Child and family unit 4
There are plausible reasons why cohabiting stepparents may be problematic for children
1. Wide variation exists in level of commitment and involvement among cohabiting stepparents. No defined obligations, role less institutionalized than married.
Decline in mortality during the 20th and 21st centuries had 2 consequences
1. Women and men expect to live longer lives than was the case several decades ago. 2. Women tend to outlive men. In 2016, the average female baby could expect to live to 81 years, contrasted by male of 76. A century ago, sex difference smaller because many women died in childbirth. Many more older people in population than there used to be, 56% of older people are women.
Shift toward older women living alone has occurred for 3 reasons
1. Women have been outliving men by a greater margin each decade so the number of older widows has grown. Fewer widows remarry because of imbalance between sexes. In 2010, there were 4 times as many unmarried widowed older women than there were unmarried widowed older men. 2. It is less common now for a child to remain at home with parents after reaching adulthood than in past. It used to be common for child to remain with a farm family and take over when older generation retired. 3. Older american tend to prefer to live near child but not with them. Cultural preference of intimacy at a distance.
Chris, a police officer, cares for his son and dedicates time and effort generously to him. In this example, identify Chris's behavior toward his son.
Altruistic
Experiment conducted by Minneapolis police force in 1981 and 1982, police randomly assigned the defender to one or three treatments: arresting him, ordering him to leave for 8 hours, or trying to mediate the dispute
Results showed that arresting suspect resulted in lowest level of repeat violence.
Stress caregivers feel largely derives from care they give, not from an overload of responsibilities.
Success or social support in one role may compensate for stress provoked by other.
Health span
Term for number of years that a person can expect to live while in good health. While we continue to keep people alive for longer, we are not keeping them alive and fully healthy for much longer than a few decades ago
Social surveys have provided estimates of intimate partner violence among LGBTQ individuals.
for reasons that researchers do not yet understand, women who identify as bisexual report sharply higher rates of intimate partner violence than do lesbian, gay, or heterosexual individuals. Instance in the 2010 survey, lifetime prevalence of severe intimate partner violence was 29% percent for lesbians, 24% for heterosexual women, and 49% for bisexual women. Comparable figures were 16% for gay men and 19% for heterosexual men. Nearly all of the victimization of bisexual women was perpetrated by men, and in the case of rape, their victimization started in adolescence more so than among lesbians who were raped, victimization started in adolescence more so than among lesbians who were raped.
When parents fight, children tend to become _____.
fearful and distressed
Due to the growing place of individualism and personal fulfillment in marriage, divorce becomes a more acceptable option for people who _____.
feel personally unfulfilled
The number of births in a population is called _____.
fertility
Union repartnering
formation of new unions either by remarriage or a new cohabiting union
Part of feminist groups' strategy in combating rape was the _____.
formation of services for rape victims, such as hot lines, crisis centers, and legal support
Stephen loaned money to his brother, Jeremy, for a down payment on a house. Three years later, Stephen also helped his sister, Nina, by paying for her son's tuition fee. Stephen has the expectation that Jeremy or Nina would reciprocate the favors if he was in need of assistance later in life. This is an example of _____.
generalized exchange
Alternate explanation is that parents and children in divorced families share
genetic tendencies that make it more likely that parents will divorce and children will show behavior problems.
medicare
government program of health insurance for older population. pays for less than half of health expenditures. Pays nothing for nursing home care.
decline in fertility is the second reason why
grandparenthood on a large scale is a recent phenomenon. Now more of a second stage of family life, unfettered by child care obligations. Carries own identity.
According to American law, it is a crime to _____.
grossly mistreat one's children or to abandon them
As young adults age out of their teenage years and into their twenties, they gain maturity
have better sense of what kind of people they will be as adults and what needs in partner will be.
In the specialization model of marriage that was dominant in the mid-twentieth century, wives were _____.
highly dependent on their husbands' earnings
Multigenerational households
households in which at least 3 generations of family members reside Number increased from 3 million in 1990 to 4 million in 2000 and 5 million in 2010. only 2.7% of non hispanic white households multigeneration in 2010, compared to 7.4% of african american households, 8.1 of Asian households, and 9.8 of hispanic households
NIS indicated relatively low incidence of child sexual abuse, 1.8 cases per 1,000 children, but social surveys suggest problem is more common.
in 1992 survey, adult subjects were asked if before puberty, did anyone sexually touch them. 17% of women and 12% of men said yes. Among women, 63% of touching was done by men, 28% was adolescent boys rather than women. Men most likely to report touching by adolescent girls (45%) followed by men (23%) and then adolescent boys (15%). Nearly all incidents were touching genitals with minority reporting vaginal, oral, or anal sex. Regarding on who did the touching, women said they were a relative (29%) family friend (29%). even more men named a family friend (40%) as for abuse at preschools, only 3% of women who were touched and 4% of men reported it was a teacher who had done the touching.
