occurs on Earth only as the result of the radioactive decay of certain heavier elements. All of its isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours.

Gold

Symbol: Au Atomic Number: 79 Atomic Weight: 196.96655 Density: 19.3 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1064.18 °C Boiling Point: 2856 °C Notes: It is a dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal with a bright yellow color and luster, the properties of which remain without tarnishing when exposed to air or water.

Boron

Symbol: B Atomic Number: 5 Atomic Weight: 10.811 Density: 2.46 g/cm3 Melting Point: 2075 °C Boiling Point: 4000 °C Notes: this element is found in the common mineral borax, but is rarely seen in pure form. While extremely hard, it is too brittle in pure form to have any practical applications.

Barium

Symbol: Ba Atomic Number: 56 Atomic Weight: 137.327 Density: 3.51 g/cm3 Melting Point: 727 °C Boiling Point: 1870 °C Notes: a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity barium is never found in nature as a free element.

Beryllium

Symbol: Be Atomic Number: 4 Atomic Weight: 9.012182 Density: 1.848 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1287 °C Boiling Point: 2470 °C Notes: this element is melted down and turned into strong, lightweight parts for missiles and spacecraft. It is expensive and toxic.

Bismuth

Symbol: Bi Atomic Number: 83 Atomic Weight: 208.98038 Density: 9.78 g/cm3 Melting Point: 271.3 °C Boiling Point: 1564 °C Notes: It is a brittle metal with a silvery white color when freshly produced, but is often seen in air with a pink tinge owing to surface oxidation. it is the most naturally diamagnetic element and has one of the lowest values of thermal conductivity among metals.

Bromine

Symbol: Br Atomic Number: 35 Atomic Weight: 79.904 Density: 3.12 g/cm3 Melting Point: -7.3 °C Boiling Point: 59 °C Notes: Bromine is liquid at room temperature but evaporates very rapidly into a purple-brown, choking gas that smells rather like chlorine. Sodium bromide, the bromine analog of table salt, is often used in hot tubs.

Carbon

Symbol: C Atomic Number: 6 Atomic Weight: 12.0107 Density: 2.26 g/cm3 Melting Point: 3550 °C Boiling Point: 4027 °C Notes: used widely as graphite for pencils and when compressed with heat forms diamonds.

Calcium

Symbol: Ca Atomic Number: 20 Atomic Weight: 40.078 Density: 1.55 g/cm3 Melting Point: 842 °C Boiling Point: 1484 °C Notes: in pure form it is a firm, silvery metal that reacts slowly with water to give off hydrogen gas. this pure metallic element has few applications and is rarely seen.

Cadmium

Symbol: Cd Atomic Number: 48 Atomic Weight: 112.411 Density: 8.65 g/cm3 Melting Point: 321.07 °C Boiling Point: 767 °C Notes: This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury.

Cerium

Symbol: Ce Atomic Number: 58 Atomic Weight: 140.116 Density: 6.689 g/cm3 Melting Point: 798 °C Boiling Point: 3360 °C Notes: Cerium is one of the least expensive rare earths and is the major component of "mischmetal", used in lighter flints because it catches fire easily when struck. Larger blocks are used for sparking special effects.

Chlorine

Symbol: Cl Atomic Number: 17 Atomic Weight: 35.453 Density: 3.214 g/l Melting Point: -101.5 °C Boiling Point: -34.04 °C Notes: A pale yellow-green gas. it purifies drinking water and swimming pools. Combined with sodium, chlorine makes common table salt.

Cobalt

Symbol: Co Atomic Number: 27 Atomic Weight: 58.9332 Density: 8.9 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1495 °C Boiling Point: 2927 °C Notes: Cobalt is used in pigments, notably cobalt blue, and in high-strength, high-temperature steel alloys.

Chromium

Symbol: Cr Atomic Number: 24 Atomic Weight: 51.9961 Density: 7.14 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1907 °C Boiling Point: 2671 °C Notes: It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal. which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point.

