Chem/Phys and Bio/Biochem MCAT Full Length 3-6
Characteristics and Examples of Flat Bones
skull bones, ribs, and vertebrae. Contain red bone marrow, high blood cell production. Used for protection and not movement
Tissue that lines inside of blood vessel walls underneath endothelial layer of cells
smooth muscle
Smooth vs Rough ER
smooth used for carbohydrate biosynthesis and rough used for protein biosynthesis
Plasmodesmata
specialized to plants and algae
TSH
stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones
Location of Production for Pepsin
stomach
Purpose of the Gallbladder
storage and secretion of bile salts that emulsify fats for excretion
Bronsted Reaction Components
strong base or acid and weak base or acid
What is the relationship between prostaglandins D2 and E2? Both have formulas C₂₀H₃₂O₃₅
structural isomers
Synaptic Transmission is Independent of Myelin at this point
synaptic bouton
Blood Pressure Recording Ratio
systole/diastole
Folding of Fibers and Globules of Proteins occur at what protein structure
tertiary
Sulfur is very unstable in its diatomic state, S₂. This molecule differs from O₂ because:
the double bond in S₂ is longer
Pyrocalciferol and lumiesterol can best be separated on the basis of: (a methyl group and hydrogen are in opposite stereochemical orientations)
the fact that the two molecules will have different physical properties
How to determine DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis?
the farther a DNA fragment travels down the gel, the shorter it is. Reading from bottom to top, 5' to 3'
According to the passage, when a current of 70 mA passes through the heart, it will cause:
the heart to acquire an irregular rhythm, resulting in improper blood flow
Doppler Effect
the speed of both the source and detector of a wave will influence the perceived frequency of that wave
Tetrodotoxin is another toxin that can be deadly. It acts by not allowing sodium to pass into the nerve cells through their channels. What likely effect would this have on the membrane potential as an action potential approaches of region of axon poisoned with tetrodotoxin?
there would be no action potential at the poisoned region of the membrane
When does rapid brain growth occur?
third trimester
Treatment of DNA with 2-aminopurine results in the substitution of an adenine for a guanine on one strand. Following replication, the complementary strand would exhibit which substitution?
thymine for a cytosine
A patient who has gained 40 pounds in the past 3 months complains of fatigue to her physician. She is found to have a goiter and a decreased metabolic rate. Based on this information, the patient most likely has a deficiency of:
thyroxine
Way to distinguish a correct Lewis structure
total number of valence electrons
Spliceosomes are involved in:
transcription
Which of the following characteristics is LEAST likely to be displayed by Tobacco mosaic virus? Its an RNA virus
transcription factors
Troponin and Actin
troponin chaperones actin's motor activity, but it does not hydrolyze ATP
A developed vertebrate contains skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle types, yet only skeletal muscle:
under voluntary control
Necrosis
unprogammed cell death
Given the half-reaction below, what would be the cell potential for a sodium concentration cell in volts? Na+(aq)+e- → Na(s) E⁰=-2.71 V Ecell=E⁰cell-(.06/n)logQ
(-.06)logQ
A sample of 2-methylnaphthalene is placed in a bomb with a heat capacity of 1,620 J/oC. The bomb is submerged in a calorimeter containing 2 kg of water. If the temperature of the water increases by 2oC when the sample is ignited, what is the heat released in Joules?
(1620+2x4190)x2
Blood Pressure equation
(Psystolic-Pdiastolic)/resistance
A colorblind male XcY is crossed with a normal female who is a carrier of fragile X and colorblindness (XfXc). What is the probability that a male child will be phenotypically normal?
0%
If a Gamow bag at 4,000 meters is inflated to a pressure of 0.15 atm above ambient pressure, the partial pressure of oxygen inside the bag is: At 4,000 meters the pressure is about 0.6
0.15 m
The frequency of albinism in an isolated Amish community is 0.01. Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what is the probability that an individual from this community is heterozygous for albinism?
0.18
For air at atmospheric pressure, the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon are 593 mmHg, 160mmHg, 7mmHg, respectively. The mole fraction of oxygen in the alveoli is most nearly:
0.21 mol
One gram of aspartame releases about 16 kilojoules of energy. That amount of energy you compress a spring with a spring constant of 128000 Newtons per meter by:
0.5 m
Number(s) of Electron Transfers for FAD/FADH₂
1 or 2 electron transfers
Beta Decay
1 proton increase
Cyclic Protecting Group
1,2 diol
The minimum detectable concentration of sucrose and water corresponds to a solution of approximately what concentration? (0.5 g sucrose per L solution)
1.5 mM
The average human's eardrum can be approximated to be half a sphere, 1 cm in diameter. If a sound wave is heard with I=10⁻¹⁰ W/m², how much energy is transferred to the eardrum every second? Intensity is measured in W/m²
1.57x10⁻¹⁴ J
A capacitor containing two flat, parallel plates separated by a vacuum is connected to a battery with a voltage V. While still connected to the battery, it's plates are pulled apart to a distance double the original one. By what factor does the energy density between the plates change? E=V/d
1/4
Although MRI relies on signals from hydrogen because of its abundance in the body, other elements can be imaged with MRI. Which of the following are most likely to be good candidates for MRI imaging? Between carbon and phosphorus isotopes
13C and 31P, must have odd atomic masses
Number(s) of Electron Transfers for NAD⁺/NADH
2 electron transfer
Alpha Decay
2 proton and neutron drop
Over what frequency range is the ear most sensitive?
