Child Development Ch 4-7
The longer a father smokes during the mother's pregnancy, the stronger the risk that their children might develop?
-Respiratory problems -Sudden infant death -Cancer
What are the states of arousal in an infant?
-Sleep -Crying -Wakefulness
Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?
Germina, embryonic and fetal
The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the?
Germinal period
Research demonstrating that infants preferred to hear stories read to them prior to birth suggest?
Fetuses can learn while in the womb
The specialization of cells in the zygote begins after approximate which week following conception?
First week (one)
One aspect of maternal nutrition that is important for normal prenatal development is the B-complex vitamin called?
Folic acid
Mothers who ate fish high in DHA, like salmon and tuna...
Had infants who showed more mature sleep patterns than the infants of mothers who had lower levers of DHA
Babies born to mothers who use methamphetamine during pregnancy are at risk for?
High infant mortality, low birth weight and development and behavioral problems
What takes place approximately 11-15 days after conception?
Implantation
A recent study found that prenatal exposure to cocaine like methamphetamine was associated with?
Smaller head circumference, neonatal ICU admission and referral to child protective services
Sudden infant death syndrome is more common among the offspring of mothers who...?
Smoke cigarettes during pregnancy
Ultrasound
Sound waves directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen that produces a visual representation of the fetus
In a study of newborn infants given a choice of stories to listen to, most infants seem to prefer?
Stories that had been read to them while in the womb
What agents do more damage when they occur at some points in development than others?
Teratogens
Umbilical Cord
Connects to the embryo and allows nutrients from the mother to pass to the developing embryo
What would Harlow suggest as the main mechanism responsible for forming an attachment with an infant?
Physical contact
What is the infant considered when they weigh less than 90% of same gestational age?
Small-for-date
What is likely to lead to a baby being delivered via a cesarean section?
-Fetus appears to be in trouble -Mother is bleeding vaginally -Baby is in the breech position
If a pregnancy ends at the third month due to some failure to develop, what is being experienced?
-A spontaneous abortion -An event that happens in about 1 in 4 pregnancies -A miscarriage
What kinds of prescription drugs can function as teratogens?
-Acne medications -Hormones -Antibiotics
Children who were born to low in birth weight are more likely than their normal birth weight counterparts to have?
-Asthma -Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder -Learning disabilities
What are the two best predictors of infant survival?
-Birth weight -Length of gestation
What risks are associated with vaginal births after cesarean (VBACs)?
-Brain damage -Infant death -Uterine rupture
Maternal diseases and/ or infections that can cause prenatal defects would include?
-Diabetes -Rubella (German measles)
What are ways a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS?
-During delivery -During gestation across the placenta -Postpartum through breast feeding
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to...?
-Impaired language development -Impaired moto development -Cognitive deficits
What are the benefits of a child having positive and frequent interactions with his/her father?
-Improved social development -Improved cognitive development -Sense of well-being
What are possible early indicators that a women is pregnant?
-Increased fatigue or need for napping -Swollen or irritated breasts -Increase in appetite or cravings
Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to what outcomes for the babies?
-Increased risk of attention problems -Lowered birth weight -Excessive crying at birth
What are considered protective factors to reduce stress?
-Individual energy and intelligence -Affectionate ties with family -Rewards at school or work
What are the risks of a mother gaining too much weight during pregnancy?
-Infant born at nine pounds or more -Infant is at later risk for obesity -increased likelihood of induced labor or cesarean section
What is associated with malnutrition during pregnancy?
-Infant death -Smaller head circumference -Low-birth weight -Schizophrenia
What may be associate with infants who score 5 or below on the Apgar scale?
-Long-term neurological problems -Immediate medical intervention -Difficulties in respiratory or pulmonary systems
Components of prenatal care:
-Nutritional services -Comprehensive educational services -Social services
When a pregnant woman experiences intense stress, what can occur?
-Premature delivery may result -Physiological changes occur that may affect the fetus -More difficult labor may result
The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) is a measure that is used to asses a?
-The newborn's neurological development -Newborn in the first month of life -Newborns reflexes
What are specific hazards to the embryo or fetus?
-Toxic waste -Radiation -Chemical pollutants
What are examples of preconception behaviors that would improve pregnancy outcome?
-Updated vaccinations -Counseling to avoid smoking and alcohol use -Risk screening for sexually transmitted diseases
In the US what is an average babies height and weight?
20 inches long and weighs about 7.5 pounds
How many additional calories per day should a pregnant mother consume?
300-500
The span between conception and birth usually last?
