Chem/Phys and Bio/Biochem MCAT Full Length 3-6

Characteristics and Examples of Flat Bones

skull bones, ribs, and vertebrae. Contain red bone marrow, high blood cell production. Used for protection and not movement

Tissue that lines inside of blood vessel walls underneath endothelial layer of cells

smooth muscle

Smooth vs Rough ER

smooth used for carbohydrate biosynthesis and rough used for protein biosynthesis

Plasmodesmata

specialized to plants and algae

TSH

stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones

Location of Production for Pepsin

stomach

Purpose of the Gallbladder

storage and secretion of bile salts that emulsify fats for excretion

Bronsted Reaction Components

strong base or acid and weak base or acid

What is the relationship between prostaglandins D2 and E2? Both have formulas C₂₀H₃₂O₃₅

structural isomers

Synaptic Transmission is Independent of Myelin at this point

synaptic bouton

Blood Pressure Recording Ratio

systole/diastole

Folding of Fibers and Globules of Proteins occur at what protein structure

tertiary

Sulfur is very unstable in its diatomic state, S₂. This molecule differs from O₂ because:

the double bond in S₂ is longer

Pyrocalciferol and lumiesterol can best be separated on the basis of: (a methyl group and hydrogen are in opposite stereochemical orientations)

the fact that the two molecules will have different physical properties

How to determine DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis?

the farther a DNA fragment travels down the gel, the shorter it is. Reading from bottom to top, 5' to 3'

According to the passage, when a current of 70 mA passes through the heart, it will cause:

the heart to acquire an irregular rhythm, resulting in improper blood flow

Doppler Effect

the speed of both the source and detector of a wave will influence the perceived frequency of that wave

Tetrodotoxin is another toxin that can be deadly. It acts by not allowing sodium to pass into the nerve cells through their channels. What likely effect would this have on the membrane potential as an action potential approaches of region of axon poisoned with tetrodotoxin?

there would be no action potential at the poisoned region of the membrane

When does rapid brain growth occur?

third trimester

Treatment of DNA with 2-aminopurine results in the substitution of an adenine for a guanine on one strand. Following replication, the complementary strand would exhibit which substitution?

thymine for a cytosine

A patient who has gained 40 pounds in the past 3 months complains of fatigue to her physician. She is found to have a goiter and a decreased metabolic rate. Based on this information, the patient most likely has a deficiency of:

thyroxine

Way to distinguish a correct Lewis structure

total number of valence electrons

Spliceosomes are involved in:

transcription

Which of the following characteristics is LEAST likely to be displayed by Tobacco mosaic virus? Its an RNA virus

transcription factors

Troponin and Actin

troponin chaperones actin's motor activity, but it does not hydrolyze ATP

A developed vertebrate contains skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle types, yet only skeletal muscle:

under voluntary control

Necrosis

unprogammed cell death

Given the half-reaction below, what would be the cell potential for a sodium concentration cell in volts? Na+(aq)+e- → Na(s) E⁰=-2.71 V Ecell=E⁰cell-(.06/n)logQ

(-.06)logQ

A sample of 2-methylnaphthalene is placed in a bomb with a heat capacity of 1,620 J/oC. The bomb is submerged in a calorimeter containing 2 kg of water. If the temperature of the water increases by 2oC when the sample is ignited, what is the heat released in Joules?

(1620+2x4190)x2

Blood Pressure equation

(Psystolic-Pdiastolic)/resistance

A colorblind male XcY is crossed with a normal female who is a carrier of fragile X and colorblindness (XfXc). What is the probability that a male child will be phenotypically normal?

0%

If a Gamow bag at 4,000 meters is inflated to a pressure of 0.15 atm above ambient pressure, the partial pressure of oxygen inside the bag is: At 4,000 meters the pressure is about 0.6

0.15 m

The frequency of albinism in an isolated Amish community is 0.01. Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what is the probability that an individual from this community is heterozygous for albinism?

0.18

For air at atmospheric pressure, the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon are 593 mmHg, 160mmHg, 7mmHg, respectively. The mole fraction of oxygen in the alveoli is most nearly:

0.21 mol

One gram of aspartame releases about 16 kilojoules of energy. That amount of energy you compress a spring with a spring constant of 128000 Newtons per meter by:

0.5 m

Number(s) of Electron Transfers for FAD/FADH₂

1 or 2 electron transfers

Beta Decay

1 proton increase

Cyclic Protecting Group

1,2 diol

The minimum detectable concentration of sucrose and water corresponds to a solution of approximately what concentration? (0.5 g sucrose per L solution)

1.5 mM

The average human's eardrum can be approximated to be half a sphere, 1 cm in diameter. If a sound wave is heard with I=10⁻¹⁰ W/m², how much energy is transferred to the eardrum every second? Intensity is measured in W/m²

1.57x10⁻¹⁴ J

A capacitor containing two flat, parallel plates separated by a vacuum is connected to a battery with a voltage V. While still connected to the battery, it's plates are pulled apart to a distance double the original one. By what factor does the energy density between the plates change? E=V/d

1/4

Although MRI relies on signals from hydrogen because of its abundance in the body, other elements can be imaged with MRI. Which of the following are most likely to be good candidates for MRI imaging? Between carbon and phosphorus isotopes

13C and 31P, must have odd atomic masses

Number(s) of Electron Transfers for NAD⁺/NADH

2 electron transfer

Alpha Decay

2 proton and neutron drop

Over what frequency range is the ear most sensitive?