During an interview with a researcher, Jenny revealed that she was touched by her brother in a sexual manner. In this case, Jenny's relationship with her brother is an example of _____.
incest
Surveys suggest that both women and men at times
initiate violence against their intimate partners. In contrast to the picture of battered women and violent men that the shelter and social services studies show, surveys pain pictures of violent couples in which both partners engage in agressions.
Gerontologist Vern L. Bengtson suggests that with the decline of the two-parent nuclear family, _____ are becoming more important than nuclear family ties to many Americans.
intergenerational relations
Many studies have shown that one of the strongest predictors of how often grandparents see their grandchildren
is how far apart they live. The dominance of distance illustrates both the strength and the vulnerability of the grandparent-parent-grandchild relationship. When grandchildren live close, grandparents see them except under unusual circumstances. The uniformly high frequency of contact among nearby kin suggests that the bond among grandparents, their adult children, and grandchildren are still strong.
Middle aged women do the work of
kin keeping more than middle aged men. Grandmothers see grandchildren more than grandfathers.
The political model of domestic violence implies that domestic violence is deeply rooted in _____.
laws and customs that reinforce male dominance
The National Crime Victimization Surveys show that the lowest levels of intimate partner violence were reported by _____.
married women
Family law throughout much of the twentieth century was based on a presumption that _____ was better for young children after a divorce.
maternal custody
Illness and well-being are the main concerns of the _____ model of domestic violence.
medical
Under the _____ model of domestic violence, domestic violence is seen as an illness and a source of injuries.
medical
Collective ambivalence
mixed feelings across multiple children.
In 1992 survey of sexual activity, found that women who said they had been touched sexually as children by older persons were
more likely to experience forced sex, have multiple sex partners, to engage in riskier sexual behavior and to experience difficulties such as greater anxiety about sex and less pleasurable sex.
Costs of average nursing home
more than 50,000 a year, spend down their assets in several months and turn to medicaid. Medicare and Medicaid for nursing homes totaled about $72 billion in 2011 Individuals in care spent another 40 billion out of pocket. about 2.5% of older people in US resided in nursing homes in 2016. the oldest old, 85+ fastest growing segment.
The number of deaths in a population is known as _____.
mortality
Custodial mothers often hit hard economically when they end a relationship with fathers of children
most do not receive child support.
According to the National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS), family disadvantage is more closely associated with _____.
neglect
Young children are at the greatest risk of dying from sexual abuse
of estimated 1,580 child maltreatment deaths in 2014, approximately 3/4 were under age 3. Majority of deaths involve neglect, either alone or in combination with another type of maltreatment, such as leaving child unsupervised in bathtub.
First year or 2 after married parents separate is a time of dramatic change during which both custodial parents and children
often experience difficulties. Distracted parents have difficulties providing daily mixture of emotional support and moderate authoritative parenting. Instead parents emotionally distant and ignore misbehavior or lash out with harsh discipline
Ol old more likely to be poor than those who are younger.
older women more likely to be poor than men, African Americans and Hispanics more likely to be poor than whites 2017, 8.2% of persons aged 65-74 were poor, compared with 10.6% of those aged 75+ Only 7.5% of older men poor, compared with 10.5% of women, and 7% of non-hispanic white aged were poor compared with 19.3% of blacks and 17% of hispanics
In national survey, 39% of grandparents reported that at least one set of grandchildren lived less than 10 miles form them; a majority reported they saw at least
one grandchild every week. Half of preschoolers and 1/3rd of elementary schoolers spent time with a grandparent in a typical week.
Generally, evolutionary theorists argue that much of our altruistic family behavior reflects
out biologically based drive to reproduce our genes, so when assisting family member aids that goal, we are most likely to do it. More assistance flows down the generations from parents to children than flows upward. Older parents have a continuing genetic interest in ensuring the survival and well-being of children and grandchildren. One reason social norms about family life are so strong may be that they often reinforce our evolutionary interests.
Intergenerational conflict commonly occurs
over communication and interaction styles (being overly critical, dominating, or treating family members in ways that are perceived as unfair) Habits and lifestyles (using alcohol or drugs, adopting style of dress, engaging in types of recreating that some find objectionable.)
