Child Development Ch 4-7

The longer a father smokes during the mother's pregnancy, the stronger the risk that their children might develop?

-Respiratory problems -Sudden infant death -Cancer

What are the states of arousal in an infant?

-Sleep -Crying -Wakefulness

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

Germina, embryonic and fetal

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the?

Germinal period

Research demonstrating that infants preferred to hear stories read to them prior to birth suggest?

Fetuses can learn while in the womb

The specialization of cells in the zygote begins after approximate which week following conception?

First week (one)

One aspect of maternal nutrition that is important for normal prenatal development is the B-complex vitamin called?

Folic acid

Mothers who ate fish high in DHA, like salmon and tuna...

Had infants who showed more mature sleep patterns than the infants of mothers who had lower levers of DHA

Babies born to mothers who use methamphetamine during pregnancy are at risk for?

High infant mortality, low birth weight and development and behavioral problems

What takes place approximately 11-15 days after conception?

Implantation

A recent study found that prenatal exposure to cocaine like methamphetamine was associated with?

Smaller head circumference, neonatal ICU admission and referral to child protective services

Sudden infant death syndrome is more common among the offspring of mothers who...?

Smoke cigarettes during pregnancy

Ultrasound

Sound waves directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen that produces a visual representation of the fetus

In a study of newborn infants given a choice of stories to listen to, most infants seem to prefer?

Stories that had been read to them while in the womb

What agents do more damage when they occur at some points in development than others?

Teratogens

Umbilical Cord

Connects to the embryo and allows nutrients from the mother to pass to the developing embryo

What would Harlow suggest as the main mechanism responsible for forming an attachment with an infant?

Physical contact

What is the infant considered when they weigh less than 90% of same gestational age?

Small-for-date

What is likely to lead to a baby being delivered via a cesarean section?

-Fetus appears to be in trouble -Mother is bleeding vaginally -Baby is in the breech position

If a pregnancy ends at the third month due to some failure to develop, what is being experienced?

-A spontaneous abortion -An event that happens in about 1 in 4 pregnancies -A miscarriage

What kinds of prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

-Acne medications -Hormones -Antibiotics

Children who were born to low in birth weight are more likely than their normal birth weight counterparts to have?

-Asthma -Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder -Learning disabilities

What are the two best predictors of infant survival?

-Birth weight -Length of gestation

What risks are associated with vaginal births after cesarean (VBACs)?

-Brain damage -Infant death -Uterine rupture

Maternal diseases and/ or infections that can cause prenatal defects would include?

-Diabetes -Rubella (German measles)

What are ways a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS?

-During delivery -During gestation across the placenta -Postpartum through breast feeding

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to...?

-Impaired language development -Impaired moto development -Cognitive deficits

What are the benefits of a child having positive and frequent interactions with his/her father?

-Improved social development -Improved cognitive development -Sense of well-being

What are possible early indicators that a women is pregnant?

-Increased fatigue or need for napping -Swollen or irritated breasts -Increase in appetite or cravings

Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to what outcomes for the babies?

-Increased risk of attention problems -Lowered birth weight -Excessive crying at birth

What are considered protective factors to reduce stress?

-Individual energy and intelligence -Affectionate ties with family -Rewards at school or work

What are the risks of a mother gaining too much weight during pregnancy?

-Infant born at nine pounds or more -Infant is at later risk for obesity -increased likelihood of induced labor or cesarean section

What is associated with malnutrition during pregnancy?

-Infant death -Smaller head circumference -Low-birth weight -Schizophrenia

What may be associate with infants who score 5 or below on the Apgar scale?

-Long-term neurological problems -Immediate medical intervention -Difficulties in respiratory or pulmonary systems

Components of prenatal care:

-Nutritional services -Comprehensive educational services -Social services

When a pregnant woman experiences intense stress, what can occur?

-Premature delivery may result -Physiological changes occur that may affect the fetus -More difficult labor may result

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) is a measure that is used to asses a?

-The newborn's neurological development -Newborn in the first month of life -Newborns reflexes

What are specific hazards to the embryo or fetus?

-Toxic waste -Radiation -Chemical pollutants

What are examples of preconception behaviors that would improve pregnancy outcome?

-Updated vaccinations -Counseling to avoid smoking and alcohol use -Risk screening for sexually transmitted diseases

In the US what is an average babies height and weight?

20 inches long and weighs about 7.5 pounds

How many additional calories per day should a pregnant mother consume?

300-500

The span between conception and birth usually last?

