CHES
internal consultant
at work within the agency, informally advising
types of evaluation models
attainment, decison-making, goal-free, naturalistic, systematic analysis and utlization-focused
types of reliability
internal consistency- intercorrelations among items within an instrument test-retest: considers evidence of stability over time rater- considers differences among scorers of items and controls for variation due to error introduced by rater perceptions
training needs
intervention characteristics/requirements, skills, knowledge, and experience of selected training participants, and the setting for the training.
societal level
effective health communications can influence norms policies laws and environments
grassroots
efforts originate from individuals within a community rather originating with health agencies
factors that hinder implementation
lack of community support, agency administration support, or funding, lack of time, lack of funding, lack of coordination of resources
transformational leader approach
leaders ask followers to place their own interest second to the good of the group
goal-free evaluation model
not based on goals, evaluator searches for all outcomes including unintended positive and negative side effect
phasing in
offers the program in increments rather than all at once (phased by limiting number of participants, locations, or interventions offered(
Medline
bibliographic database = Pubmed
networking
exchanging information for mutual benefits
learning objective
short-term changes in knowledge, attitude and practives
tertiary data source
publications such as encyclopedias or other compendia that sum up secondary and primary sources
objectives
"Who will do How Much of What by When" describe in measurable terms the changes in behavior attitude knowledge skills or health status that will occur as a result of the program (small specific steps that enable the goal to be met)
theories
"set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables, in order to explain & predict events or situations" -abstract in nature they provide a guide as to what to expect about human nature -helps specialist measure change
identify factors that enhance or compromise health
(B.E.L.P.) -biological (genetics) -environmental (food air water) -lifestyle (diet & sexual behaviors) -psychosocial (poverty, stress, personality, cultural factors)
scientific research question
-carefully aligned with the the purpose of the investigation. -"clearly and unambiguously, a scientific research question implies possibilities of empirical testing." -solutions to these questions will contribute to the body of organized knowledge and contribute to new problems and further research
evaluate the effectiveness of expert consultation
1) identify eval questions 2) assessment of achievement of questions 3) dissemination of findings
national task force developed
1978, NTFPPHE-> NCHEC in 1988
analyze assessment findings
1. analyze data, primary, 2ndary 2. compare data to state, local, national, or historical 3. consider the social, cultural & political environment 4. set priorities-asess size of problem, effectiveness of interventions, resources, acceptability, appropriateness
factors that influence health behavior
1. behavioral (lifestyle) of an individual, group or community 2. environmental-determinants outside the individual that can be modified to support behavior, health or quality of life. 3. individual- educational, social, cultural characteristics of the individual (knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions related to health)
1.1 identify existing and needed resources to conduct needs assessment
1. determine the scope of work and purpose 2.gather date 3. analyze data. 4. identify factors linked to health problems 5. identify focus for the program 6. validate the need before continuing planning
CDC 6 steps Framework for evaluation
1. engage stakeholder 2. describe the program 3. focus the evaluation design 4.gather credible evidence 5. justify conclusions 6. ensure use and share lessons learned
5 phases of implementation
1. engagement of individual or organizations that make a decision to adopt an intervention or a program 2. specify tasks and estimate resources 3. establish a system for programming management 4. put plans into action (piloting, phasing-in, total implementation 5. ending or sustaining a program intervention
stages of team development and leadership action
1. forming (establishing a team) 2. storming (experience conflict) 3. norming (reach agreement) 4. performing (able to start accomplishing tasks) 5. Adjourning (final stage)
assets-based assessment to see if the community has the capacity to solve health problems
1. identify community resources 2. create or strengthen relationship between community members & orgs 3. mobilize the community around its strengths/resources 4. rally the community to develop a healthy vision of future 5. introduce outside resources to fill gaps
steps in designing/completing a survey
1. plan survey, 2. design survey, 3. collect data, 4. plan data analysis, 5. draw the sample, 6. construct the questionnaire, 7. pre-test questionnaire, 8. revise questionnaire, 9. administer survey, 10. prepare the data, 11. verifying (test for accuracy), 12. enter data, 13.tabulating (frequency count for #of answers in each category, 14. analyzing, 15. recording and reporting
Types of evaluation questions
1. process- help understand internal/external forces 2. output/short-term- help understand products or associated services relate to or effect changes in behavior, attitude, knowledge, skills 3.long term-show changes in risk factors, morbidity, & mortality and links between activities, products and services rendered 4. well developed- guide for selecting appropriate data sources
precede model
1. social assessment-define quality of life of priority pop 2. epidemiological assessment- identify health problems behavior (individual) vs external (environment) 3. educational and ecological assessment- determine predisposing (current knowledge), enabling( make change possible) and reinforcing factors (feedback and encouragement).