2,000-4,000 Hz

A plutonium-238 (88 year half life) battery contains 10 grams of plutonium-238 when first created. After 22 years, approximately how much uranium-234 has formed?

2.5 g

Measurements of one Paramecium cell performing the barium dance show that it is moving to the left at 100 m/sbefore adding barium; five seconds after adding the barium, it is moving to the right at 200 m/s. The average acceleration of the cell is:

20

log(1000)

3 since 10³=1000

At standard conditions and assuming no internal resistance, the lithium battery described in the passage should provide a voltage of: Li++e- → Li Eo=-3.05 V I2+2e- → 2I- Eo=+0.54 V

3.05V+.54V=3.59 V

Sources A and B have a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the intensity of Source A is 1000 times greater than that of Source B, what is the difference in relative intensity levels of the two sources? (10xlog(Ia/Io)-10xlog(Ib/Io))

30 dB

Carbs and Proteins Breakdown Energy Yield

4 kcal/g

In an exhibition, the fastest recorder pitcher was playing against a batter 60 feet from the pitching mound. If the ball was thrown horizontally and took 0.4 seconds to reach the plate, what was its vertical velocity as it passed over home plate?

4 m/s

What is the Kb of the conjugate base of compound C? C pKa=8.6

4 x 10⁻⁶

Assume that the human arm has a mass of 4.5 kg in a baseball player, and that it is distributed half in the hand, and half in the shoulder. If the length from the shoulder to the hand is 0.8 m, the tension exerted by the arm as it reaches maximal velocity is most nearly: P2 says 24 revs/s at max velocity

40,000 N

Wavelength of Purple light

400-430 nm

Surface Area of a Sphere

4pir²

Wavelengths that yellow reflect

570-590 nm

Ethanol Breakdown Energy Yield

7 kcal/g

Based on information in the passage, how many molecules of NADH would be produced by the complete -Oxidation of stearic acid, which has 18 carbons, into acetyl-CoA? Ignore any further production of NADH by other metabolic pathways. Reaction 2:Cn-CoA+CoA+FAD+NAD+H2O→ Cn-2-CoA+acetyl-CoA+FADH2+NADH+H

8

Lipid Breakdown Energy Yield

9 kcal/g

Sr decays by emitting an alpha particle to form a stable isotope of krypton, Kr. If after 19 hours 75% of the sample has decayed, what is the half life of the reaction?

9.5 hours

A pregnant woman with PKU monitors her phenylalanine levels closely. What is the most likely rationale for this precaution?

A high level of phenylalanine in utero is dangerous to the fetus regardless of the fetus' phenotype

Cholecystectomy is surgical removal of the gallbladder. Which of the following people is most likely to have had a cholecystectomy?

A person whose stool contains large amounts of fat

Based on information in the passage, which of these possible vectors would most possibly be investigated as a treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A vector that inserts a promoter to promote the transcription of DNA corresponding to the AON sequence

Malonyl-CoA is produced from acetyl-CoA through the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The byproducts of this reaction are:

ADP+Pi

A culture of red blood cells is grown on a nutrient medium containing dinitrophenol, which is a poison that blocks the electron transport chain. Under these conditions:

ATP production does not change because red blood cells do not have mitochondrias

Glucagon synthesis is inhibited by insulin in a paracrine fashion. Diabetic patients, who do not produce insulin, can experience a response similar to that found in starvation, known as ketoacidsosis. Which of the following experimental findings would be expected in a patient with this type of diabetes?

Administration of glucose only leads to a slight decrease in glucagon secretion

Which of following is most closely linked to albinism?

An amino acid processing deficiency

Which statement about the hydrophobic nature of surfactant is true?

Both proteins and phospholipids can contribute to hydrophobicity

What is the rate law for Reaction 1? 2NO(g)+O2(g) → 2NO2 (g)

Cannot be determined without information of number of steps it takes

Charcoal, graphite, and diamond are all allotropes of carbon. Diamond is an excellent insulate while graphite exhibits conductive properties. Which of the following provides the most likely explanation for these observations?

Carbon atoms in graphite are arranged in fused aromatic rings, while those in diamond are arranged in a tetrahedral lattice

Starch, the most common carbohydrate in human diets, is hydrolyzed into sugars by enzymes known as amylases. Recent studies have shown that certain individuals possess and express several different copies of the AMY1 gene. This most strongly suggests:

Codominance

The student concludes from her observations that compound A is a tertiary alcohol and compound D is a primary alcohol. Which additional piece of information supports her conclusions?