2,000-4,000 Hz
A plutonium-238 (88 year half life) battery contains 10 grams of plutonium-238 when first created. After 22 years, approximately how much uranium-234 has formed?
2.5 g
Measurements of one Paramecium cell performing the barium dance show that it is moving to the left at 100 m/sbefore adding barium; five seconds after adding the barium, it is moving to the right at 200 m/s. The average acceleration of the cell is:
20
log(1000)
3 since 10³=1000
At standard conditions and assuming no internal resistance, the lithium battery described in the passage should provide a voltage of: Li++e- → Li Eo=-3.05 V I2+2e- → 2I- Eo=+0.54 V
3.05V+.54V=3.59 V
Sources A and B have a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the intensity of Source A is 1000 times greater than that of Source B, what is the difference in relative intensity levels of the two sources? (10xlog(Ia/Io)-10xlog(Ib/Io))
30 dB
Carbs and Proteins Breakdown Energy Yield
4 kcal/g
In an exhibition, the fastest recorder pitcher was playing against a batter 60 feet from the pitching mound. If the ball was thrown horizontally and took 0.4 seconds to reach the plate, what was its vertical velocity as it passed over home plate?
4 m/s
What is the Kb of the conjugate base of compound C? C pKa=8.6
4 x 10⁻⁶
Assume that the human arm has a mass of 4.5 kg in a baseball player, and that it is distributed half in the hand, and half in the shoulder. If the length from the shoulder to the hand is 0.8 m, the tension exerted by the arm as it reaches maximal velocity is most nearly: P2 says 24 revs/s at max velocity
40,000 N
Wavelength of Purple light
400-430 nm
Surface Area of a Sphere
4pir²
Wavelengths that yellow reflect
570-590 nm
Ethanol Breakdown Energy Yield
7 kcal/g
Based on information in the passage, how many molecules of NADH would be produced by the complete -Oxidation of stearic acid, which has 18 carbons, into acetyl-CoA? Ignore any further production of NADH by other metabolic pathways. Reaction 2:Cn-CoA+CoA+FAD+NAD+H2O→ Cn-2-CoA+acetyl-CoA+FADH2+NADH+H
8
Lipid Breakdown Energy Yield
9 kcal/g
Sr decays by emitting an alpha particle to form a stable isotope of krypton, Kr. If after 19 hours 75% of the sample has decayed, what is the half life of the reaction?
9.5 hours
A pregnant woman with PKU monitors her phenylalanine levels closely. What is the most likely rationale for this precaution?
A high level of phenylalanine in utero is dangerous to the fetus regardless of the fetus' phenotype
Cholecystectomy is surgical removal of the gallbladder. Which of the following people is most likely to have had a cholecystectomy?
A person whose stool contains large amounts of fat
Based on information in the passage, which of these possible vectors would most possibly be investigated as a treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
A vector that inserts a promoter to promote the transcription of DNA corresponding to the AON sequence
Malonyl-CoA is produced from acetyl-CoA through the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The byproducts of this reaction are:
ADP+Pi
A culture of red blood cells is grown on a nutrient medium containing dinitrophenol, which is a poison that blocks the electron transport chain. Under these conditions:
ATP production does not change because red blood cells do not have mitochondrias
Glucagon synthesis is inhibited by insulin in a paracrine fashion. Diabetic patients, who do not produce insulin, can experience a response similar to that found in starvation, known as ketoacidsosis. Which of the following experimental findings would be expected in a patient with this type of diabetes?
Administration of glucose only leads to a slight decrease in glucagon secretion
Which of following is most closely linked to albinism?
An amino acid processing deficiency
Which statement about the hydrophobic nature of surfactant is true?
Both proteins and phospholipids can contribute to hydrophobicity
What is the rate law for Reaction 1? 2NO(g)+O2(g) → 2NO2 (g)
Cannot be determined without information of number of steps it takes
Charcoal, graphite, and diamond are all allotropes of carbon. Diamond is an excellent insulate while graphite exhibits conductive properties. Which of the following provides the most likely explanation for these observations?
Carbon atoms in graphite are arranged in fused aromatic rings, while those in diamond are arranged in a tetrahedral lattice
Starch, the most common carbohydrate in human diets, is hydrolyzed into sugars by enzymes known as amylases. Recent studies have shown that certain individuals possess and express several different copies of the AMY1 gene. This most strongly suggests:
Codominance
The student concludes from her observations that compound A is a tertiary alcohol and compound D is a primary alcohol. Which additional piece of information supports her conclusions?