program planning components
1. understand/engage priority pop 2. conduct needs assessment 3. develop goals and objectives 4. create an intervention 5. implement the intervention 6.conduct program evaluation
learning principles
1. use several senses 2. actively involve participant 3. provide and appropriate learning environment 4. asses learner readiness 5. establish the relevance of the information 6. use repetition 7. strive for a pleasant learning experience 8. start with known and move toward unknown 9. generalize the information 10. appropriately pace delivery of the information
Standards for effective evaluation
1. utility- serve the information needs of intended users 2. feasibility-realistic, frugal, diplomatic, prudent 3. propriety- behave legally, ethically 4. accuracy- reveal and convey technically accurate information
steps in qualitative data analysis
1.data reduction 2.data display 3. conclusion drawing and verification its cyclical and iterative process with many rounds of investigating evidence, modifying, hypotheses, and revisiting the data from a new light
logic models
1.depicts programmatic milestones in a flowchart that leads to program results. (ie. inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impact) 2.measures program effectiveness (success in achieving outcomes) and efficiency (success in using resources, human & financial) 3.the flowchart template in the model helps determine by showing successes and failures of a program
what % of reviewed laws provided research for evidence supporting legislation
6.5% out of 100 public laws
HEJA
2010 health educator job analysis project results released (2008-2009)
health educator models overall
223 sub-competencies 39 with 7 major areas of responsibility 61 advanced level competencies
proceed model
4. administrative and policy- determine resources 5. implementation- select programs 6. process evaluation- document program feasibility 7. impact evaluation- assess effect of an intervention 8. outcome eval-determine if longterm program goals met
Evidence based prevention websites
National Cancer Institutes Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions SAMSHA's guide to evidence based practices
types of economic analysis
CA (Cost analysis) CEA (cost effectiveness analysis) CUA (cost utility analysis) CBA (cost benefit analysis)
WHO
Geneva Switzerland most recognized international health organization, provides a variety of health information and data
Electronic Mailing Lists
HEDIR -health education specialist HealthProm= health promotion
Methods for Creating time lines
PERT- Program Evaluation and Review Technique CPM- Critical Path Method these methods create an illustration to help schedule and depict a project timeline and or project management plan
educators can use literacy methods like
SMOG (Simple Measure of Gobbledygook) Fry Readability formula, or Flesch-kincaid readability tests to evaluate the reading level of a material.