Compound D is a better reducing agent than compound A

Bat bones are more similar to human bones than they are to bird bones. One similarity between bat bones and human bones is that both can:

Contain bone marrow involved in blood production

Way to make Gene Inactive

DNA methylation

S phase

DNA replication

Closed vs Open Mitosis

DNA replication with and without the nuclear envelope, respectively

Possible Components of Virus

DNA, RNA, and proteins

Alchohol+Carboxylic Acid→

Ester

Deacylation Reaction Synonym

Ester hydrolysis

Which experimental approach would be the most reasonable way for a scientist to separate the reactants and products from the luminol reaction and verify this separation?

Extraction and IR spectroscopy

Magnetic Force Equation

F=qvB

FAD/FADH₂ must be tightly bound to enzymes, while NAD+/NADH do not need to be. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this difference?

FAD/FADH₂ can exist as a semiquinone

Based on information in the passage, which of the following mechanisms would most likely explain how ethylene crosses plant cell membranes to trigger fruit ripening?(ethylene is a gas that has a higher extracellular concentration than intracellular)

Facilitated diffusion

Tertiary alcohol can be oxidized (T/F)?

False

Which of the following sequences of events best illustrates the transition from healthy skin to scar tissue in herpes zoster?

Fluid accumulation between layers of epidermis, tissue dehydration, epithelial growth in collagen and infiltration

Metabolite of Methanol that inhibits ETC

Formic acid

Beta-peptides are made up of amino acids, which have their amino group bonded to the carbon rather than the carbon. Which of the following must be true of amino acids and peptides?

Glycine is the only amino acid that does not exist as a beta amino acid

Which of the following elements would be the best to use for the plates of a defibrillator?

Gold because it shows most metallic character

A student proposed that the failure of the muscle cell to survive after differentiation in the absence of IGF was due to a deficiency in energy stores for direct phosphorylation. Which of the following methods could best test this hypothesis?

Grow cells that fail to survive in media containing creatine phosphate and assess for survival, compare this to cells that fail to survive in unsupplemented media

Suppose the DNA was extracted after the first round of replication, but was then melted before being run through the centrifuge. What results should be expected when comparing it to the heavy and light DNA strands?

Half of the resulting molecules would have a similar density as heavy DNA and half would have a similar density as light DNA

Many crustaceans produce a blue or green carotene-protein complex. What is the most likely cause of the color change from green to orange when a lobster is boiled?

Heat denatures the protein, separating it from the carotenoid pigment

Respiratory acidosis occurs due to hypoventilation that can be caused by asthma, emphysema, bronchitis or pneumonia. Which of the following underlies the respiratory acidosis?

Higher [CO2] in the blood causes [H+] and [H2CO3] to increase

A student wishes to determine the tertiary structure of eukaryotic topoisomerase by completely denaturing it with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH). What is the flaw in the experimental design?

Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions contribute to tertiary structure

In humans, advanced aging mimics many symptoms of mitochondrial dysfunction. This provides support for:

Hypothesis 2, because the impact of aging on cells is mediated by an accumulation of damage over time.

A student proposed that lowering the blood pH would be an effective mechanism for treating gout. Which of the following best matches his reasoning, involving hypoxanthine oxidase and urate?

Hypoxanthine oxidase would be less efficient and urate would be more soluble

Excess reactant is used in the Fischer esterification synthesis of isoamyl acetate (reaction 1) in order to shift the equilibrium to product. Which of the following procedures could also drive the reaction to the formation of isoamyl acetate? I. Distillation to remove water as it foams II. Extraction with aqueous base III. Use of a dehydrating agent to remove water

I and III

A chromatogram like the one below shows the result of separation of the components of a mixture by chromatography. In a chromatogram, the resolution, R, between the two chromatographic peaks corresponding to substances 1 and 2 depends on retention time tR which is the time between the sample's injection and the maximum response for the solution peak, and on baseline width, w, of each peak. If R is improved by increasing tR and or decreasing w than which of the following equations most likely describes the relationship between R, tR, and w?

If increasing tR increases R, then any terms including tR should be in the numerator. If decreasing, w, increases R, then any terms including w should be in the denominator.

A researcher has identified a particular reaction that requires a biological catalyst, and wishes to know whether it is catalyzed by an enzyme or a ribozyme. Which of the following is an acceptable hypothesis that she could make?

If the catalyst is susceptible to cleavage by phosphodiesterases, it must be a ribozyme

What could account for the difference in capacitance per area between myelinated axon and unmyelinated axon?

In unmyelinated axons, the lipid bilayer is thinner

Unsaturated Fatty Acids Increase or Decrease Fluidity?

Increase fluidity

As bradykinin is released from the neonatal lungs, the decrease in cross sectional area of the ductus arteriosus:

Increases resistance, and so blood flow decreases through the ductus arteriosus

Relationship between capacitance and distance between plates in a capacitor

Inverse

Which of the following statements is true of acetone?