Compound D is a better reducing agent than compound A
Bat bones are more similar to human bones than they are to bird bones. One similarity between bat bones and human bones is that both can:
Contain bone marrow involved in blood production
Way to make Gene Inactive
DNA methylation
S phase
DNA replication
Closed vs Open Mitosis
DNA replication with and without the nuclear envelope, respectively
Possible Components of Virus
DNA, RNA, and proteins
Alchohol+Carboxylic Acid→
Ester
Deacylation Reaction Synonym
Ester hydrolysis
Which experimental approach would be the most reasonable way for a scientist to separate the reactants and products from the luminol reaction and verify this separation?
Extraction and IR spectroscopy
Magnetic Force Equation
F=qvB
FAD/FADH₂ must be tightly bound to enzymes, while NAD+/NADH do not need to be. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this difference?
FAD/FADH₂ can exist as a semiquinone
Based on information in the passage, which of the following mechanisms would most likely explain how ethylene crosses plant cell membranes to trigger fruit ripening?(ethylene is a gas that has a higher extracellular concentration than intracellular)
Facilitated diffusion
Tertiary alcohol can be oxidized (T/F)?
False
Which of the following sequences of events best illustrates the transition from healthy skin to scar tissue in herpes zoster?
Fluid accumulation between layers of epidermis, tissue dehydration, epithelial growth in collagen and infiltration
Metabolite of Methanol that inhibits ETC
Formic acid
Beta-peptides are made up of amino acids, which have their amino group bonded to the carbon rather than the carbon. Which of the following must be true of amino acids and peptides?
Glycine is the only amino acid that does not exist as a beta amino acid
Which of the following elements would be the best to use for the plates of a defibrillator?
Gold because it shows most metallic character
A student proposed that the failure of the muscle cell to survive after differentiation in the absence of IGF was due to a deficiency in energy stores for direct phosphorylation. Which of the following methods could best test this hypothesis?
Grow cells that fail to survive in media containing creatine phosphate and assess for survival, compare this to cells that fail to survive in unsupplemented media
Suppose the DNA was extracted after the first round of replication, but was then melted before being run through the centrifuge. What results should be expected when comparing it to the heavy and light DNA strands?
Half of the resulting molecules would have a similar density as heavy DNA and half would have a similar density as light DNA
Many crustaceans produce a blue or green carotene-protein complex. What is the most likely cause of the color change from green to orange when a lobster is boiled?
Heat denatures the protein, separating it from the carotenoid pigment
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to hypoventilation that can be caused by asthma, emphysema, bronchitis or pneumonia. Which of the following underlies the respiratory acidosis?
Higher [CO2] in the blood causes [H+] and [H2CO3] to increase
A student wishes to determine the tertiary structure of eukaryotic topoisomerase by completely denaturing it with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH). What is the flaw in the experimental design?
Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions contribute to tertiary structure
In humans, advanced aging mimics many symptoms of mitochondrial dysfunction. This provides support for:
Hypothesis 2, because the impact of aging on cells is mediated by an accumulation of damage over time.
A student proposed that lowering the blood pH would be an effective mechanism for treating gout. Which of the following best matches his reasoning, involving hypoxanthine oxidase and urate?
Hypoxanthine oxidase would be less efficient and urate would be more soluble
Excess reactant is used in the Fischer esterification synthesis of isoamyl acetate (reaction 1) in order to shift the equilibrium to product. Which of the following procedures could also drive the reaction to the formation of isoamyl acetate? I. Distillation to remove water as it foams II. Extraction with aqueous base III. Use of a dehydrating agent to remove water
I and III
A chromatogram like the one below shows the result of separation of the components of a mixture by chromatography. In a chromatogram, the resolution, R, between the two chromatographic peaks corresponding to substances 1 and 2 depends on retention time tR which is the time between the sample's injection and the maximum response for the solution peak, and on baseline width, w, of each peak. If R is improved by increasing tR and or decreasing w than which of the following equations most likely describes the relationship between R, tR, and w?
If increasing tR increases R, then any terms including tR should be in the numerator. If decreasing, w, increases R, then any terms including w should be in the denominator.
A researcher has identified a particular reaction that requires a biological catalyst, and wishes to know whether it is catalyzed by an enzyme or a ribozyme. Which of the following is an acceptable hypothesis that she could make?
If the catalyst is susceptible to cleavage by phosphodiesterases, it must be a ribozyme
What could account for the difference in capacitance per area between myelinated axon and unmyelinated axon?
In unmyelinated axons, the lipid bilayer is thinner
Unsaturated Fatty Acids Increase or Decrease Fluidity?
Increase fluidity
As bradykinin is released from the neonatal lungs, the decrease in cross sectional area of the ductus arteriosus:
Increases resistance, and so blood flow decreases through the ductus arteriosus
Relationship between capacitance and distance between plates in a capacitor
Inverse
Which of the following statements is true of acetone?