Cesium

Symbol: Cs Atomic Number: 55 Atomic Weight: 132.90545 Density: 1.879 g/cm3 Melting Point: 28.44 °C Boiling Point: 671 °C Notes: It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C, which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature.

Copper

Symbol: Cu Atomic Number: 29 Atomic Weight: 63.546 Density: 8.92 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1084.62 °C Boiling Point: 2927 °C Notes: Copper is incredibly useful in industry for wiring, heat sinks and coins, and in brass and bronze alloys.

Dysprosium

Symbol: Dy Atomic Number: 66 Atomic Weight: 162.5 Density: 8.551 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1412 °C Boiling Point: 2567 °C Notes: these compounds are used in the coatings of many hard disk drives to record digital data as field orientations in nanoscale magnetic domains.

Erbium

Symbol: Er Atomic Number: 68 Atomic Weight: 167.259 Density: 9.066 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1497 °C Boiling Point: 2868 °C Notes: this element is used to cover fiber optic cables to improve their information carrying capability, which it does by helping to amplify the signal. It can also impart interesting colors to pottery glazes.

Europium

Symbol: Eu Atomic Number: 63 Atomic Weight: 151.964 Density: 5.244 g/cm3 Melting Point: 822 °C Boiling Point: 1527 °C Notes: this element's compounds are widely used in phosphors for cathode ray TV screens and in compact fluorescent bulbs.

Fluorine

Symbol: F Atomic Number: 9 Atomic Weight: 18.9984032 Density: 1.696 g/l Melting Point: -219.6 °C Boiling Point: -188.12 °C Notes: this element is a pale yellow gas that reacts violently with virtually everything. Used in teflon.

Iron

Symbol: Fe Atomic Number: 26 Atomic Weight: 55.845 Density: 7.874 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1538 °C Boiling Point: 2861 °C Notes: it is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core.

Gallium

Symbol: Ga Atomic Number: 31 Atomic Weight: 69.723 Density: 5.904 g/cm3 Melting Point: 29.76 °C Boiling Point: 2204 °C Notes: Elemental gallium does not occur in free form in nature, but as the gallium compounds that are in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite. It can melt in your hand.

Gadolinium

Symbol: Gd Atomic Number: 64 Atomic Weight: 157.25 Density: 7.901 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1313 °C Boiling Point: 3250 °C Notes: this element's compounds are injected into patients receiving MRI scans to improve contrast. Several isotopes are also mixed with uranium fuel in nuclear reactors to absorb neutrons.

Germanium

Symbol: Ge Atomic Number: 32 Atomic Weight: 72.64 Density: 5.323 g/cm3 Melting Point: 938.3 °C Boiling Point: 2820 °C Notes: It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon.

Hydrogen

Symbol: H Atomic Number: 1 Atomic Weight: 1.00794 Density: .0899 g/I Melting Point: -259.14 °C Boiling Point: -252.87 °C Notes: Odorless gas, 75% of the visible universe is made up of this element.

Helium

Symbol: He Atomic Number: 2 Atomic Weight: 4.00206 Density: .1785 g/I Melting Point: N/A Boiling Point: -268.93 °C Notes: While ordinarily a colorless, inert gas, this element glows pale peach when an electric current runs through it.

Hafnium

Symbol: Hf Atomic Number: 72 Atomic Weight: 178.49 Density: 13.31 g/cm3 Melting Point: 2233 °C Boiling Point: 4603 °C Notes: it is used in filaments and electrodes. Some semiconductor fabrication processes use its oxide for integrated circuits at 45 nm and smaller feature lengths.

Mercury

Symbol: Hg Atomic Number: 80 Atomic Weight: 200.59 Density: 13.534 g/cm3 Melting Point: -38.83 °C Boiling Point: 356.73 °C Notes: this element occurs in deposits of red pigment throughout the world mostly as [x]sulfide. [x]poisoning can result from exposure to water-soluble forms of this element, inhalation of [x]vapor, or eating seafood contaminated with this.