Vern L. Bengtson argues that the increasing longevity and better health of the older population mean that adult children are fortunate enough to have _____.
parents available to them well into midlife
According to evolutionary theorists, more intergenerational assistance flows down the generations from _____.
parents to children
Centenarians
people who are at least 100 year old. In 2010, there were about 50,000 centenarians, more than 80% of them women.
1/4 of low-income women in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio reported that they had been sexually abused as children
women more likely to have series of short-term intimate relationships, many violent in adulthood.
According to the National Crime Victimization Surveys, the highest levels of intimate partner violence were reported by _____.
women who were separated but not divorced
In the older, specialization model of the marriage market, men traded their wages for _____.
women's housework and child care services
_____ is defined as socially structured contradictory emotions in an intergenerational relationship.
Intergenerational ambivalence
Identify a feature of situational couple violence.
It arises from a particular situation rather than from a larger, long-term pattern of violence.
Why does a teenage marriage precipitated by an accidental pregnancy raise the likelihood of divorce?
It brings together a couple who might not otherwise have chosen to marry each other.
Identify a true statement about intergenerational conflict.
It commonly occurs over communication and interaction styles and habits and lifestyles.
Identify a characteristic of coercive controlling violence.
It involves a pattern of violence such as repeatedly beating one's partner.
What are the reasons for the shift toward older women living alone? (Check all that apply.)
It is less common for a child these days to remain at home with his or her parents after reaching adulthood. Older Americans tend to prefer to live near their children but not with them—a cultural preference that has been labeled "intimacy at a distance."
Activities of daily living
Personal care activities, include dressing, getting into and out of bed, walking indoors and using the toilet. according to 1999 survey of dependent older persons. 80% of caregivers spouses or children and additional 10% were other family members. Women do more for care. If spouse not alive, adult daughter next in line to care, then another relative, son or sister, etc.
Identify an accurate statement about cohabiting stepparents.
They do not have clearly defined legal obligations toward the children.
Identify a true statement about grandparents who live close to their grandchildren.
They see their grandchildren regularly, except under unusual circumstances.
Hitting children is the most tolerated form of family violence
among parents of 19-35 month old children we were interviewed in a 2000 national survey said 65% spanked their children at some point. Even if we grant parents right to spank or slap, at some point physical force shades into abuse.
According to the frustration-aggression perspective, violence is seen as _____.
an emotional outburst of displaced anger
74%-80% of older people live within
an hours drive of at least one of their children. Grandparents typically see some of their grandchildren regularly.
The divorce of parents and children's problems could be the result of a genetic tendency toward _____.
antisocial behavior or depression
Married couples today place more emphasis on individual satisfaction than in the middle of the 20th century
at the same time, a spouse who wanted a divorce needed to prove to judge that his or her partner did something wrong.
A century ago, or even 50 years ago
far fewer people lived long enough to become grandparents.
In the US in the past, 2 kinds of custody usually merged
father had custody in both senses prior to mid-nineteenth century, mother after that. Is most states, presumption has been placed with rule that court should decide according to best interests of child. Standard formally favors neither parents
Mortality
death rate
Older population
defined as all persons aged 65 and over Cutoff is because of social security benefits.
A consequence of the crisis period is _____.
diminished parenting
According to research conducted by the National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS), more than half of neglect cases referred to _____ neglect.
educational
In the New England colonies, the Puritans believed that it was the responsibility of the government to _____.
enforce moral behavior
Carol, a successful lawyer, lives with her father who suffers from kidney failure and needs dialysis on a regular basis. Carol, who works on a tight schedule, believes that she will benefit more if she hires a professional nurse to care for her father. This is an example of the _____ theory.
exchange
The _____ theory suggests that in deciding whether to assist family members, individuals consider the benefits that they would receive and the costs that they would incur; and if the benefits exceed the costs, they act.
exchange
poly-victimization
experiencing multiple types of child maltreatment
True or false: Children in first-marriage families are more likely to have clinically significant behavior problems compared to those in stepfamilies.
false
grandfamilies
families in which grandparents are raising grandchildren without parents being present. 1.6 million children comprising about 2% of all children in US are living with grandparents. Often father not in picture, or mother is substance abusing, or unable to handle child. Tend to have low incomes, more common among African Americans more than Hispanics or non-Hispanic whites. For grandparents and grandchildren involved, sites of love affection and gratitude, but also sources of ambivalence, and tension. Sometimes lingering anger at parents who are not in lives.
Incest
relations between child and his or her parent. 16% of women who had been touched named father or brother. Estimate overall about 3% of adult American women, 16% of the 17% experiences incest as children.