It exists as a pair of tautomers, of which the keto form predominates
Watts in Units
J/s
Phosphoric acid is an important buffer in intracellular fluid. It is a triprotic weak acid and has three pKa values (pKa1=2, pKa2=6.8, and pKa3=12), one for each of the three dissociations (shown below). Which of the following is NOT true about the physiological activity of phosphoric acid? H3PO4⇌H+H2PO4⇌H+HPO4⇌PO4+H
Ka2=[H2PO4][H]/[HPO4]
Based on the two stereoisomers (L and D) of alanine shown below, which of the following is true about alanine?
L-alanine could be called (S)-alanine
Vacant spaces in bone tissues that were formerly occupied by osteocytes are called:
Lacunae
Location of Plant Pigment Molecules
Leaves
Another name for an Electron Donor
Lewis base
Huntington's disease primarily affects the central nervous system. Which of the following structures would be least impacted?
Meissner's corpuscles bc they're apart of PNS
Which of the following would be expected in methanol poisoning?
Metabolic acidosis
NMR Splitting Patterns equation
N+1
The researcher concludes from his experiment that the only reason lead is an excellent shielding material for X-Rays is because it has a high atomic weight. Is the researcher's conclusion correct?
No because gold is better at shielding because of higher absorption coefficient and density
A point mutation occurs, changing the sequence 5'-AUGAUCUGUUGCUGAUAG-3' to 5'-AUGAUCUGCUGCUGAUAG-3'. What is the likely effect on the subsequent polypeptide?
No effect
Suppose a mitochondrial disorder produces a non-functional mitochondrial tRNA for lysine. Would mitochondrial protein synthesis be expected to continue normally?
No, the mitochondrion will not be able to produce proteins
If the athlete normally has a greater cardiac output than the non-athlete, which of the following would most likely occur during strenuous exercise?
Non-athlete has higher lactic acid in muscle than athlete
Which of the following will affect the frequency of sound waves traveling through air, as measured by a detector?
Only the speed of the source of the sound
Which of the following is the best explanation for how organizer cells can still function even after they have been killed?
Organizer cells act as a contaminant area for signaling molecules that are released as the cell breaks down
Formation of Peptide Bonds
Peptide bonds form by the nucleophilic attack of the amino group of an amino acid on the carboxyl group of another.
Derivatives of phosphatidic acid, such as phosphatidylinositol, are found in the myelin sheath that surrounds the myelin sheath that surrounds neurons. Such components are likely incorporated because they are:
Poor conductors, which help myelin speed up action potential transmission
Purpose of Lysosome
Protein degradation and recycling
Heat capacity equation
Q/∆T
Flow rate equation
Q=∆Ppir⁴/8uL
Order lowest to highest frequency of colors in visible light
ROYGBIV
Which of the following best accounts for the visible colonies on Plate I?
Random mutations resulted in Salmonella cells that regained the ability to synthesize histidine
If the elastic component of the models were removed, which of the following would be true of the viscous component?
Rate of flow would be proportional to the pressure difference between adjacent locations until flow became turbulent
A chemist wishing to activate a carboxyl group could effectively do so by:
Reacting it with SOCl₂
The Kyte-Doolittle plot shows the hydrophobicity of primary structure of a protein from beginning to end where higher values mean more hydrophobic. Given the Kyte-Doolittle plot below, what could regions above the horizontal line represent?
Regions where transmembrane proteins transverse the membrane
Nucleolus Purpose
Ribosome synthesis
Most Beta-lactam antibiotics are bicyclic; that is, they consist of a beta-lactam ring fused to a saturated or unsaturated, five or six membered ring such that the two rings share a carbon and nitrogen. Beta-lactam antibiotics are particularly reactive because:
Ring strain is increased with the fusion of the nitrogen and second ring
Scientists are studying a biochemical reaction in an awful strain of bacteria, and I'm serve the following two reactions, which may or may not be coupled: reaction 1: A+e- → B has Eo=+0.100 V Reaction 2: B → C has K=0.01 These two reactions together will have the most negative Gibbs free energy change if:
Run reaction 1 forwards and reaction 2 backwards
Three ways Heat leaves the body
Sweat evaporation is the result of heat convection. All objects above absolute zero emit radiation. Skin causes a change in temperature of the air and sweat as a result of direct contact, conduction.
The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be influenced by which of the following?
Temperature, pH, and salinity
A cell biologist attempting to stimulate the electron transport chain supplements his cell culture with NADP⁺. Which of the following statements best explains his results?
The NADP⁺ stimulates the pentose phosphate pathway, the experimenter should have used NADH
Two identical balloons of negligible mass are tethered at altitudes of 2000 meters and 2600 meters, respectively. The balloons are filled with helium gas to equal volumes. Which of the following statements is true concerning the buoyant force acting on each balloon?