Holmium

Symbol: Ho Atomic Number: 67 Atomic Weight: 164.93032 Density: 8.795 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1474 °C Boiling Point: 2700 °C Notes: yet another rare earth lanthanide with important magnetic properties. It finds application in the pole pieces of the powerful magnets used for medical imaging.

Iodine

Symbol: I Atomic Number: 53 Atomic Weight: 126.90447 Density: 4.94 g/cm3 Melting Point: 113.7 °C Boiling Point: 184.3 °C Notes: this elements relatively high atomic number, low toxicity, and ease of attachment to organic compounds have made it a part of many X-ray contrast materials in modern medicine. It is also used in sterilization.

Indium

Symbol: In Atomic Number: 49 Atomic Weight: 114.818 Density: 7.31 g/cm3 Melting Point: 156.6 °C Boiling Point: 2072 °C Notes: This rare, very soft, malleable and easily fusible other heavy metal is chemically similar to gallium and thallium, and shows intermediate properties between these two.

Iridium

Symbol: Ir Atomic Number: 77 Atomic Weight: 192.217 Density: 22.56 g/cm3 Melting Point: 2466 °C Boiling Point: 4428 °C Notes: The most important compounds in use are the salts and acids it forms with chlorine, though it also forms a number of organometallic compounds used in industrial catalysis, and in research.

Potassium

Symbol: K Atomic Number: 19 Atomic Weight: 39.0983 Density: 0.856 g/cm3 Melting Point: 63.38 °C Boiling Point: 759 °C Notes: Exposed to air, this element would turn black in seconds. Exposed to water this element would explode, sending off characteristic purple-red flaming drops.

Krypton

Symbol: Kr Atomic Number: 36 Atomic Weight: 83.798 Density: 3.75 g/l Melting Point: -157.36 °C Boiling Point: -153.22 °C Notes: Krypton is inert but glows a pale mauve color when excited with a high voltage electric current.

Lanthanum

Symbol: La Atomic Number: 57 Atomic Weight: 138.9055 Density: 6.146 g/cm3 Melting Point: 920 °C Boiling Point: 3464 °C Notes: Mixed with other rare earths lanthanum is used in flints for lighters. Lanthanum compounds are used in electron microscopy to resolve individual atoms and in movie lighting to illuminate vast areas.

Lithium

Symbol: Li Atomic Number: 3 Atomic Weight: 6.941 Density: .535 cm3 Melting Point: 180.54 °C Boiling Point: 1342 °C Notes: lightest metal (easily floats on water, skittering around the surface releasing hydrogen), soft enough to cut with hand shears, commonly used in batteries.

Lutetium

Symbol: Lu Atomic Number: 71 Atomic Weight: 174.967 Density: 9.841 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1663 °C Boiling Point: 3402 °C Notes: It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry, but not in moist air.

Magnesium

Symbol: Mg Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Weight: 24.305 Density: 1.738 g/cm3 Melting Point: 650 °C Boiling Point: 1090 °C Notes: used in lightweight race car components and fire starters. Thin strips light easily and burn brightly.

Manganese

Symbol: Mn Atomic Number: 25 Atomic Weight: 54.938049 Density: 7.47 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1246 °C Boiling Point: 2061 °C Notes: It is not found as a free element in nature, it is often found in combination with iron, and in many minerals.

Molybdenum

Symbol: Mo Atomic Number: 42 Atomic Weight: 95.94 Density: 10.28 g/cm3 Melting Point: 2623 °C Boiling Point: 4639 °C Notes: Pure molybdenum is used in specialized high temperature applications because it maintains its strength better than molybdenum steel, a common high-strength alloy.

Nitrogen

Symbol: N Atomic Number: 7 Atomic Weight: 14.0067 Density: 1.251 g/l Melting Point: -210.1 °C Boiling Point: -195.79 °C Notes: this colorless gas makes up 78% of the atmosphere. When it boils, it creates visible vapor of water condensed from the surrounding air.