It exists as a pair of tautomers, of which the keto form predominates

Watts in Units

J/s

Phosphoric acid is an important buffer in intracellular fluid. It is a triprotic weak acid and has three pKa values (pKa1=2, pKa2=6.8, and pKa3=12), one for each of the three dissociations (shown below). Which of the following is NOT true about the physiological activity of phosphoric acid? H3PO4⇌H+H2PO4⇌H+HPO4⇌PO4+H

Ka2=[H2PO4][H]/[HPO4]

Based on the two stereoisomers (L and D) of alanine shown below, which of the following is true about alanine?

L-alanine could be called (S)-alanine

Vacant spaces in bone tissues that were formerly occupied by osteocytes are called:

Lacunae

Location of Plant Pigment Molecules

Leaves

Another name for an Electron Donor

Lewis base

Huntington's disease primarily affects the central nervous system. Which of the following structures would be least impacted?

Meissner's corpuscles bc they're apart of PNS

Which of the following would be expected in methanol poisoning?

Metabolic acidosis

NMR Splitting Patterns equation

N+1

The researcher concludes from his experiment that the only reason lead is an excellent shielding material for X-Rays is because it has a high atomic weight. Is the researcher's conclusion correct?

No because gold is better at shielding because of higher absorption coefficient and density

A point mutation occurs, changing the sequence 5'-AUGAUCUGUUGCUGAUAG-3' to 5'-AUGAUCUGCUGCUGAUAG-3'. What is the likely effect on the subsequent polypeptide?

No effect

Suppose a mitochondrial disorder produces a non-functional mitochondrial tRNA for lysine. Would mitochondrial protein synthesis be expected to continue normally?

No, the mitochondrion will not be able to produce proteins

If the athlete normally has a greater cardiac output than the non-athlete, which of the following would most likely occur during strenuous exercise?

Non-athlete has higher lactic acid in muscle than athlete

Which of the following will affect the frequency of sound waves traveling through air, as measured by a detector?

Only the speed of the source of the sound

Which of the following is the best explanation for how organizer cells can still function even after they have been killed?

Organizer cells act as a contaminant area for signaling molecules that are released as the cell breaks down

Formation of Peptide Bonds

Peptide bonds form by the nucleophilic attack of the amino group of an amino acid on the carboxyl group of another.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acid, such as phosphatidylinositol, are found in the myelin sheath that surrounds the myelin sheath that surrounds neurons. Such components are likely incorporated because they are:

Poor conductors, which help myelin speed up action potential transmission

Purpose of Lysosome

Protein degradation and recycling

Heat capacity equation

Q/∆T

Flow rate equation

Q=∆Ppir⁴/8uL

Order lowest to highest frequency of colors in visible light

ROYGBIV

Which of the following best accounts for the visible colonies on Plate I?

Random mutations resulted in Salmonella cells that regained the ability to synthesize histidine

If the elastic component of the models were removed, which of the following would be true of the viscous component?

Rate of flow would be proportional to the pressure difference between adjacent locations until flow became turbulent

A chemist wishing to activate a carboxyl group could effectively do so by:

Reacting it with SOCl₂

The Kyte-Doolittle plot shows the hydrophobicity of primary structure of a protein from beginning to end where higher values mean more hydrophobic. Given the Kyte-Doolittle plot below, what could regions above the horizontal line represent?

Regions where transmembrane proteins transverse the membrane

Nucleolus Purpose

Ribosome synthesis

Most Beta-lactam antibiotics are bicyclic; that is, they consist of a beta-lactam ring fused to a saturated or unsaturated, five or six membered ring such that the two rings share a carbon and nitrogen. Beta-lactam antibiotics are particularly reactive because:

Ring strain is increased with the fusion of the nitrogen and second ring

Scientists are studying a biochemical reaction in an awful strain of bacteria, and I'm serve the following two reactions, which may or may not be coupled: reaction 1: A+e- → B has Eo=+0.100 V Reaction 2: B → C has K=0.01 These two reactions together will have the most negative Gibbs free energy change if:

Run reaction 1 forwards and reaction 2 backwards

Three ways Heat leaves the body

Sweat evaporation is the result of heat convection. All objects above absolute zero emit radiation. Skin causes a change in temperature of the air and sweat as a result of direct contact, conduction.

The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be influenced by which of the following?

Temperature, pH, and salinity

A cell biologist attempting to stimulate the electron transport chain supplements his cell culture with NADP⁺. Which of the following statements best explains his results?

The NADP⁺ stimulates the pentose phosphate pathway, the experimenter should have used NADH

Two identical balloons of negligible mass are tethered at altitudes of 2000 meters and 2600 meters, respectively. The balloons are filled with helium gas to equal volumes. Which of the following statements is true concerning the buoyant force acting on each balloon?