situational analysis tools
SWOT (Strength Weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) VMOSA (Vision Mission Objectives, Strategies and Action Plans) are two situational analysis tools that may be used to identify the internal and external variables that contribute to or impede the organizations ability to fulfill its vision, mission and objectives)
leading government agencies
US Dept. health & human services CDC NIH GPO- Government Printing office Unites States Governments Website
New communication technologies
Web 2.0. text message or short-message service (SMS), blogs, mashups, podcasts, feeds, social networking sites, video sharing and wikis, PDAs
self-efficacy
a person confidence in performing a behavior and overcoming possible barriers to that behavior
educational strategies
activities associates with classroom based courses, workshops, distance learning courses or seminars (ie. lectures, role playing, printed materials, field trips, health fairs, social networking, case studies, panel discussions, e-learning courses, audiovisual materials{videos, dvds, cds)
administrative objectives
adherence to time limits, completion of activities, efficient use of resources (daily work plans/tasks that are completed in order to meet the goal)
adult learning theory (andragogy)
adults motivated to learn when they have needs and interests that learning can satisfy life-centered (based on life situations) experience (riches resource for adults) self-directed learners consider differences in age, time, place, & place of learning
informed consent
agreement to voluntarily and willingly participate in a study based on full disclosure of what constitutes participation
Quasi-randomized studies
allocate participants in a study based on some scheme, such as an assigned number (even or odd)
strategic planning
analyzes the availability of resources in an organization, as well as the barriers to implementation of the organizational mission. captures the course of managing the constant change that affects almost any organization.
process evaluation
any combination of measures that occur as a program is implemented to assure or improve the quality of performance for delivery
tailored messages
are individually focused messages that appeal to a specific sub-population, typically using information obtained from the individual (computer tailoring allows to reach a larger audience)
secondary data source
are publications of research studies or data written by an individual who did not participate in those studies
APHA Capwiz
are vital resources for the health specialist to use for advocacy (mega vote, elected official finder, media guide, issues and legislation, and legislative action center
computer databases
are widely used because they compile large amounts of information and are easily searched
prioritize health needs
assess size or scope of problem, determine effectiveness of interventions, determine appropriateness, resources, acceptability, economics, and legality of possible intervention
summative evaluation
associated with measures or judgments that enable the investigator to draw conclusions
data collection for evaluations tips to avoid
assuming everyone has common knowledge abbreviations leading questions that demand a specific response two negative words long list of choices recall questions over extended time frames
systems analysis evaluation model
based on efficiency that uses cost-benefits or cost-effectiveness analysis to quantify effects of a program
decision-making evaluation model
based on four components designed to provide the user with the context, input processes and products with which to make decisions
guide to writing objectives
be clear, one indicator, reasonable time frames, state performance not effort, realistic, relevant; logical, feasible, observable, measurable
factors that foster implementation
become familiar with the community & its issues, positive attitude, sense of humor, willingness to accept the community process.
Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior
behavior intention is key to determining behavior, and assume behavior changes is influenced by a persons attitude toward the outcome and the social or subjective norms or people important in the persons life (determine motivation to preform behavior, what their peers think of the behavior and persons self efficacy)
Gagne's Theory of Instruction
categories of learning verbal information, cognitive strategies, intellectual skills, motor skills and attitudes
health engineering strategies
change the social or physical environment in which people live or work (ie. offering healthy snacks in vending machines)
behavioral objectives
changes in behavior or actions that lead to behavior adaptation which leads to meeting the program goal
environmental objectives
changes in environment. nonbehavioral influences on a health problem (include social, physical and psychological environments)
program/outcome objectives
changes in morbidity, mortality and quality of life. represent a change in health status, ends rather than the means (usually involves a time frame ie within 3 years blah decreases by blah %)
EBMR (Evidence based Medicine Reviews)
collection of databases that offer evidence based strategies programs and medicine review
HaPI (Health and Psychosocial Instruments)
collects rating scales, questionnaires, checklists, tests, interview schedules, and coding schemes for health and social sciences