The buoyant force on the balloon at 2000 meters will be greater because lower altitude's air is denser
Reaction 2 shows the synthesis of isoamyl acetate by reaction of acetyl chloride with isopentyl alcohol. This reaction proceeds without adding excess reactants and requires no acid catalyst because:
The carbonyl carbon of acetyl chloride is more electrophilic than the carbonyl carbon of acetic acid
A heater is used to calibrate a constant-volume calorimeter. After operating the heater inside the bomb, which of the following physical quantities must be determined? (Note: the bomb and water surrounding it remain in thermal equilibrium)
The change in temperature of the water, the power of the heater, and the total time the heater was operated
Some unicellular eukaryotes undergo closed mitosis in which daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus which then divides in two. The fundamental difference between open and closed mitosis is:
The degradation and reformation of the nuclear envelope in open mitosis
Carl and Gerty Cori attempted to isolate glycogen phosphorylase a from muscle cell extract in the 1930s. They were successful in isolating the enzyme with paper filtration but centrifugation primarily yielded the inactive form. Which of the following is a likely for this observation?
The filter paper contained calcium, which activated phosphorylase b kinase
A new study reports the discovery of a novel phospholipase that cleaves only saturated fatty acid Tails from phospholipids and replaces them with unsaturated fatty acid Tails. Which of the following effects of the novel phospholipase would be observed?
The fluidity of a cellular lipid bilayer is increased
For the general reaction of an acid with water, HA+H2O⇌ A⁻+H3O⁺, an equilibrium constant of K=0.05 means that:
The majority of acid molecules remain undissociated at equilibrium, meaning more reactants than products
Which of the following best explains the skin pattern observed in shingles outbreaks?
The outbreak begins in a single nerve, and affects the skin innervated by that nerve.
A mutation in a cell occurs such that all post-transcriptional processing of mRNA primary transcripts is impaired. Which of the following is expected to occur as a result?
The primary transcript will be vulnerable to enzymes that degrade mRNA from the 3' end
Hyperopia is a condition characterized by an ability to see distant objects clearly, while close objects do not come into proper focus. Humans underwater experience a form of hyperopia. What best accounts for this?
The refractive indices of water and the eye's media are too similar, meaning the light is close to parallel making it difficult to bend
Difference in sodium ion concentrations across the membrane are a major determinant of membrane potential. Which of the following are likely values for the first and second ionization energies, respectively, of sodium?
The second ionization energy of sodium is likely to be much much larger than the first ionization energy, since the second electron is removed from a full subshell.
Why is aqueous sodium bicarbonate used to extract the reaction mixture?
The sodium bicarbonate deprotonate the excess acetic acid, thereby removing it to the aqueous layer and separating it from the product
When the foramen ovale fails to close, it can be diagnosed using an echocardiogram. During the sonogram, sound waves enter the body and are partially reflected at the interface between different materials. How does the speed of the sound wave change for different tissues?
The sound wave will travel faster in the muscle than it does in blood
A researcher probes a mixture of RNA isolated from a muscle cell's nucleus with a 32P-labelled single-stranded DNA molecule, yielding hybrid molecules. Which of the following is an acceptable hypothesis that the researcher could make?
The strands can be separated by heat
Which of the following hormones has the greatest direct effect on mitochondria?
Thyroid hormone
It can be inferred from the experiments in the passage that the development of the cap in Acetabularia is regulated by which of the following mechanisms?
Translational regulation because mRNA in the cytoplasm lies dormant for several weeks before cap formation occurs
A student is presented with a triacylglycerol that has three identical fatty acid tails, and conducts a series of experiments to determine whether the fatty acids tails are saturated or unsaturated. The student can reasonably conclude that the fatty acid tails are:
Unsaturated, because when the triacylglycerol is partially reacted with H2 and Pd/C, trans fats are observed
Both immediately before and during exercise, there is increased sympathetic activity. As revealed by the slopes of the line in Figure 1, there is a rise in both systolic and diastolic pressure during exercise. Which of the following best accounts for this observation?
Vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels but not in active muscle
Based on the Venturi effect, if a kidney stone is partially blocking one ureter, how are the velocity and hydrostatic pressure of urine affected as it passes through the point of the blockage?
Velocity increases and hydrostatic pressure decreases
Unit of Power
Watts=1 J/s
If a trait is expressed in the children of two unaffected parents, and there is a preponderance of affected male children, then the trait is exhibiting which type of inheritance?
X-linked recessive
Phenylalanine competes competitively with other large, neutral amino acids (LNAAs) for transport across the blood brain barrier. Would administration of methionine, isoleucine, leucine, and tryptophan and tyrosine to an individual affected with PKU be expected to reduce the severity of PKU symptoms?
Yes, because the concentration of Phe would be decreased
Is it possible for methanol to react with phenylalanine to form the methyl ester in the absence of acid?
Yes, but more slowly because the acid plays a catalytic role
A student attempts to synthesize isoamyl acetate according to reaction one, but forgets to drive a solution over and hydrous sodium sulfate. She checks her product by infrared spectroscopy. Is it likely that the student obtain the desired product? 1735 cm-1 (sharp intense), 2900 cm-1 (sharp, intense), 3400 cm-1 (broad, medium intensity), several peaks in the fingerprint region
Yes, but the isoamyl acetate is contaminated with water
What ion does not participate in redox reactions?