Much of the care of disabled older people who live in a community is provided by _____.
relatives
The feminist movement's fundamental goal in combating rape was to _____.
remove the social supports for male violence
In crime victimization surveys, women in intact, different-sex marriages
report the lowest levels of intimate partner violence and women who are separated but not divorced in different-sex marriages report the highest levels. Other studies of different sex partnerships suggests that married women have a substantially lower rate of intimate partner violence than do cohabiting women. Women who have separated but divorced are more likely to have recently ended their relationships because they were violent: consequently violent incidents may have caused the separations. Lower risk for married women than cohabiting women could be a selection effect: Women may refuse to marry cohabiting partners who seem violent. Marriage transforms the relationships of the partners in ways that reduce the likelihood of violence through greater commitment or a greater propensity to forgive partners for transgressions.
Legal custody
right to make important decisions about children and the obligation to have legal responsibility for them.
The lower risk for married women to experience intimate partner violence than cohabiting women could be a(n) _____.
selection effect
The pull grandparents exert when they live close to their grandchildren shows the _____.
sense of obligation among adult children to keep in touch with their parents and in-laws
Potential for abuse and aggression is substantial in hookups because
the partners may not know each other well. Appears to be a risk factor for sexual assault.
3/4 of low-income women in study of Boston, Chicago and San Antonio who reported experiencing sexual abuse also reported physical abuse
this overlap raises question of what it means to experience more than one type of abuse. 22% of children in national sample experienced 4 or more types of victimization during previous year. Children reported to be more anxious, depressed and aggressive. Claim is that experiencing several types of maltreatment has a cumulative effect, even considering each type of maltreatment separately, if poly-victimization were to overload brain's capacity to cope with traumatic events.
According to social learning perspective, children from violent homes are said
to learn by observation and personal experience that aggressive or violent behavior is acceptable and often successful way of controlling others and getting what you want. Number of studies show that children who grow up in homes with domestic violence are more likely to act violently toward their spouses and children. (children can learn violent behaviors acceptable through video games etc.)
The employment struggles of young adults have led more of them
to live in their parents homes well into their twenties or early thirties.
The legal ending of a marital union or the informal ending of a cohabiting union is called _____.
union dissolution
domestic violence
violent acts between family members or between partners in intimate or dating relationships. Increase in topic requires explanation. (Not spurred by increase, but by increase of power in feminism)
The social exchange perspective helps to explain the greater violence against _____.
women among the lower social classes
What does the rise in research of domestic violence reflect? (Check all that apply.)
The increased political power of the feminist movement The increasing cultural emphasis on individualism in marriage and family life
Young-old
65-74
Sexual relations with one's child, brother, or sister is known as .
Blank 1: incest
Medicaid
Government health insurance program for poor of all ages, does pay for nursing home costs.
Identify an impact of divorce, remarriage, and stepfamily life on children.
These events cause a significant decline in mental health of children.
True or false: The effects of union dissolution and family instability on children are due to a gene-environment interaction.
True
physical custody
right to have one's children live with one.
oldest old
85 and older
Identify a true statement about intergenerational ambivalence.
Grandparents are being called upon to care for their grandchildren in circumstances that can lead to ambivalent feelings.
Two distinct types of intimate partner violence.
1. Michal Johnson calls the first kind, Situational couple violence: Violence that arises from a specific situation in which one or both partners act aggressively in anger. Typically occurs when a specific dispute leads one partner to get angry and lash out at other, and it rarely escalates into serious violence or injury. Arises from particular situation rather than from larger, long-term pattern of violence. Men and women equally likely to initiate it. Most of the violent acts reported are this type. 2. Coercive controlling violence: More serious kind of violence. This is type of violence that researchers who study shelters or legal system see. Affects smaller share of national population than situational couple violence, consequences more dire. Involves pattern of violence such as repeatedly beating one's partner, causing injuries. Unlike situational violence, it is mostly perpetrated by men. Men who engage in this behavior trying to control partner's behavior: whom they see, whom they talk to, when they leave the house, where they go etc. Men seek to dominate wives, girlfriends or boyfriends by keeping them economically dependent, instilling fear and consequences for disobeying them Key difference in motivation: control rather than mere anger.
During 20th century, 2 ways of thinking about domestic violence emerged
1. Political model: Sense of relations of power and authority between men and women. (historian Linda Gordon argued that domestic violence has been politically constructed problem in 2 senses) first is the definition, varied responses to violence according to political moves and force of certain political movements. second, violence among family members arise out of power struggles. Struggles usually about men's power to control women. resorting to force is way for husband to compel wife to behave as he wishes. 2. Medical model: domestic violence seen as illness and source of injuries. Main concern is illness and well-being. Some argue that both victims and perpetrators of violence suffer from syndromes "Illness-like complexes of symptoms, injuries, and attitudes that must be treated" professional point links between being violent and such personal problems as history of abuse as child, alcoholism or mental illness.