CDCynergy
community level model with 6 phases 1. define and describe the problem 2. analyze the problem 3.identify and profile the audience 4. develop communication strategies 5. develop evaluation plans 6. launch the plan and obtain feedback
Diffusion of Innovations Theory
community level theory that describes the rate at which a new program or activity will spread throughout a group of people (characteristics of those accepting the new program help to explain community readiness to change)
critique instruments for research
conducted with the intent to generalize findings from a sample to a larger population. make sure (variables appropriate, no extraneous items, appropriate & clear language, and thats its been tested for reliability and validity, and pilot tested on sample population)
content validity
considers the instruments items for the relevant areas of interest
legislative advocacy
contacting policy maker to discuss public health problems
formative consultant evaluation
continual assessment of the the relationship, allows for monitoring progress, troubleshooting, and corrective actions (progress made, degree client satisfied)
secondary data
data already collected by others that may or may not have been directly gathered from the pop/ind. (existing research published in peer-review journals, US census, vital records etc)
ERIC (Education Resource Information Center
database contains journals related to school health, school aged children, and education in its broadest sense (free)
health finder
department of health and human services website for public access to health info
descriptive statistics
describe what the data reveal, numerically. -continuous data (infinite values) -discrete data (limited to a specific number of values for a variable -nominal no hierarchy, mutually exclusive (male & female) -ordinal are hierarchal, common units of measurement -interval common unit of measurement but no true zero -ratio common measurement between each score & a true zero
descriptive studies
describes the occurrence of disease and disability in terms of person place and time using prevalence surveys, surveillance data. (more exploratory, profiles the characteristics of group, focus on what, assumes no hypothesis, requires no comparison group.)
CHID (combined health information database)
description of health education and promotion programs in progress at the state and local levels
5 critical elements for creating an evaluation/ after evaluation
design, preparation, feedback, follow-up, dissemination. after evaluation 1.compare results, 2 propose possible explanation of findings, 3. identify possible limitations of findings, 4. develop recommendations based on results (make sure aligned with stakeholders views and values)
social marketing for community level planning model
designed to influence the voluntary behavior of a specific audience to achieve a social, rather than financial, objective. uses marketing mix (price, place, promotion and product)
prior to making health ed program 1.6.1-1.6.4
determine if there are health programs already available, asses quality of already standing programs, identify potential partner/resources you could acquire from current programs, assess the social-environmental and political conditions of the US and how they could hinder or help you create a new program
evaluating training should ask these questions
did you meet stated objective? clarity of presentation? interest in presentation? responsiveness to participants questions concerns? use these answers to plan future training
community mobilization strategies
directly involving participants in the change process. (coalition building, lobbying, community; organization, building and advocacy)
conflict resolution/negotiation
directs orgs/ppl to see similarities and differences that exist between them and then leads to them to focus on reducing or eliminating differences in order to accomplish goals pre-negotiation and negotiation are part of the conflict resolution process.
non-randomized studies or (Quasi-experimental studies)
do not use random allocation of participation and groups or individuals are assigned arbitrarily
utilization focused evaluation model
done for and with a specific populations
GEM (Gateway to Educational Materials)
educational resources
social network level
effective health communication can change group my influencing the groups opinion leader.
community level
effective health communication can influence public policy, promote environmental change, improve health service delivery, empowerment, and assist in creating healthy social norms
organizational level
effective health communication can support organizational efforts and support policy change.
pilot testing
ensures that messages and images are clear and consistent, culturally relevant, and motivational. (helps refine a program to increase likelihood of success)
construct validity
ensures that the concepts of an instrument relate to the concepts of a particular theory
coordinating
exchanging information and altering activities for mutual benefit and to achieve a common purpose
collaborating
exchanging information, altering activities & sharing resources and enhancing the capacity of another for mutual benefit to achieve a common purpose
cooperating
exchanging information, altering activities & sharing resources for mutual benefit to achieve a common purpose.