The buoyant force on the balloon at 2000 meters will be greater because lower altitude's air is denser

Reaction 2 shows the synthesis of isoamyl acetate by reaction of acetyl chloride with isopentyl alcohol. This reaction proceeds without adding excess reactants and requires no acid catalyst because:

The carbonyl carbon of acetyl chloride is more electrophilic than the carbonyl carbon of acetic acid

A heater is used to calibrate a constant-volume calorimeter. After operating the heater inside the bomb, which of the following physical quantities must be determined? (Note: the bomb and water surrounding it remain in thermal equilibrium)

The change in temperature of the water, the power of the heater, and the total time the heater was operated

Some unicellular eukaryotes undergo closed mitosis in which daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus which then divides in two. The fundamental difference between open and closed mitosis is:

The degradation and reformation of the nuclear envelope in open mitosis

Carl and Gerty Cori attempted to isolate glycogen phosphorylase a from muscle cell extract in the 1930s. They were successful in isolating the enzyme with paper filtration but centrifugation primarily yielded the inactive form. Which of the following is a likely for this observation?

The filter paper contained calcium, which activated phosphorylase b kinase

A new study reports the discovery of a novel phospholipase that cleaves only saturated fatty acid Tails from phospholipids and replaces them with unsaturated fatty acid Tails. Which of the following effects of the novel phospholipase would be observed?

The fluidity of a cellular lipid bilayer is increased

For the general reaction of an acid with water, HA+H2O⇌ A⁻+H3O⁺, an equilibrium constant of K=0.05 means that:

The majority of acid molecules remain undissociated at equilibrium, meaning more reactants than products

Which of the following best explains the skin pattern observed in shingles outbreaks?

The outbreak begins in a single nerve, and affects the skin innervated by that nerve.

A mutation in a cell occurs such that all post-transcriptional processing of mRNA primary transcripts is impaired. Which of the following is expected to occur as a result?

The primary transcript will be vulnerable to enzymes that degrade mRNA from the 3' end

Hyperopia is a condition characterized by an ability to see distant objects clearly, while close objects do not come into proper focus. Humans underwater experience a form of hyperopia. What best accounts for this?

The refractive indices of water and the eye's media are too similar, meaning the light is close to parallel making it difficult to bend

Difference in sodium ion concentrations across the membrane are a major determinant of membrane potential. Which of the following are likely values for the first and second ionization energies, respectively, of sodium?

The second ionization energy of sodium is likely to be much much larger than the first ionization energy, since the second electron is removed from a full subshell.

Why is aqueous sodium bicarbonate used to extract the reaction mixture?

The sodium bicarbonate deprotonate the excess acetic acid, thereby removing it to the aqueous layer and separating it from the product

When the foramen ovale fails to close, it can be diagnosed using an echocardiogram. During the sonogram, sound waves enter the body and are partially reflected at the interface between different materials. How does the speed of the sound wave change for different tissues?

The sound wave will travel faster in the muscle than it does in blood

A researcher probes a mixture of RNA isolated from a muscle cell's nucleus with a 32P-labelled single-stranded DNA molecule, yielding hybrid molecules. Which of the following is an acceptable hypothesis that the researcher could make?

The strands can be separated by heat

Which of the following hormones has the greatest direct effect on mitochondria?

Thyroid hormone

It can be inferred from the experiments in the passage that the development of the cap in Acetabularia is regulated by which of the following mechanisms?

Translational regulation because mRNA in the cytoplasm lies dormant for several weeks before cap formation occurs

A student is presented with a triacylglycerol that has three identical fatty acid tails, and conducts a series of experiments to determine whether the fatty acids tails are saturated or unsaturated. The student can reasonably conclude that the fatty acid tails are:

Unsaturated, because when the triacylglycerol is partially reacted with H2 and Pd/C, trans fats are observed

Both immediately before and during exercise, there is increased sympathetic activity. As revealed by the slopes of the line in Figure 1, there is a rise in both systolic and diastolic pressure during exercise. Which of the following best accounts for this observation?

Vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels but not in active muscle

Based on the Venturi effect, if a kidney stone is partially blocking one ureter, how are the velocity and hydrostatic pressure of urine affected as it passes through the point of the blockage?

Velocity increases and hydrostatic pressure decreases

Unit of Power

Watts=1 J/s

If a trait is expressed in the children of two unaffected parents, and there is a preponderance of affected male children, then the trait is exhibiting which type of inheritance?

X-linked recessive

Phenylalanine competes competitively with other large, neutral amino acids (LNAAs) for transport across the blood brain barrier. Would administration of methionine, isoleucine, leucine, and tryptophan and tyrosine to an individual affected with PKU be expected to reduce the severity of PKU symptoms?

Yes, because the concentration of Phe would be decreased

Is it possible for methanol to react with phenylalanine to form the methyl ester in the absence of acid?

Yes, but more slowly because the acid plays a catalytic role

A student attempts to synthesize isoamyl acetate according to reaction one, but forgets to drive a solution over and hydrous sodium sulfate. She checks her product by infrared spectroscopy. Is it likely that the student obtain the desired product? 1735 cm-1 (sharp intense), 2900 cm-1 (sharp, intense), 3400 cm-1 (broad, medium intensity), several peaks in the fingerprint region

Yes, but the isoamyl acetate is contaminated with water

What ion does not participate in redox reactions?