Zn²⁺
Menstruation Occurs When:
[FSH] is high and [LH] is low
Ovulation Occurs When:
[LH] is high
What is beta-hydroxy ketone?
a carbon between the carbonyl and hydroxyl group (beta)
The vagus nerve increases the activity of the stomach by releasing:
acetylcholine
The vaccines to prevent chickenpox and shingles act through:
active immunity by B lymphocytes
Growth Hormone
acts to increase protein synthesis and overall cellular function
When does organ system mature?
after birth
Which of the following most likely explains the non-linear shape of the curve in Figure 1?
air is compressible, which changes their densities at different altitudes (pressures)
Gap Junctions
allow transport between cells but are leakier than tight junctions
Components of Secondary Structure
alpha helices and beta sheets
Major component of Microtubules
alpha tubulin
A researcher incubates a mixture of glycogen phosphorylase and cellulose. After several hours, she cannot detect any glucose in the mixture. This suggests that glycogen phosphorylase activity is specific for this kind of glycosidic bond:
alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds
When combined with hydrazoic acid (HN3) in solution, arachidonic acid (C20H32O2) produces nitrogen gas an as intermediate. Decarboxylation of the intermediate gives:
amine
Which of the following CANNOT be the rate law for the production of AA metabolites? the conversion of phospholipids to arachidonic acid is the rate determining step.
anything without phospholipase and phospholipid
In capillary electrophoresis, which is a technique that can be used to separate biomolecules, a solute's velocity, vtot, is given by dividing the distance that it travels, d, by the elapsed time tm. Also, vtot, is equal to (ep+eof)E, where epis the electrophoretic mobility, eof is the electroosmotic mobility, and E is the electric field. The magnitude of the electric field is equal to the applied potential, V, divided by the length of the capillary tube, L. According to these equations, a solute's migration time can be decreased by:
applying a higher voltage and using a shorter capillary tube
Law of Laplace
as radius decreases, the pressure to counter surface tension increases
In vivo, after an E. coli cell undergoes DNA replication, it is most common for the new copy of DNA to be:
attached to a new part of the cell membrane during binary fission
The isoelectric point of an amino acid with an acidic side chain is calculated by averaging the pKa values for:
average the pKa values of the main chain carboxyl group and acidic side chain
Action Potential Originates in
axon hillock (unmyelinated)
Which of following best characterizes the amino acid that the mutants began synthesizing? Histidine
basic and heterocyclic
G₁ Phase
basic organelle production
When does closure of the foramen ovale?
birth
Hollow balls of cells
blastula
Beta thalassemia is caused by a nonsense mutation in the gene for the beta subunit of hemoglobin. Cells expressing this mutation are formed primarily in:
bone marrow
Purpose of Hydroxylase
breaks C-C bond and adds OH group
Purpose of Nodes of Ranvier
breaks in myelin that allow for saltatory conduction of action potentials
Hybrid Vigor
breeding of two different species that are infertile
TMV uses cellular resources to replicate with the initial cellular loss of pigment molecules. These pigment molecules are most likely involved in:
carbohydrate anabolism in order to make the energy to make carbohydrates
Identifying of sp² Hybridized Carbons in large molecule
carbons involved in double bond
Heterozygote Advantage
carrier of a dangerous condition has a survival advantage
Three organelles with significant amounts of lipids
cell membrane, nuclear envelope, and endoplasmic reticulum
Purpose of T lymphocytes
cell-mediated immunity
G₂ Phase
complex organelle production
Purpose of Collecting Duct and Distal Tubule
concentration of urine before excretion
Tissue that produces elastic matrix
connective tissue
Isochoric (Constant-Volume) Process
constant volume, but pressure change (ex. spray can in a fire)
Haversian Canals
contain capillaries and nerves, and osteocytes often form concentric circles around them
Purpose of Nonmotile Cilia
cough reflex
Which of these studies could most easily be used to demonstrate that two animal species with analogous traits could NOT produce fertile offspring?
counting the number of chromosomes that each species possesses
Purpose of B lymphocytes
create antibodies, proliferate, and by forming memory B cells
Energy molecule used for direct phosphorylation in muscles
creatine phosphate
Neurotransmitter transmission is mediated by
cytoskeleton
Norepinephrine causes constriction of blood vessels. If a certain blood vessel is constricted to half of its diameter yet maintains the same pressure gradient, according to Poiseuille's Law, the volumetric flow rate is expected to:
decrease by a factor of 16
Long one sided affected skin
dermatomes
Disproportionation
describes a reaction where a species is simultaneously oxidized and reduced.
Relationship between Pressure Difference and Flow
direct
Relationship between rate of diffusion and body temperature
direct
Under constant pressure, relationship between volume and temperature
direct
Lactose Mono or Di-saccharide
disaccharide
Sucrose Mono or Di-Saccharide
disaccharide C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
Tertiary Structure Makeup
disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and/or hydrophobic interactions.