analytic designs
explain causal associations, estimates the strength of a relationship between an exposure and an outcome (explains, more Explanatory, analyzes why a group has characteristics, focuses on why, assumes a hypothesis, requires a comparison group)
facilitate cooperation among stakeholders
facilitate cooperation by serving as a representative/liaison and assure that stakeholder participate, are informed about planned activities internal and external to the organization
enabling factors
factors that make possible a change in behavior
reinforcing factors
feedback and encouragement resulting from a changed behavior
low literacy materials should have
few multisyllabic words and simple sentences, few technical terms or phrases, use graphics to visualize health messages
organizational culture
five aspects that contribute to the culture of an organization are 1. assumptions 2. values 3. behavioral norms 4. behavioral patterns 5. symbols and rituals that portray its message
Ecological Model
focus attention on the interaction of the individual and environment. five levels of health promotion: individual, interpersonal, organizational, community and public policy (I.I.O.C.P.).
summative evaluation
focus on the outcomes or product of consultation
apaprasials
focus on work related behavior, specific examples to support eval, two-way dialogue, positive & negative feedback, supportive safe environment, inform why being appraised and how to do bette in the future.
attainment evaluation model
focused on program objectives and the program goals, serves as standard for evaluation
naturalistic evaluation model
focused on qualitative data and uses responsive information from participants in a program; most concerned with narrative explaining "why" behavior did or did not change
outcome evaluation
focused on the ultimate goal, product or policy (measured in terms of morbidity and mortality)
impact evaluation
focuses on immediate and observable effects of a program leading to the desired outcomes
critique instruments for evaluation
focuses on internal situations, such as collecting data about specific programs, with no intent to generalize results to other settings and situations. make sure (variables appropriate, no extraneous items, appropriate & clear language, and thats its been tested for reliability and validity, and pilot tested on sample population)
Quantitative methodology
focusses on qualifying, or measuring, things related to health education programs, through the use of numeric data to help describe, explain, or predict phenomena.
9 events of instructions that help learning
gain attention 2. inform about objectives 3. build on prior knowledge 4. present stimulus 5. provide guidance 6. elicit performance 7. provide feedback 8. assess performance 9. enhance retention and transfer
primary data
gathered by the health specialist directly from or about the population of interest (surveys, interviews, focus groups, direct observ. public meetings, focus group, delphi panel, self assessment instruments, )
goals
general long term statements of desire program outcomes & provide direction which all objectives are based
photovoice
gives cameras to community members 1 enables community member to record their concerns about the strengths of their community 2 promotes dialogue about issues addressed in the videos 3 reach policy makers.
advocacy plans 5 elements
goals, organizational considerations, (constituents allies and opponents), targets and tactics
CINAHL (cumulative Index for nursing
health and nursing journals
Low health literacy or LEP Limited English Proficiency
health info for people with LEP needs to be communicated plainly in their primary language, using words and examples that makes the info understandable
NHIC National Health Information Center
health information
organizational development
helps manage complex environments within organizations and their relationships to their goals and those of their partners. (1. innovation and risk taking 2. attention to detail 3. outcome orientation 4. people orientation 5. team orientation 6. aggressiveness 7. stability)
consultation
helps the client understand the concerns surrounding the health problem, analyze the implications of the problem, and develop an appropriate plan of action to deal with the problem
factors that foster or hinder learning process/ analyze^
hinder: lack of time, schedule conflicts, attitudes, other stressors foster: positive attitudes, community connectedness, and self interest. knowing barriers to learning will help specialist develop methods to help participants overcome barriers
mission statement
identify the scope and focus of the organization. purpose and reason for existence of the program.
health communication strategies
impact knowledge, awareness or attitudes. (all types of communication channels; print media, radio, tv, billboards, newsletters, email, self-help, direct mail, flyers
program priority based on
importance and changeability of health problem high change + highly important= high priority high change + less important = lower priority low change + high important = high priority w/innovative program low change +less important = no program
communicate findings to stakeholders
in a report, evaluate feasibility of implementing recommendations from evaluations so if your program is proven to work you can recommend it to stakeholders etc if you have funding.