Sodium

Symbol: Na Atomic Number: 11 Atomic Weight: 22.98977 Density: 0.968 g/cm3 Melting Point: 97.72 °C Boiling Point: 883 °C Notes: In air, it turns white in seconds; exposed to water it generates hydrogen gas and explodes in flaming balls of molten [element]. Used most commonly in table salt when combined with chlorine.

Niobium

Symbol: Nb Atomic Number: 41 Atomic Weight: 92.90638 Density: 8.57 g/cm3 Melting Point: 2477 °C Boiling Point: 4744 °C Notes: it is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral.

Neodymium

Symbol: Nd Atomic Number: 60 Atomic Weight: 144.24 Density: 7.01 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1021 °C Boiling Point: 3.1×10^3 °C Notes: [X]-iron-boron alloys are the basis for the most powerful permanent magnets, used in headphones, disk drives, and motors, and commonly known as [X] magnets or rare earth magnets.

Neon

Symbol: Ne Atomic Number: 10 Atomic Weight: 20.1797 Density: 0.9 g/l Melting Point: -248.59 °C Boiling Point: -246.08 °C Notes: this element turns bright red when an electric current is run through it.

Nickel

Symbol: Ni Atomic Number: 28 Atomic Weight: 58.6934 Density: 8.908 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1455 °C Boiling Point: 2913 °C Notes: It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge.

Oxygen

Symbol: O Atomic Number: 8 Atomic Weight: 15.9994 Density: 1.429 g/l Melting Point: -218.3 °C Boiling Point: -182.9 °C Notes: At -183.0 °C this element is a pale blue liquid, but at room temperature it is a colorless gas. It is also only 21% of the atmosphere.

Osmium

Symbol: Os Atomic Number: 76 Atomic Weight: 190.23 Density: 22.59 g/cm3 Melting Point: 3033 °C Boiling Point: 5012 °C Notes: It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. it is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of 22.59 g/cm3.

Phosphorus

Symbol: P Atomic Number: 15 Atomic Weight: 30.973761 Density: 1.823 g/cm3 Melting Point: 44.2 °C Boiling Point: 280.5 °C Notes: this element occurs in white (extremely dangerous), red (safer and common in matches) and black (rare, most stable) forms. this element is used to create matches.

Lead

Symbol: Pb Atomic Number: 82 Atomic Weight: 207.2 Density: 11.34 g/cm3 Melting Point: 327.46 °C Boiling Point: 1749 °C Notes: It is a soft and malleable metal, which is regarded as a heavy metal and an other metal. this element has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air. it has a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a liquid. It is also the heaviest non-radioactive element.

Palladium

Symbol: Pd Atomic Number: 46 Atomic Weight: 106.42 Density: 12.023 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1554.9 °C Boiling Point: 2963 °C Notes: Palladium is far more expensive than silver, yet it is sometimes used to imitate silver in outdoor situations because it does not tarnish. Side by side with silver, palladium is distinctly yellower and darker.

Promethium

Symbol: Pm Atomic Number: 61 Atomic Weight: 145 Density: 7.264 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1.1×10^3 °C Boiling Point: 3×10^3 °C Notes: Naturally radioactive, this element was briefly used as a replacement for radium in self-luminous paint, before tritium took over.

Polonium

Symbol: Po Atomic Number: 84 Atomic Weight: 209 Density: 9.196 g/cm3 Melting Point: 254 °C Boiling Point: 962 °C Notes: Radioactive [x] foil is used in antistatic brushes as an electron source.

Praseodymium

Symbol: Pr Atomic Number: 59 Atomic Weight: 140.90765 Density: 6.64 g/cm3 Melting Point: 931 °C Boiling Point: 3290 °C Notes: when mixed into glass it provides a precise blue color that filters out the yellow glow of molten glass, allowing glassblowers to see their work clearly.