Zn²⁺

Menstruation Occurs When:

[FSH] is high and [LH] is low

Ovulation Occurs When:

[LH] is high

What is beta-hydroxy ketone?

a carbon between the carbonyl and hydroxyl group (beta)

The vagus nerve increases the activity of the stomach by releasing:

acetylcholine

The vaccines to prevent chickenpox and shingles act through:

active immunity by B lymphocytes

Growth Hormone

acts to increase protein synthesis and overall cellular function

When does organ system mature?

after birth

Which of the following most likely explains the non-linear shape of the curve in Figure 1?

air is compressible, which changes their densities at different altitudes (pressures)

Gap Junctions

allow transport between cells but are leakier than tight junctions

Components of Secondary Structure

alpha helices and beta sheets

Major component of Microtubules

alpha tubulin

A researcher incubates a mixture of glycogen phosphorylase and cellulose. After several hours, she cannot detect any glucose in the mixture. This suggests that glycogen phosphorylase activity is specific for this kind of glycosidic bond:

alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

When combined with hydrazoic acid (HN3) in solution, arachidonic acid (C20H32O2) produces nitrogen gas an as intermediate. Decarboxylation of the intermediate gives:

amine

Which of the following CANNOT be the rate law for the production of AA metabolites? the conversion of phospholipids to arachidonic acid is the rate determining step.

anything without phospholipase and phospholipid

In capillary electrophoresis, which is a technique that can be used to separate biomolecules, a solute's velocity, vtot, is given by dividing the distance that it travels, d, by the elapsed time tm. Also, vtot, is equal to (ep+eof)E, where epis the electrophoretic mobility, eof is the electroosmotic mobility, and E is the electric field. The magnitude of the electric field is equal to the applied potential, V, divided by the length of the capillary tube, L. According to these equations, a solute's migration time can be decreased by:

applying a higher voltage and using a shorter capillary tube

Law of Laplace

as radius decreases, the pressure to counter surface tension increases

In vivo, after an E. coli cell undergoes DNA replication, it is most common for the new copy of DNA to be:

attached to a new part of the cell membrane during binary fission

The isoelectric point of an amino acid with an acidic side chain is calculated by averaging the pKa values for:

average the pKa values of the main chain carboxyl group and acidic side chain

Action Potential Originates in

axon hillock (unmyelinated)

Which of following best characterizes the amino acid that the mutants began synthesizing? Histidine

basic and heterocyclic

G₁ Phase

basic organelle production

When does closure of the foramen ovale?

birth

Hollow balls of cells

blastula

Beta thalassemia is caused by a nonsense mutation in the gene for the beta subunit of hemoglobin. Cells expressing this mutation are formed primarily in:

bone marrow

Purpose of Hydroxylase

breaks C-C bond and adds OH group

Purpose of Nodes of Ranvier

breaks in myelin that allow for saltatory conduction of action potentials

Hybrid Vigor

breeding of two different species that are infertile

TMV uses cellular resources to replicate with the initial cellular loss of pigment molecules. These pigment molecules are most likely involved in:

carbohydrate anabolism in order to make the energy to make carbohydrates

Identifying of sp² Hybridized Carbons in large molecule

carbons involved in double bond

Heterozygote Advantage

carrier of a dangerous condition has a survival advantage

Three organelles with significant amounts of lipids

cell membrane, nuclear envelope, and endoplasmic reticulum

Purpose of T lymphocytes

cell-mediated immunity

G₂ Phase

complex organelle production

Purpose of Collecting Duct and Distal Tubule

concentration of urine before excretion

Tissue that produces elastic matrix

connective tissue

Isochoric (Constant-Volume) Process

constant volume, but pressure change (ex. spray can in a fire)

Haversian Canals

contain capillaries and nerves, and osteocytes often form concentric circles around them

Purpose of Nonmotile Cilia

cough reflex

Which of these studies could most easily be used to demonstrate that two animal species with analogous traits could NOT produce fertile offspring?

counting the number of chromosomes that each species possesses

Purpose of B lymphocytes

create antibodies, proliferate, and by forming memory B cells

Energy molecule used for direct phosphorylation in muscles

creatine phosphate

Neurotransmitter transmission is mediated by

cytoskeleton

Norepinephrine causes constriction of blood vessels. If a certain blood vessel is constricted to half of its diameter yet maintains the same pressure gradient, according to Poiseuille's Law, the volumetric flow rate is expected to:

decrease by a factor of 16

Long one sided affected skin

dermatomes

Disproportionation

describes a reaction where a species is simultaneously oxidized and reduced.

Relationship between Pressure Difference and Flow

direct

Relationship between rate of diffusion and body temperature

direct

Under constant pressure, relationship between volume and temperature

direct

Lactose Mono or Di-saccharide

disaccharide

Sucrose Mono or Di-Saccharide

disaccharide C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

Tertiary Structure Makeup

disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and/or hydrophobic interactions.