37 to 41 weeks
What percentage of preterm birth is involved in neurological birth defects?
50%
During pregnancy the mother should eat...?
A healthy diet that provides adequate calories
Morphogen
A molecule that is switched on after fertilization and begins sculpting arms, hands, fingers, vertebrae, ribs, brain and other body parts
Stillborn
A pregnancy that ends in the death of a fetus at or after the 20th week
AIDS
A sexually transmitted infection that is caused by HIV, which destroys the body's immune system
If a pregnancy ended at the 2nd month when the fetus did not continue to grow, this experience is:
A spontaneous abortion
Embryonic Disk
A thickened cell mass from which the embryo begins to develop
An increase in fatigue or cravings, cramping or nausea are all possible indicates that?
A woman is pregnant
Is infant mortality raters higher in African Americans or whites?
African Americans
Teratogen
An environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development
An increase in the incidence of Down syndrome is linked to?
An increase in the age of the mother
Research has concluded that the offspring of diabetic mothers...
Are at risk of disease
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is used to help parents and care providers?
Assess neonates' responsiveness
Premature Infants
Babies born before 37 weeks of gestation
Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the group of cells is called?
Blastocyst
What principle explains why an infant's head is much larger than the rest of his or her body?
Cephalocaudal principle
Cesarean
Delivery is used to surgically remove the baby through an incision in the mother's abdomen
Proximodistal principle
Describes development that proceeds from parts near the center of the body to outer ones
The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form and organs appear during which period?
Embryonic
How does a father contribute to possible risks in a babies development?
Exposure to toxins
Mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy can cause their offspring to have a cluster of abnormalities and exhibit?
Fetal alcohol syndrom
What begins to appear about the 26th week of gestation?
Fetus responses to sound and vibration, like the mothers voice
Preterm
Infants that are born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term
Amniotic sac
Is a fluid-filled membrane that encases the developing embryo and helps protect it
The three stages of birth are not of equal lengths; the first stage is the?
Longest stage
What is an infant that weighs less than 5.5 pounds?
Low birth weight
The number one cause of death during the neonatal period is?
Low birth weight and prematurity
In one study, heavy smoking during pregnancy was linked to...?
Low birth weight babies
If fathers are exposed to certain environmental agents, how does it affect their offspring?
Men's exposure to certain substances, such as pesticides and petrochemicals, may cause abnormalities in sperm that lead to miscarriage or diseases
Infants whose birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered are called?
Small for date infants
According to a recent study of caffeine, pregnant women who consumed at least two cups of coffee or five cans of soda a day had an increased risk of?
Miscarriage
How many infant deaths in the US take place in the first week of life?
More than 1/2
The close connection between an infant and his mother is called the?
Mother-infant-bond
Which method stresses education, breathing and relaxation training?
Natural birth
What period occurs during the first four weeks of life where the fetus is supported entirely by the mother, to an independent existence?
Neonatal period
Embryonic period
Occurs from two to eight weeks after conception
When does an infant's sense of smell develop?
Prior to birth, while thy are still in the womb
In the germinal period, the zygote undergoes...?
Rapid cell division
What is true about Rubella or German measles and parental development?
Rubella has the greatest impact during the first trimester
Prenatal care involves a defined schedule of visits for medical care, which includes:
Screening for manageable conditions and treatable diseases
Mothers who had moderate stress during pregnancy had children who...?
Showed improved motor skills
State of arousal
The cycles of wakefulness, sleep and activity in infants
The structural effect of teratogens is greatest early in?
The embryonic period, when organs are being formed
Ectoderm
The embryos outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors and skin parts
Zygote
The fertilized egg
Germinal stage
The fertilized egg, known as a zygote is created, and cell division takes place
The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception is?
The fetal period
Inadequate prenatal care is thought to play a role in?
The hight mortality rate of infants in the first month of life
Endoderm
The inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system
Mesoderm
The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones and muscles
Gestation
The period of development between conception and birth
Labor
The process of giving birth
An increase of sucking by the fetus when sweet substances are introduced into the amniotic fluid suggest?
The sense of taste is present before birth
Mothers who exercise during pregnancy show?
They have improved circulation and muscle tone, reduction in constipation and a more comfortable pregnancy
How many stages is the birth process?
Three stages
Eating raw meat or being unsafe with cat feces puts a pregnant woman at risk of contracting?
Toxoplasmosis
What is the single cell that is formed through fertilization?
Zygote
Placenta
develops in the uterus to allow oxygen, nourishment and wastes to pass between mother and embryo