African Americans have substantially higher rates of marital separation and divorce than most other racial ethnic groups.
1/2 of marriages of black women end within 15 years compared to 1/3 of white women's marriages.
in 2005 study of undergraduate students at 2 large public universities, one in south one in midwest
19% of women reported experiencing completed or attempted sexual assault since entering college. Majority of those who experienced completed sexual assault did so while under influence of alcohol or drugs. more than 3% of women reported being physically forced rape. Another survey found that in 80% of cases, women knew offender in sexual assaults and rapes; about half occurred while student pursuing leisure activity and away from home.
Older people have more money on average than a few decades ago
1960, older Americans economically deprived group: 35% had incomes below poverty line, compared with 22% of total population. Poverty rate in 2017 was 9.2%
in 2011 grandparents were primary source of child care for
21% of preschool aged children whose mothers worked outside the home. 7.6 million children lived with grandparents. between 1970 and 2011, percentage of children in grandparents home more than doubled.
in 1874, first society for prevention of cruelty to children founded.
40 years later there were 494 of them.
Serious but nonfatal intimate partner violence against women (Rape or sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated assault) declined by
72% from 1994 to 2011. Simple assault by intimate partner (causing or intending bodily harm) declined by 70% over same period. Serious but nonfatal violence against men declined by 64% and rate of simple assault declined by 44%. Homicides by intimates declined by 23% for women and 55% for men. Some observers believe that decline partially reflects passage in 1994 violence against women act, which provided sensitivity training in interpersonal violence for police and funded legal services for victims.
Old-old
75-84
Identify an example of a multigenerational household.
A household in which Susan lives with her parents and her children
Identify the scenario that illustrates the structure of a stepfamily.
A woman who has a child in a previous relationship marries another man
Elder abuse
Abuse or neglect of elderly person by a caregiver
_____ have substantially higher rates of marital separation and divorce than most other racial-ethnic groups in the United States.
African Americans
According to national figures, identify an accurate statement about stepfamilies in the United States.
At least one-fourth of stepfamilies involve cohabiting couples.
Which of the following are plausible reasons why cohabiting stepparents may be problematic for children? (Check all that apply.)
Because many cohabiting partnerships are short-term Because a wide variation exists in the level of commitment and involvement among cohabiting stepparents
In the context of kinship ties, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, two or more people living in the same household and related by blood, marriage, or adoption is called a(n) _____.
family
is defined as violent acts between family members or between women and men in intimate or dating relationships.
Blank 1: Domestic Blank 2: violence
_ _ refers to the provision of assistance to one member of a family with the expectation that someone in the family will reciprocate at a later time.
Blank 1: Generalized Blank 2: exchange
_ _ refers to discord among family members that pulls the generations apart.
Blank 1: Intergenerational Blank 2: conflict
_ _ refers to the characteristics of family relationships that knit the generations together.
Blank 1: Intergenerational Blank 2: solidarity
Gerontologists developed the term _ _ _ _ which refers to personal care, including bathing, dressing, eating, getting into and out of bed, walking indoors, and using the toilet.
Blank 1: activities Blank 2: of Blank 3: daily Blank 4: living
Serious physical harm (trauma, sexual abuse with injury, or willful malnutrition) of a child by an adult, with intent to injure is known as _ _.
Blank 1: child Blank 2: abuse
A pattern in which a man seeks to control the behavior of his partner through repeated, serious, violent acts is known as _ _ violence.
Blank 1: coercive Blank 2: controlling
A period during the first year or two after parents separate when both the custodial parent and the children experience difficulties in dealing with the situation is known as the _ _.
Blank 1: crisis Blank 2: period
Physical abuse or neglect of an elderly person by a caregiver is defined as
Blank 1: elder Blank 2: abuse
In the context of the effects of union dissolution on children, a situation in which a change in the environment has a greater effect on people with a genetic sensitivity to that change is called a(n) _-_ _ .
Blank 1: gene Blank 2: environment Blank 3: interaction
Families in which grandparents are raising grandchildren without the parents being present are called .
Blank 1: grandfamilies
The term _ _ refers to the number of years that a person can expect to live while in good health.
Blank 1: health Blank 2: span
Households in which at least three generations of family members reside are known as households.