The binding of the anti-AChR antibody to the acetylcholine receptor is most likely to be irreversible if it is mediated by:
disulfide bridges
Tight Junctions
does not allow passage of materials extracellularly
OCH₃ Electron Donating or Withdrawing?
donating
Central Nervous System Embryonically made from:
ectoderm
In contrast to all other forms of albinism, individuals with Black Locks-Albinism-Deafness Syndrome (BADS) lack melanocytes in their skin and hair. The defect can be traced back to embryological development. BADS is most likely a result of defect in cells derived from which germ layer?
ectoderm
SDS, a detergent that denatures proteins, is normally required when using which of the following techniques for analysis of proteins? electrophoresis and/or isoelectric focusing
electrophoresis but not isoelectric focusing
Genetic Drift
eliminates minor gene variants
Most of the lipids found in the two leaflets of the cell membrane of eukaryotes are synthesized in the:
endoplasmic reticulum
After lysing the cells, which of the following techniques would be most useful for isolating ETR2?
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Eukaryote and Prokaryote Difference
eukaryotes have a nucleus and prokaryotes do not
Purpose of Loop of Henle
exchange with Vasa Recta and solute concentrations in urine
Characteristics and Examples of Long Bones
feet, arms, legs, and hands. Contain yellow bone marrow, low blood cell production. Used for movement.
Which of the following would most likely limit the rate of electron flow through the electron transport chain?
formation of proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Hemidesmosomes
found in the skin
Individuals I-1 and I-2, along with the married couple II-5 and II-6, decide to move to a deserted island and start a community that would likely have a higher frequency of individuals who either have the disorder or carry the allele for the disorder than most other areas of the world. This is an example of:
founder effect
During periods of starvation the average human can generate glucose from:
glycogen, glycerol, and amino acids
Which of the following structures would most likely be deformed in the child of a mother who took thalidomide during pregnancy?
hand bones
Physicians recommend drinking more water when one is at risk for kidney stone formation. This measure prevents all categories of stones because it increases urine volume while:
having no effect on the number of moles of all solutes in the kidney
Gamma Decay
high energy photon emission
Polymorphism
high genetic variation in the same population of species
Cells that export glucose also have
high glucose consumption
Hypoventillation leads to
higher carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion, and carbonic acid
Polygenetic inheritance
homozygous genotype at primary gene locus that unmask alleles at a secondary gene locus
Capillaries Purpose
host gas exchange
In a neutral solution, a region of a protein has a solvation shell with the hydrogen of water directed towards the protein. What kind of amino acids would most likely the predominate in the segment?
hydrophilic amino acids with a negative charge
Composition of Micelles
hydrophilic outside and hydrophobic core
Goiter
increase in mass of the thyroid
Relationship between pKa and Ka
indirect
In the patellar reflex that causes the quadriceps to contract, and inhibitory interneurons is activated. That inhibitory interneurons most likely:
inhibits the contraction of the muscle that opposes the quadricep contraction
What are the primary differences between the plant immunity to TMV described in the passage and that of vaccination? (Plant immunity is innate/adaptive, active/dormant infection prevents future infection, while vaccines produce adaptive/innate memory cells in the absence of infection)
innate, active, adaptive
Depolarization
inside axon is positive, Na⁺ goes inside
Equation for Power
intensityxarea or energy/time
Laminar Flow-Relationship between Fluid Velocity and Cross Sectional Area
inverse
Relationship between Current and Resistance
inverse
Relationship between enthalpy sign and value of temperature to favor forward reaction
inverse
Relationship between urine output and urine osmolarity
inverse
Southern Blotting
isolate DNA
Northern Blotting
isolate RNA
ELISA Purpose
isolate specific protein
NAD Structure Held Together By
joined by phosphate bonds
Assuming a patient has MS plaques limited to the brain, which of the following function is most likely NOT affected?
knee jerk reflex
Purpose of a G8 probe in a Southern Blot
label RFLPs associated with disease
Stenosis is a condition in which the leaves of a heart valve adhere to each other. A patient diagnosed with stenosis of the mitral valve would experience the greatest increase in blood pressure in his:
left atrium
At constant pressure, the ratio between the volume expansion of a mole of gas with a high Cp to that of a mole of gas with a low Cp for a given heat input will be:
less than 1
One of concerns with MS patients is increased diffusion of electrolytes down their neural concentration gradients. Which of the following would minimize this diffusion?
lower body temperature
Golgi Apparatus Function with Proteins
maturation and modification
How to measure resistance?
measure current using a known voltage
Blood Embryonically made from:
mesoderm
M Phase
mitosis and cytokinesis
If the regulatory mechanisms for the pyloric sphincter are damaged so that it allows the passage of a greater than normal amount of chyme, which of the following effects is anticipated
more acidic chyme decreases lipid digestion by lowering enzyme activity
K>>1
more products than reactants
K<<1
more reactants than products
Solid balls of cells
morulas
Flippases Purpose
move lipids between leaflets
Purpose of Respiratory Cilia
moving mucus and trapped particles from the lungs and upper respiratory tract to the pharynx for disposal by swallowing
Tissue that produces contractility and excitability
muscle tissue and some neural tissue
Which of these proteins acts primarily as a protein motor, but also has secondary activity as an ATPase?