37 to 41 weeks

What percentage of preterm birth is involved in neurological birth defects?

50%

During pregnancy the mother should eat...?

A healthy diet that provides adequate calories

Morphogen

A molecule that is switched on after fertilization and begins sculpting arms, hands, fingers, vertebrae, ribs, brain and other body parts

Stillborn

A pregnancy that ends in the death of a fetus at or after the 20th week

AIDS

A sexually transmitted infection that is caused by HIV, which destroys the body's immune system

If a pregnancy ended at the 2nd month when the fetus did not continue to grow, this experience is:

A spontaneous abortion

Embryonic Disk

A thickened cell mass from which the embryo begins to develop

An increase in fatigue or cravings, cramping or nausea are all possible indicates that?

A woman is pregnant

Is infant mortality raters higher in African Americans or whites?

African Americans

Teratogen

An environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development

An increase in the incidence of Down syndrome is linked to?

An increase in the age of the mother

Research has concluded that the offspring of diabetic mothers...

Are at risk of disease

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is used to help parents and care providers?

Assess neonates' responsiveness

Premature Infants

Babies born before 37 weeks of gestation

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the group of cells is called?

Blastocyst

What principle explains why an infant's head is much larger than the rest of his or her body?

Cephalocaudal principle

Cesarean

Delivery is used to surgically remove the baby through an incision in the mother's abdomen

Proximodistal principle

Describes development that proceeds from parts near the center of the body to outer ones

The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form and organs appear during which period?

Embryonic

How does a father contribute to possible risks in a babies development?

Exposure to toxins

Mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy can cause their offspring to have a cluster of abnormalities and exhibit?

Fetal alcohol syndrom

What begins to appear about the 26th week of gestation?

Fetus responses to sound and vibration, like the mothers voice

Preterm

Infants that are born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term

Amniotic sac

Is a fluid-filled membrane that encases the developing embryo and helps protect it

The three stages of birth are not of equal lengths; the first stage is the?

Longest stage

What is an infant that weighs less than 5.5 pounds?

Low birth weight

The number one cause of death during the neonatal period is?

Low birth weight and prematurity

In one study, heavy smoking during pregnancy was linked to...?

Low birth weight babies

If fathers are exposed to certain environmental agents, how does it affect their offspring?

Men's exposure to certain substances, such as pesticides and petrochemicals, may cause abnormalities in sperm that lead to miscarriage or diseases

Infants whose birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered are called?

Small for date infants

According to a recent study of caffeine, pregnant women who consumed at least two cups of coffee or five cans of soda a day had an increased risk of?

Miscarriage

How many infant deaths in the US take place in the first week of life?

More than 1/2

The close connection between an infant and his mother is called the?

Mother-infant-bond

Which method stresses education, breathing and relaxation training?

Natural birth

What period occurs during the first four weeks of life where the fetus is supported entirely by the mother, to an independent existence?

Neonatal period

Embryonic period

Occurs from two to eight weeks after conception

When does an infant's sense of smell develop?

Prior to birth, while thy are still in the womb

In the germinal period, the zygote undergoes...?

Rapid cell division

What is true about Rubella or German measles and parental development?

Rubella has the greatest impact during the first trimester

Prenatal care involves a defined schedule of visits for medical care, which includes:

Screening for manageable conditions and treatable diseases

Mothers who had moderate stress during pregnancy had children who...?

Showed improved motor skills

State of arousal

The cycles of wakefulness, sleep and activity in infants

The structural effect of teratogens is greatest early in?

The embryonic period, when organs are being formed

Ectoderm

The embryos outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors and skin parts

Zygote

The fertilized egg

Germinal stage

The fertilized egg, known as a zygote is created, and cell division takes place

The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception is?

The fetal period

Inadequate prenatal care is thought to play a role in?

The hight mortality rate of infants in the first month of life

Endoderm

The inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system

Mesoderm

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones and muscles

Gestation

The period of development between conception and birth

Labor

The process of giving birth

An increase of sucking by the fetus when sweet substances are introduced into the amniotic fluid suggest?

The sense of taste is present before birth

Mothers who exercise during pregnancy show?

They have improved circulation and muscle tone, reduction in constipation and a more comfortable pregnancy

How many stages is the birth process?

Three stages

Eating raw meat or being unsafe with cat feces puts a pregnant woman at risk of contracting?

Toxoplasmosis

What is the single cell that is formed through fertilization?

Zygote

Placenta

develops in the uterus to allow oxygen, nourishment and wastes to pass between mother and embryo