3 areas of policy development
increase adoption investigate effective elements impact policy
predisposing factors
individual knowledge and affective traits
Health Belief Model
individual level model developed by social psychologists to understand why individuals did not act on information about prevention or disease detection (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action and self-efficacy)
health communication for community level planning
informing a priority pop about a health issue uses, media advocacy, written materials, interactive communication etc (ie. CDCynergy)
Diffusion Theory levels
innovators-first to adopt the new idea or program early adopters- wait until after innovators adopt early majority- adopt once opinion leaders adopt late majority -adopts once becomes the "norm" laggards- last to adopt or may never adopt
logic model for evaluation process
inputs, outputs, outcomes -short-term( changes in knowledge or skills) -intermediate (changes in behavior or policy) -long-term (changes in morbidity or mortality)
5 components of a logic model
inputs-resources, contribution, and investments outputs- activities, services, events, and products from the program (helpful in tracking program progress toward objectives) outcomes- results or changes that occur assumptions- the beliefs we have about the program and how we think it will work external factors- variety of factors that interact with and influence the program action
4 primary communication channels
intrapersonal, interpersonal, organization/community, and mass media
analyze factors that influence health behaviors
intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community and public policy
Parts of a report
introduction, literature review, methodology, results, conclusion (recommendations, summary)
community involvement
involve community early in the process clarify role as early as possible ask how they wish to be involved identify needs and interests of a variety of community groups
Qualitative methodology
is descriptive in nature and attempts to discover the meaning or interpret why phenomena are occurring
mixed methodology
it tells a story and describes classifications (how many or how much) as well as to indicate why a phenomena is occurring within a pop.
Kikpatrick 3 reason to evaluate training
justify its existence to determine if should continue training collect information on how to improve training
social cognitive theory
learning is an interaction between a person and his or her environment cognitive processes and behavior. behavioral capability, expectations, expectancies, self-control, emotional coping responses, reciprocal determinism, self-efficacy
blooms taxonomy
learning should apply higher order process instead of lower order objectives (mentally demanding) knowledge(recall), comprehension(understand info), application (use info), analysis (identify components), synthesis (relate ideas from several areas), evaluation(compare between ideas)
levels of training
level 1- reaction (feelings about training) level 2- learning (improve knowledge/change attitudes) level 3- behavior (using new learned skilled) level 4- results (effects on organization due to training)
HRSA (health resources and services admin
linked to the US Dept. of health and human resources provides free health education materials free of charge
formative evaluation
looks at ongoing process of evaluation from planning through implementation
Below basic literacy level
lower % get health info from written sources higher % get health info from television and radio
data collection methods
mail (eliminates interviewer bias, low response rate) telephone (cheaper than face-to-face, faster than mail/personal interview...loss of visual contact, interviewer no control face-to-face (highest response rate/personalized..expensive & time consuming) internet/web (quick response, low cost...may force explicit choice response, limited time frame to respond and monitor returned surveys)
involve priority population and stakeholders
make sure the stakeholders and other community leaders are involved with the program making process by collaborative efforts, elicit input from stakeholders, obtain commitments, identify priority populations, communicate
health policy and enforcement strategies
mandate actions through laws, regulations, policies, or rules. to protect the "common good"
identifying existing data collection instruments
many instruments already validated and tested for validity so specialist should be familiar with those already in existence (YRBSS, BRFSS, YTS, NHANES) check the HaPI (Health and Psychosocial Instruments) database to identify useful collection instruments
Memorandums
memorandum of understanding (MOU) and memorandums of agreement (MOA) can be used to document the expectations of stakeholders and help facilitate effective collaboration among organizations with competing interests.
pooled analyses
method for collecting all the individual data from a group of studies, combining them into one large set of data, and then analyzing the data as if it came from one big study.