Blank 1: multigenerational, multi-generational, or multi generational
Experiencing multiple types of child maltreatment is known as _-_
Blank 1: poly Blank 2: victimization
A(n) _ is defined as a household in which two adults are married or cohabiting and at least one adult has a child present from a previous marriage or relationship.
Blank 1: stepfamily
The formation of new unions either by remarriage or a new cohabiting union is called .
Blank 1: union Blank 2: repartnering
Joint legal custody
Both parents retain equal right to make important decisions concerning children
Intergenerational solidarity
Characteristics of family relationships that knit the generations together solidarity can mean many things. (Cooperation, fellowship, harmony, unity, stability and reliability.) "An entire union of interests and responsibilities in a group" Contact: How frequently parents and children see each other and are in touch. (electronically or physically) Assistance: Amount of assistance in time goods money that parents and children provide each other. Affinity: How emotionally close parents and children feel and how much they agree on values, attitudes and beliefs.
Which of the following measures are likely to reduce the negative effects of divorce, remarriage, and stepfamily life on children? (Check all that apply.)
Encourage support groups and services in schools Promote conflict-resolution strategies for divorcing parents
Identify a true statement about poly-victimization.
Experiencing several types of maltreatment has a cumulative effect.
_____ challenge the idea that the simple household consisting only of parents and their non-adult children has become the dominant living arrangement.
Extended families
True or false: It is more common for couples to live together prior to a first marriage than it is prior to a remarriage.
False
True or false: Persons with incomes below the poverty line are eligible for Medicaid, which does not cover nursing home costs.
False
True or false: Teenagers are matured enough to choose partners as well as older persons.
False
True or false: The decline in fertility in recent times has increased the role of grandparents in family lives and child care.
False
Identify a way in which the New England colonies enforced moral behavior.
Friends, neighbors, and fellow churchgoers watched over a family's conduct.
Children with disabled parents may find situation stressful even if not main caregivers.
In national survey of adults in 50s, those who had parents who needed extensive care were more depressed if they were not main caregiver than if they were.
Identify a reason due to which divorce has declined among college-educated couples.
Increased job opportunities due to globalization
Bengston suggests that with the decline of 2 parent nuclear family, intergenerational relations becoming more important than nuclear family ties to many americans.
Increasing longevity and better health of older population mean that adult children are fortunate enough to have parents available to them into midlife. Older parents take in daughters and grandchildren after divorce or care for grandchildren when parents unable. Durability and longevity bonds with the increasing fragility of marriage bonds. Some skeptics believe that there is a loss of family feeling since time when most older people were living with children. They charge that modern grandparents abandon bonds with grandchildren.
Identify a true statement about elder abuse.
Living with family members increases the likelihood that an older adult will be abused.
The breakup of a cohabiting union can be consequential for children as is the divorce of married parents
On the other hand, that partner may be short-term live in boyfriend who contributed little money and had little to do with the children.
In the context of hereditary studies, identify an alternative explanation for the real causes of the seeming effects of divorce on children.
Parents and children in divorced families share genetic tendencies that give rise to behavioral problems in children.
Domestic violence affects all social classes, several studies report higher rates of domestic violence among low-level income than among middle-income couples and among unemployed men than employed.
Part of the difference may reflect greater reluctance of middle-income individuals to admit to violence or greater vigilance toward poor families by social welfare agencies. Theoretical explanations involve that men who have more education and income have more resources besides force to control behavior of wives.
Altruism
People behave more altruistically toward close relatives than others. Tend to feel most obligated to help children, then grandchildren, then parents and grandparents. Sociologists say this reflects strong social norms about how to live one's family life. American law reinforces norm: Crime to mistreat children or abandon them. It is not a crime to abandon parents, but most would be ashamed to do so.
At all times since 1940, vast majority of older men have been married and sharing a household with wives
Proportion who were married increased between 1940-1980. Men had higher risk of dying than women, but if they managed to live longer than wives, remarriage better than older women.
Historians documented numerous cases of domestic violence in early modern Europe (1500-1800) caused by jealous, disagreements over money, or alcohol.
Puritans believed it was the responsibility of the government to enforce moral behavior, even if it meant intervening in affairs of family (moral behavior excluded violent acts of husbands against wives) In 1941, Massachusetts Bay Colony enacted first law against wife beating in western world, (prohibited parents from exercising any unnatural severitie with children)
In 1999 researched mailed questionnaire to subjects in New York who 25 years earlier, were selected for psychological study
Questionnaire asked subjects whether they had seen or heard as a child, physical fights between parents. 26% said yes, 14% said they had seen 2 or more. They asked if current relationships were violent, ever physically threatened by partner, and did they threaten partner, kicked bitten or hit by partner, or did they kick, bite or hit partner. Found that individuals who had seen 2 or more incidents as children, more than twice as likely to have acted violently toward current partner or to be on receiving end.