Platinum

Symbol: Pt Atomic Number: 78 Atomic Weight: 195.078 Density: 21.09 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1768.3 °C Boiling Point: 3825 °C Notes: it is the least reactive metal. It has remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered a noble metal.

Rubidium

Symbol: Rb Atomic Number: 37 Atomic Weight: 85.4678 Density: 1.532 g/cm3 Melting Point: 39.31 °C Boiling Point: 688 °C Notes: a soft, silvery-white metallic element. naturally it is a mix of two isotopes: 85[X], the only stable one, constitutes 72% of it.

Rhodium

Symbol: Rd Atomic Number: 45 Atomic Weight: 102.9055 Density: 12.45 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1964 °C Boiling Point: 3695 °C Notes: rare, silvery-white, hard, and chemically inert transition metal and a member of the platinum group.

Rhenium

Symbol: Re Atomic Number: 75 Atomic Weight: 186.207 Density: 21.02 g/cm3 Melting Point: 3186 °C Boiling Point: 5596 °C Notes: Nickel-based superalloys of this element are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines.

Radon

Symbol: Rn Atomic Number: 86 Atomic Weight: 222 Density: 9.73 g/l Melting Point: -71 °C Boiling Point: -61.7 °C Notes: it is an invisible, radioactive gas. it occurs naturally as an indirect decay product of uranium or thorium.

Ruthenium

Symbol: Ru Atomic Number: 44 Atomic Weight: 101.07 Density: 12.37 g/cm3 Melting Point: 2334 °C Boiling Point: 4150 °C Notes: Like the other metals of the platinum group, this element is inert to most other chemicals.

Sulfur

Symbol: S Atomic Number: 16 Atomic Weight: 32.065 Density: 1.96 g/cm3 Melting Point: 115.21 °C Boiling Point: 444.72 °C Notes: one of the few elements found pure in nature. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal.

Antimony

Symbol: Sb Atomic Number: 51 Atomic Weight: 121.76 Density: 6.697 g/cm3 Melting Point: 630.63 °C Boiling Point: 1587 °C Notes: A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite.

Scandium

Symbol: Sc Atomic Number: 21 Atomic Weight: 44.95591 Density: 2.985 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1541 °C Boiling Point: 2830 °C Notes: silvery white metallic element.

Selenium

Symbol: Se Atomic Number: 34 Atomic Weight: 78.96 Density: 4.819 g/cm3 Melting Point: 221 °C Boiling Point: 685 °C Notes: Selenium occurs in pure form in nature. It is used in many light-sensing applications: photocopiers, automatic light switches and light meters.

Silicon

Symbol: Si Atomic Number: 14 Atomic Weight: 28.0855 Density: 2.33 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1414 °C Boiling Point: 2.9×103 °C Notes: computer chips are etched into the surface of this element and for plastic surgery implants.

Samarium

Symbol: Sm Atomic Number: 62 Atomic Weight: 150.36 Density: 7.353 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1072 °C Boiling Point: 1803 °C Notes: It is a moderately hard silvery metal that readily oxidizes in air.

Tin

Symbol: Sn Atomic Number: 50 Atomic Weight: 118.71 Density: 7.31 g/cm3 Melting Point: 231.93 °C Boiling Point: 2602 °C Notes: Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table.

Strontium

Symbol: Sr Atomic Number: 38 Atomic Weight: 87.62 Density: 2.63 g/cm3 Melting Point: 777 °C Boiling Point: 1382 °C Notes: a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when it is exposed to air.

Tantalum

Symbol: Ta Atomic Number: 73 Atomic Weight: 180.9479 Density: 16.65 g/cm3 Melting Point: 3017 °C Boiling Point: 5458 °C Notes: Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant. it is used in laboratory equipment and a substitute for platinum. it is also used for medical implants and bone repair. Its main use today is in tantalum capacitors in electronic equipment.