MATCH model
multi-level community planning model (recognizes that intervention planning should have multiple objectives 1.goal selection 2.intervention planning 3.program development 4.implementation preparation 5. evaluation
NCHS
national center for health stats. US census best for health statistics
Medline Plus
national library of medicine
informed consent contain
nature/purpose of program, risks or dangers, possible discomfort, benefits, alternative programs or procedures, option of discontinuing
Adult learning best teaching practices
need to be involved in planning & evaluation of their instruction experience is the best learning activity most interested in learning subjects that have immediate relevance to their job or personal life problem centered
HON Health on the Net
non profit medical information portal gives links to trustworthy websites
external consultant
outside agency, usually requires a contract between consultant and client, provide technical expertise, current theory and specialized knowledge.
identify/analyze factors that foster/hinder skill building
people don't engage in healthy behaviors because they lack sufficient skills to do so. once barriers discovered they are modified to elicit a behavior change
stakeholder
person involved in program operations or person who is served or affected by the program
Maslow's hierarchy of basic needs
physiological needs (breaks snacks comfortable room) safety needs (safe training env.) needs of love (feeling og acceptance/group dynamics) esteem (recognize achievements/positive reinforcement) Self-actualization (offer training to improve sills & make goals)
volunteer recruitment process
planning phase (why is a position required?) implementation phase (where will volunteers come from, who will fill position?) evaluation phase (did strategy get you appropriate volunteers)
identify/analyze factors that foster/hinder attitudes and beliefs
pre-existing attitudes or beliefs about a health problem or behavior have a influence on the success of behavior change programs once negative attitudes/beliefs identified specialist plan interventions that address the negative beliefs to no longer hinder behavior change
Transtheoretical Model Stages of change
precontemplation-no change, unaware or in denial contemplation- aware of problem take action in next 6months preparation- take action in the next month action- taken action within past 6 months (changed behavior) maintenance- changed & maintained change for more than 6months termination-no temptation to return to old behavior 100% self efficacy
social marketing apporach 4ps
product, price, promotion and place (sometimes partners)
ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction) Motivational Model
provide learners with the necessary time and effort to acquire new knowledge and skills. 1. attention- capture and maintain attention 2. relevance- know learners needs 3. Confidence- give methods, materials and support for success 4. Satisfaction- provide reinforcement/encourage use of new knowledge and skills
open-ended instrument ?s
provide qualitative information that participants offer in their own words and provide descriptive information
baseline data
provide the beginning measure for evaluating changes in behavior, practices or skills associated with the program goals
Coalition of National Health Education Organization (CNHEO)
provides health education specialist guidelines for ethical behavior
conductive learning environment
psychologically-feel comfortable with pace of teaching, type of instruction, and methods of examination physically-leanring environment must be safe, clean, lighted, well equipped w/ furniture and audiovisual equipment, and heated/cooled to right temperature other factors-meaningfullness, open community, learning aids & consistency
CBO- Community based organization
public or privated nonprofit org that provides educational or related services to individuals in the community
systematic review
published qualitative review of a comprehensive synthesis of publications on particular topics
types of samples
random-(probability) drawn when observing to costly (no bias) everyone in population has likely chance of being selected stratified- divides a population into segments based on characteristics of importance for the research (gender age class etc) non probability- not as representative and are less desirable quota- deliberately setting the proportion of strata within the sample convenience- accidental, not random (volunteers)
lower literacy individuals
read slowly, take words literally, skip over uncommon or unknown words, have short attention spans and hide their inability to read inappropriate usage of health care services improper use of medicines poor health outcomes poor self-managment of chronic conditions
4 key tasks in working effectively with volunteers
recruiting, training, supervising, and recognizing
criterion validity
refers to one measure's correlation to another measure of a variable
transactional leader approach
rely on leaders promises rewards and benefits
closed ended instrument ?s
require participants to choose a response predetermined by the researcher; multiple choice, categorical, Liker-scale, ordinal, or numerical. advantage= they are more readily to mathematical operations and advanced statistical analysis
IRB- Institutional Review Board
researchers, community members, stakeholders to review proposed research for compliance with federal regulations governing research involving human subjects
Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession
responsibility to: public, profession, employers, delivery of health education, research and evaluation, professional preparation
strategic planning document
serves as a road map that can be referred to over time to remind, check assumptions and measure progress 1. what is the current status of the org? 2. what is the direction of this org? (time-frames in 2yrs etc) 3. what steps are needed to move org toward desired future? (resources) 4. what progress is being made?