Identify the family forms that gave rise to extended-family households. (Check all that apply.)
Skipped-generation households in which grandparents care for their grandchildren with the middle generation present Multigenerational households in which grandparents, adult children, and grandchildren co-reside, sometimes as a way of coping with low incomes
Identify a factor associated with the seriousness of the consequences of having been sexually abused as a child.
The age of a child when he or she was sexually abused
In the context of the levels of divorce in American society, identify a claim of the cultural critics.
The emphasis on individualism and personal fulfillment in marriage erodes the bonds of obligation and trust.
Generalized exchange
The provision of assistance to one member of a family with the expectation that someone in the family will reciprocate at a later time. Same principle that may lead one to stop car for person with flat, not because one expects them to help you, but someone might. (Karma)
Which of the following statements are true about grandfamilies? (Check all that apply.)
They are sites of love, affection, and gratitude for the people involved. They are more common among African Americans than among Hispanics or non-Hispanic whites.
Identify a consequence of traumatic sexual experiences on children.
They can produce inappropriate sexual behavior and feelings of betrayal, lack of trust, and powerlessness.
The seriousness of consequences is associated with factors such as number of incidents, and the severity and duration of the incidents, and the age of the child during incidents.
Traumatic sexual experience can produce inappropriate sexual behavior, feelings of betrayal, lack of trust, and powerlessness. Can have later life consequences as poor self image, depression and lack of clear sense of boundaries between oneself and others. In adolescence and early adulthood, conditions can lead to early onset of sexual activity, riskier sexual activity, and multiple partners. WOmen who were sexually abused as children may have more frequent sexual encounters and relationships from which they derive less pleasure than other women.
True or false: In order to make greater progress in reducing intimate partner violence, organizations will need to identify men at higher risk of repeat offenses so that they can be treated and their actions can be restricted.
True
Child abuse
U.S. Congress uses definition that includes an act by parent or caretake which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation.
Which of the following are true about cohabitation? (Check all that apply.)
Unlike marriage, cohabitation is largely unregulated by law. Cohabitation has become the main driver of rising union dissolution among young adults.
In which of the following cases does a family tend to function like a conventional first-marriage family?
When a woman having a child in a previous relationship marries another man instead of the father and only has a casual relationship with the father
Identify a true statement about cohabitation.
When it starts and when it ends are solely up to the partners involved.
Identify a reason for the shift toward older women living alone.
Women have been outliving men by a greater margin each decade.
Identify a social consequence of the decline in mortality during the twentieth century.
Women tend to outlive men.
Trends for whites and nonwhites similar, but in every decade the life expectancy of nonwhites has
been lower than that of whites. in 2016, white babies had a life expectancy of 79 years, compared with 75 years for black babies.
Evolutionary theorists argue that much of one's altruistic family behavior reflects one's _____.
biologically based drive to reproduce one's genes
fertility
births in a population
Union dissolution
both the legal ending of a marital union and informal ending of a cohabiting union.
Cohabitation is
by definition and more individualistic type of union than is marriage. But unlike marriage, largely unregulated by law.
With feminist influence at high point in 1970s, political pressure for action grew
by end of 1970s, nearly every state enacted laws to protect women from violence through mixture of support services, requirements that physicians report suspected cases, and tougher criminal procedures. Inclusion of LGBTQ individuals in networks did not occur till later. in 2013, Congress reenacted Violence Against Women Act which first time extended support services to victims of violence in same-sex partnership.
After a breakup, children have fewer problems if their parents _____.
can cooperate or at least engage in parallel parenting
One of the social consequences of the decline in mortality during the twentieth century is that both women and men _____.
can expect to live much longer lives
Harry, a four-year-old boy, broke a vase while playing with his friends at home. As a punishment, his mother locked him in a closet without food and water for almost 12 hours. This is an example of _____.
child abuse
The most important cultural change has been growing place of individualism and personal fulfillment in intimate unions
cultural critics claim this emphasis erodes bonds of obligation and trust.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that as of 2010, the lifetime chance of a woman being raped, physically assaulted or stalked by an intimate was 36% Intimate partnerships remain major risk site for homicide for women
percent of women who were killed by someone they know rose from 30-39% from 1993 to 2010. For men, figure is 3%. Women more likely to be seriously injured than men, 13% compared to 5%
The right of a divorced spouse to have one's children live with him or her is known as _____ of children after a divorce.