The binding of the anti-AChR antibody to the acetylcholine receptor is most likely to be irreversible if it is mediated by:

disulfide bridges

Tight Junctions

does not allow passage of materials extracellularly

OCH₃ Electron Donating or Withdrawing?

donating

Central Nervous System Embryonically made from:

ectoderm

In contrast to all other forms of albinism, individuals with Black Locks-Albinism-Deafness Syndrome (BADS) lack melanocytes in their skin and hair. The defect can be traced back to embryological development. BADS is most likely a result of defect in cells derived from which germ layer?

ectoderm

SDS, a detergent that denatures proteins, is normally required when using which of the following techniques for analysis of proteins? electrophoresis and/or isoelectric focusing

electrophoresis but not isoelectric focusing

Genetic Drift

eliminates minor gene variants

Most of the lipids found in the two leaflets of the cell membrane of eukaryotes are synthesized in the:

endoplasmic reticulum

After lysing the cells, which of the following techniques would be most useful for isolating ETR2?

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Eukaryote and Prokaryote Difference

eukaryotes have a nucleus and prokaryotes do not

Purpose of Loop of Henle

exchange with Vasa Recta and solute concentrations in urine

Characteristics and Examples of Long Bones

feet, arms, legs, and hands. Contain yellow bone marrow, low blood cell production. Used for movement.

Which of the following would most likely limit the rate of electron flow through the electron transport chain?

formation of proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Hemidesmosomes

found in the skin

Individuals I-1 and I-2, along with the married couple II-5 and II-6, decide to move to a deserted island and start a community that would likely have a higher frequency of individuals who either have the disorder or carry the allele for the disorder than most other areas of the world. This is an example of:

founder effect

During periods of starvation the average human can generate glucose from:

glycogen, glycerol, and amino acids

Which of the following structures would most likely be deformed in the child of a mother who took thalidomide during pregnancy?

hand bones

Physicians recommend drinking more water when one is at risk for kidney stone formation. This measure prevents all categories of stones because it increases urine volume while:

having no effect on the number of moles of all solutes in the kidney

Gamma Decay

high energy photon emission

Polymorphism

high genetic variation in the same population of species

Cells that export glucose also have

high glucose consumption

Hypoventillation leads to

higher carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion, and carbonic acid

Polygenetic inheritance

homozygous genotype at primary gene locus that unmask alleles at a secondary gene locus

Capillaries Purpose

host gas exchange

In a neutral solution, a region of a protein has a solvation shell with the hydrogen of water directed towards the protein. What kind of amino acids would most likely the predominate in the segment?

hydrophilic amino acids with a negative charge

Composition of Micelles

hydrophilic outside and hydrophobic core

Goiter

increase in mass of the thyroid

Relationship between pKa and Ka

indirect

In the patellar reflex that causes the quadriceps to contract, and inhibitory interneurons is activated. That inhibitory interneurons most likely:

inhibits the contraction of the muscle that opposes the quadricep contraction

What are the primary differences between the plant immunity to TMV described in the passage and that of vaccination? (Plant immunity is innate/adaptive, active/dormant infection prevents future infection, while vaccines produce adaptive/innate memory cells in the absence of infection)

innate, active, adaptive

Depolarization

inside axon is positive, Na⁺ goes inside

Equation for Power

intensityxarea or energy/time

Laminar Flow-Relationship between Fluid Velocity and Cross Sectional Area

inverse

Relationship between Current and Resistance

inverse

Relationship between enthalpy sign and value of temperature to favor forward reaction

inverse

Relationship between urine output and urine osmolarity

inverse

Southern Blotting

isolate DNA

Northern Blotting

isolate RNA

ELISA Purpose

isolate specific protein

NAD Structure Held Together By

joined by phosphate bonds

Assuming a patient has MS plaques limited to the brain, which of the following function is most likely NOT affected?

knee jerk reflex

Purpose of a G8 probe in a Southern Blot

label RFLPs associated with disease

Stenosis is a condition in which the leaves of a heart valve adhere to each other. A patient diagnosed with stenosis of the mitral valve would experience the greatest increase in blood pressure in his:

left atrium

At constant pressure, the ratio between the volume expansion of a mole of gas with a high Cp to that of a mole of gas with a low Cp for a given heat input will be:

less than 1

One of concerns with MS patients is increased diffusion of electrolytes down their neural concentration gradients. Which of the following would minimize this diffusion?

lower body temperature

Golgi Apparatus Function with Proteins

maturation and modification

How to measure resistance?

measure current using a known voltage

Blood Embryonically made from:

mesoderm

M Phase

mitosis and cytokinesis

If the regulatory mechanisms for the pyloric sphincter are damaged so that it allows the passage of a greater than normal amount of chyme, which of the following effects is anticipated

more acidic chyme decreases lipid digestion by lowering enzyme activity

K>>1

more products than reactants

K<<1

more reactants than products

Solid balls of cells

morulas

Flippases Purpose

move lipids between leaflets

Purpose of Respiratory Cilia

moving mucus and trapped particles from the lungs and upper respiratory tract to the pharynx for disposal by swallowing

Tissue that produces contractility and excitability

muscle tissue and some neural tissue

Which of these proteins acts primarily as a protein motor, but also has secondary activity as an ATPase?