benchmark development
shift in critical mass (make a motion as a group to hold a hearing) holding the line (stop blah lobbying from introducing resolution to allow blah back into practice) institutional policy (pass a resolution to ban something) community./individual behavior -100 signatures change defintions-change purpose to include healthy purpose
talking to person with lower literacy
speak slowly, repeat key messages, use common analogies, avoid too many statistics, allow time for questions, use "teach back" person has chance to show that he or she is understanding the message
Belmont Report 1979
summarizes the basic ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. (Respect for persons, beneficence and justice)
PsycInfo
summary of journal articles, books, reports and academic literature in psychology
needs assessment
systematic identification of needs within a population and the determination to which those needs are being met
meta-analyses
systematic method of evaluating statistical data based on results of several independents studies of the same problem
persuasive communication
tailors health related messages to audiences needs in an effort to persuade them to adopt healthy attitudes and behavior.
training strategies
teaching strategies, peer, audio visual materials, printed educational materials, multimedia, training simulations
health related community service strategies
tests, services, or treatments to improve the health of the priority population. (blood pressure screenings, breast self examinations)
evaluation plans
that employ research designs such as randomized trials etc provide a higher level confidence to the evaluator and stakeholders about the validity of the investigation. -strive for the most rigorous evaluation design in terms of utility, accuracy and cost in time and resources
cultural competence
the ability of an individual to understand and respect values, attitudes, beliefs, and morals that differ across cultures
health numeracy
the ability to understand numbers
Demonstrate leadership
the art of anticipating, planning and managing change. leadership can also be defined as the ability to exercise influence both formally and informally
efficacy
the capacity to produce a desired effect
negligence
the failure to act in a careful or reasonable manner, may result from omission (not doing something you should have done) or commission (doing something you should not have done)
preceded proceed model
the most used formal planning model in health education, precede 1970s expand & + proceed 1980s
HIA
these are used to evaluate potential health effects of a project or policy before it is developed and implemented. used to bring other policies that are non-traditional to the decision making process when it comes to creating new plans projects and policies.
health education specialist motivate groups by
they motivate groups to adopt new ideas or programs by demonstrating how much better it is than the status quo.
health educator according to us dep BLS
those who promote, maintain and improve individual and community health became true profession in 1970s first test 1990
media advocacy
to change the normative behaviors of the media to alter public policy and practice and create environment change (powerful in gaining support)
tailor messages to priority population
to fit lower literacy rate, 75 million adults basic or low literacy rates lower literacy = poorer health, incur higher costs, possess lower knowledge of medical conditions maintain 4th grade reading level
HIPPA-Heath Insurance Accountability Act
to protect personal health information, in order for health data to be used, individual permission must be granted with some exception
To achieve objectives
use theory based strategies, select a variety of strategies and interventions, assess efficacy to ensure consistency with objectives
Transtheoretical model (Stages of Change Model)
used to determine readiness to change. target people where they are in their motivation for a particular behavior
analytical statistics
uses both descriptive & inferential inferential stats- draws conclusions about a pop from a sample such as mean median mode
synthesizing published literature
using published literature enables the the health specialist to conduct their work with the confidence that it is grounded, up-to-date, peer-reviewed helps establish appropriate protocols for new implementation
6 advocacy strategies
voting behavior electioneering (contribute to campaign) direct lobbying grassroots lobbying use of internet to access issues media advocacy
total implementation
when the entire program begins at the same time
primary data source
written by individual who did participate in the study
composing qualitative items tips to avoid
yes/no questions that invite specific and brief answers being too broad being too specific too many questions