physical custody
modest portion of older population reports ever being
physically abused 1.8% or sexually abused .3% since turning 60. 13.5% report ever being mistreated emotionally, verbal abuse, humiliation, harassment, or being ignored. Others report that family members spent their money (3.4% in past year) Those age 65-74 abuse is more common because they may live with spouse or children who might take advantage
The _____ model of domestic violence is based on the relations of power and authority between men and women.
political
Young men who commit sexual aggression against acquaintances show greater physiological arousal when _____.
presented with rape scenarios in psychology experiments
In the context of domestic violence, prosecuting offenders rather than merely arresting them does not _____.
reduce the chances of subsequent violence
Intergenerational conflict
refers to discord among family members that pulls the generations apart. (tensions, criticisms, and arguments occur.) In mild forms, can intrude form time to time into relationships of emotionally close kin. in virulent forms, can underlie hostile relationship.
Young men who commit sexual aggression against acquaintances more likely to
show hostility toward women and believe that men are supposed to be more dominant and women more subordinate. Men also show greater physiological arousal when presented with rape scenarios in psychology experiments, more likely to consider violence against women acceptable and more sexually active than men who don't commit sexual aggression.
gene-environment interaction
situation in which change in environment has greater effect on people with genetic sensitivity to change.
Michael decides to buy a new yacht. Jane, his wife, is not too pleased with Michael's decision. She tries to reason with him to set aside the money for a donation to their daughter's university instead. The couple's disagreement led to an argument which ended with Jane lashing out at Michael. This is an example of _____.
situational couple violence
gerontologists
social and biological scientists who specialize in the study of aging
The theory that people calculate whether to engage in a particular behavior by considering the rewards and costs of that behavior and the rewards of alternatives to it is known as the _____.
social exchange perspective
In a family, a father uses force to discipline his children. The children learn from observation and personal experience that using force is an acceptable and successful way to enforce control and authority. This is an example of the _____.
social learning perspective
The theory that individuals learn behavior they will later exhibit by observing what others do and seeing the consequences of these actions is known as the _____.
social learning perspective
Intergeneration ambivalence
socially structured contradictory emotions in intergenerational relationship. Conditions of contemporary life probably makes ambivalence more common now than in past. (Authority, power, or social norms) "Get on each others nerves but feel very close"
Involved fathers may reflect a growing cultural norm that nonresident fathers should remain in their children's lives
spread of this norm beneficial to children.
African Americans, who rely heavily on kinship ties, have less need to _____.
stay married
Family caregivers increasingly combine working outside the home with caregiving for an older parent. From this perspective, the _____.
stress caregivers feel largely derives from the care they give
In 2 comparable surveys in 1980 and 2000, number of serious quarrels among couples did not decline
suggesting they argued in 2000 as much as ever. But number of violent incidents did decline.
Second perspective on intergenerational assistance is exchange theory
suggests that in deciding whether to assist family, individuals consider benefits that they would receive and the cost that would incur, and if benefits exceed costs, they act. EX: High earning adult child with ailing mother may make following calculation: My time is worth a lot of money, so I gain more and lose less if, I don't take time off of work but hire someone to take care of my mother."
About 37 percent of all women born in 1870
survived to age 65 in contrast, 77% of women born in 1930 reached age 65. Number of years that the average 40 y/o woman could expect to live increased by 12 between 19000 and 2000 and for men it increased by 9.
Many additional cohabitating unions fit the stepfamily form but never result in marriage because _____.
the couple breaks up
Aidan has difficulty finding a job owing to high unemployment. As a result, he displaces his anger and frustration on his wife and daughter. This is an example of _____.
the frustration-aggression perspective
Social exchange perspective
the theory that people calculate whether to engage in a particular behavior by considering the rewards and costs of that behavior and the rewards of alternatives to it.
A possible advantage of the stepfamily life on children is that it improves _____.
the well-being of children due to the additional income
Frustration-aggression perspective
theory that aggressive behavior occurs when person is blocked from achieving a goal. such as well economic inequalities cause men and women to work for low wages, high unemployment rates make it hard to find a job, or racial discrimination limits opportunities of people from racial ethnic groups. When conditions occur, person displaces anger onto safer target such as family. (less chance of being arrested) In sharp economic downturn of 2000s Great Recession, men acted more coercive in controlling partners. With twins, greater similarity so possibly genetic.
Social learning perspective
theory that individuals learn behavior that they will later exhibit by observing what others do and seeing the consequences of these actions.
Only when individuals have spent most of their savings, and meet requirements for being poor
they are eligible for medicaid, which wil lstep in and pay bills.