myosin

Damage to developing mesoderm in an embryo will lead to malformations in all of the following EXCEPT:

nervous system axons

Isothermal Process

no change in temperature so no work can be done

Adiabatic Process

no exchange of heat or matter, but work is done on the surroundings

Is Air Polar or Nonpolar?

nonpolar

Acetone: Protic or nonprotic

nonprotic

Another method to separate different DNA molecules is to use gel electrophoresis. Applying this separation method to the Meselson-Stahl experiment would:

not work because gel electrophoresis separates based on size not density

Components of a Virus

nucleic acid and protein, lipoprotein, glycoprotein, capsid

When RPE cells transfer lipids to rods and cones, those lipids are LEAST likely to be incorporated into the:

nucleolus

Organelle that Assembles Ribosomes

nucleus

Unfertilized eggs

oocytes

Thalidomide exerts its effect during the first trimester of human pregnancy. It is during this period that:

organ systems appear

Process that makes bones

osteoblast

Responsible for bone breakdown

osteoclast

Humans are typically classified as a K-selected species. Which of the following is a hypothalamic hormone that promotes behavior characteristic of a K- selected species?

oxytocin

Which of the following statements about ozone is correct?

ozone has a permanent dipole moment because of resonance

Hardy-Weinberg Equations

p+q=1,p²+2pq+q²=1, p is dominant and q is recessive, squared is homozygous

Equation to find pH

pH=-log[H]

Location of Production for Trypsinogen

pancreas

Location of Production for Amylase

pancreas and salivary glands

The nucleoli in the alpha cells will be the largest in a patient with and why:

pancreatic cancer because the nucleolus is used to make rRNA and cancer has a large amount of replication, there will be more ribosomes in the nucleoli, making it larger

Oxygen paramagnetic or diamagnetic and why?

paramagnetic because of two unpaired electrons

Paramagnetic vs. Diamagnetic

paramagnetic has unpaired electrons and diamagnetic has paired electrons

Dalton's Law Equation

partial pressure=XoxygenPtotal

Pathway that NADP⁺ and NADPH are involved in

pentose phosphate pathway

Purpose of ADH and Location of Synthesis

produced in the hypothalamus, and used to increase water permeability in nephron, so water reabsorption is increased

Hairpin Loop and Lariat Advantage

protects RNA, especially single stranded, from degradation

An experimental sunscreen has much greater absorption across the spectrum than zinc oxide, a common sunscreen ingredient. Yet, zinc oxide is more effective than the experimental sunscreen at preventing sunburn. This is best explained by the ability of zinc oxide to:

reflect light

Repolarization

regain of positive inside axon, K⁺ goes outward

Phosphatase Purpose

remove phosphate groups

A concern in patients undergoing dialysis treatment is a buildup of aluminum in the blood because of the reduced blood pH. Aluminum most likely exerts its detrimental effects on the body by:

replacing other metal ions in enzyme cofactors and substrates

Enzyme that HIV has with it

reverse transcriptase

Which has phosphodiester bonds, ribozymes or enzymes?

ribozymes because they're RNA

Location of Plant Water Uptake Regulation

roots

The loss of myelin around axons will prevent:

saltatory conduction

Fatty Acids that Increase Cell Membrane Rigidity

saturated fatty acids

Purpose of Proximal Collecting Tubule

secretion of non-ionic substances and reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and proteins

What strategy might the TMV viral RNA use to evade host degradation? The viral RNA: (Passage states TMV is ssRNA)

self binding forming a hairpin loop or lariat

Heteroplasmy is best explained by:

self replication of mitochondria

After one round of replication in the Meselson-Stahl experiment, all DNA had an intermediate density. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this result?

semiconservative and dispersive are viable models

Centrifugation

separates by molecular mass

What amino acid would be formed by oxidation of the aldehyde group of glyceraldehyde followed by substitution of the non-terminal hydroxyl group with an amino functionality?

serine

Venturi Effect

velocity will increase (to maintain continuity) and hydrostatic pressure will decrease (to conserve mechanical energy)

Nitrate Solubility?

very soluble

What is the other reactant used in the acid catalyzed deacylation of aspirin shown in Reaction One?

water

Way to raise Blood Pressure and Volume

water reabsorption in kidneys

Cesium lies close to the barium on the periodic table, and the two elements have some similar functions and properties. One of these similarities is how they respond to magnets. Cesium, which follows the predictable trends of diamagnetism and paramagnetism:

will respond to a magnetic field because its paramagnetic

Newly fertilized egg

zygote

Standard Conditions Gibbs Free Energy Equation

∆G⁰=-RTlnK

∆G⁰ equation relating equilibrium constant

∆G⁰=-RTlnKeq

∆G⁰ equation relating reduction potential

∆G⁰=⁻nFE⁰

Carbonic acid is a physiological buffer. The pKa/oCfor carbonic acid has been calculated as -0.009. Based on this information, which of the following is always true in the dissociation of carbonic acid?

∆H>0