myosin
Damage to developing mesoderm in an embryo will lead to malformations in all of the following EXCEPT:
nervous system axons
Isothermal Process
no change in temperature so no work can be done
Adiabatic Process
no exchange of heat or matter, but work is done on the surroundings
Is Air Polar or Nonpolar?
nonpolar
Acetone: Protic or nonprotic
nonprotic
Another method to separate different DNA molecules is to use gel electrophoresis. Applying this separation method to the Meselson-Stahl experiment would:
not work because gel electrophoresis separates based on size not density
Components of a Virus
nucleic acid and protein, lipoprotein, glycoprotein, capsid
When RPE cells transfer lipids to rods and cones, those lipids are LEAST likely to be incorporated into the:
nucleolus
Organelle that Assembles Ribosomes
nucleus
Unfertilized eggs
oocytes
Thalidomide exerts its effect during the first trimester of human pregnancy. It is during this period that:
organ systems appear
Process that makes bones
osteoblast
Responsible for bone breakdown
osteoclast
Humans are typically classified as a K-selected species. Which of the following is a hypothalamic hormone that promotes behavior characteristic of a K- selected species?
oxytocin
Which of the following statements about ozone is correct?
ozone has a permanent dipole moment because of resonance
Hardy-Weinberg Equations
p+q=1,p²+2pq+q²=1, p is dominant and q is recessive, squared is homozygous
Equation to find pH
pH=-log[H]
Location of Production for Trypsinogen
pancreas
Location of Production for Amylase
pancreas and salivary glands
The nucleoli in the alpha cells will be the largest in a patient with and why:
pancreatic cancer because the nucleolus is used to make rRNA and cancer has a large amount of replication, there will be more ribosomes in the nucleoli, making it larger
Oxygen paramagnetic or diamagnetic and why?
paramagnetic because of two unpaired electrons
Paramagnetic vs. Diamagnetic
paramagnetic has unpaired electrons and diamagnetic has paired electrons
Dalton's Law Equation
partial pressure=XoxygenPtotal
Pathway that NADP⁺ and NADPH are involved in
pentose phosphate pathway
Purpose of ADH and Location of Synthesis
produced in the hypothalamus, and used to increase water permeability in nephron, so water reabsorption is increased
Hairpin Loop and Lariat Advantage
protects RNA, especially single stranded, from degradation
An experimental sunscreen has much greater absorption across the spectrum than zinc oxide, a common sunscreen ingredient. Yet, zinc oxide is more effective than the experimental sunscreen at preventing sunburn. This is best explained by the ability of zinc oxide to:
reflect light
Repolarization
regain of positive inside axon, K⁺ goes outward
Phosphatase Purpose
remove phosphate groups
A concern in patients undergoing dialysis treatment is a buildup of aluminum in the blood because of the reduced blood pH. Aluminum most likely exerts its detrimental effects on the body by:
replacing other metal ions in enzyme cofactors and substrates
Enzyme that HIV has with it
reverse transcriptase
Which has phosphodiester bonds, ribozymes or enzymes?
ribozymes because they're RNA
Location of Plant Water Uptake Regulation
roots
The loss of myelin around axons will prevent:
saltatory conduction
Fatty Acids that Increase Cell Membrane Rigidity
saturated fatty acids
Purpose of Proximal Collecting Tubule
secretion of non-ionic substances and reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and proteins
What strategy might the TMV viral RNA use to evade host degradation? The viral RNA: (Passage states TMV is ssRNA)
self binding forming a hairpin loop or lariat
Heteroplasmy is best explained by:
self replication of mitochondria
After one round of replication in the Meselson-Stahl experiment, all DNA had an intermediate density. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this result?
semiconservative and dispersive are viable models
Centrifugation
separates by molecular mass
What amino acid would be formed by oxidation of the aldehyde group of glyceraldehyde followed by substitution of the non-terminal hydroxyl group with an amino functionality?
serine
Venturi Effect
velocity will increase (to maintain continuity) and hydrostatic pressure will decrease (to conserve mechanical energy)
Nitrate Solubility?
very soluble
What is the other reactant used in the acid catalyzed deacylation of aspirin shown in Reaction One?
water
Way to raise Blood Pressure and Volume
water reabsorption in kidneys
Cesium lies close to the barium on the periodic table, and the two elements have some similar functions and properties. One of these similarities is how they respond to magnets. Cesium, which follows the predictable trends of diamagnetism and paramagnetism:
will respond to a magnetic field because its paramagnetic
Newly fertilized egg
zygote
Standard Conditions Gibbs Free Energy Equation
∆G⁰=-RTlnK
∆G⁰ equation relating equilibrium constant
∆G⁰=-RTlnKeq
∆G⁰ equation relating reduction potential
∆G⁰=⁻nFE⁰
Carbonic acid is a physiological buffer. The pKa/oCfor carbonic acid has been calculated as -0.009. Based on this information, which of the following is always true in the dissociation of carbonic acid?
∆H>0