Terbium

Symbol: Tb Atomic Number: 65 Atomic Weight: 158.92534 Density: 8.219 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1356 °C Boiling Point: 3230 °C Notes: This element is a vital ingredient of magnetorestrictive alloys, ones that change length when exposed to a magnetic field. Such alloys are used in loudspeakers designed to push against solids rather than against air.

Technetium

Symbol: Tc Atomic Number: 43 Atomic Weight: 98 Density: 11.5 g/cm3 Melting Point: 2157 °C Boiling Point: 4265 °C Notes: Technetium is a radioactive element, the only one in this area of the periodic table. Short-lived isotopes are used in gamma ray imaging of the skeleton since it attaches itself to areas of active bone growth.

Tellurium

Symbol: Te Atomic Number: 52 Atomic Weight: 127.6 Density: 6.24 g/cm3 Melting Point: 449.51 °C Boiling Point: 988 °C Notes: A brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid which looks similar to tin, this element is chemically related to selenium and sulfur.

Titanium

Symbol: Ti Atomic Number: 22 Atomic Weight: 47.867 Density: 4.507 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1668 °C Boiling Point: 3287 °C Notes: It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density and high strength.

Thallium

Symbol: Ti Atomic Number: 81 Atomic Weight: 204.3833 Density:11.85 g/cm3 Melting Point: 304 °C Boiling Point: 1473 °C Notes: Commercially it is produced not from potassium ores, but as a byproduct from refining of heavy metal sulfide ores. Approximately 60-70% of production is used in the electronics industry, and the remainder is used in the pharmaceutical industry and in glass manufacturing.

Thulium

Symbol: Tm Atomic Number: 69 Atomic Weight: 168.93421 Density: 9.321 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1545 °C Boiling Point: 1950 °C Notes: It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster. It is fairly soft and slowly tarnishes in air. Despite its high price and rarity, this element is used as the radiation source in portable X-ray devices and in solid-state lasers. It has no significant biological role and is not particularly toxic.

Vanadium

Symbol: V Atomic Number: 23 Atomic Weight: 50.9415 Density: 6.11 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1910 °C Boiling Point: 3407 °C Notes: A few percent of vanadium in steel creates hard, tough alloys, but the pure metal has few applications. Traces of it give emerald a green color.

Tungsten

Symbol: W Atomic Number: 74 Atomic Weight: 183.84 Density: 19.25 g/cm3 Melting Point: 3422 °C Boiling Point: 5555 °C Notes: it is extremely hard to melt, so when large pieces are needed it is often sintered into solid form from loose powder. The biggest application by far is tungsten wire for incandescent light bulbs.

Xenon

Symbol: Xe Atomic Number: 54 Atomic Weight: 131.293 Density: 5.9 g/l Melting Point: -111.8 °C Boiling Point: -108 °C Notes: It is a colorless, heavy, odorless noble gas, that occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts.

Yttrium

Symbol: Y Atomic Number: 39 Atomic Weight: 88.90585 Density: 4.472 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1526 °C Boiling Point: 3345 °C Notes: It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a "rare earth element".

Ytterbium

Symbol: Yb Atomic Number: 70 Atomic Weight: 173.04 Density: 6.57 g/cm3 Melting Point: 819 °C Boiling Point: 1196 °C Notes: this element has useful catalytic properties and is finding increasing use in the chemical industry due to its low toxicity and relative abundance.

Zinc

Symbol: Zn Atomic Number: 30 Atomic Weight: 65.409 Density: 7.14 g/cm3 Melting Point: 419.53 °C Boiling Point: 907 °C Notes: Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes.

Zirconium

Symbol: Zr Atomic Number: 40 Atomic Weight: 91.224 Density: 6.511 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1855 °C Boiling Point: 4409 °C Notes: lustrous, grey-white metal, when combined with oxygen, it becomes [X]-oxide, and is one of the most accurate diamond replica.