Child Development - Intelligence & Language
Piaget said
"play is the work of the child"
Another academic approach to reading is phonics approach
"sounding out" words so they can decipher meaning . C-A-T
Prenatal levels of the androgen hormone testosterone
+ predicted masculine style play in both boys and girls when they were followed up to middle school
Baumrind revealed in her research 3 features that consistently differentiate an effective style from less effective ones
- acceptance of the child & involvement in the child's life which establishes an emotional connection - behavioral control of the child thru expectations rules & supervision which promotes more mature behavior -autonomy granting; which encourages self-reliance
Universal abilities
- learn grammar rules(associated w/culture - understanding sentence order & the meaning of that order - use of grammar principles such as "Ed" & "s" & ownerhip
Academic approaches to reading
- whole language - children who are exposed to text in its complete so they can appreciate the whole format of the written language - start with "sight" words - the, at, cat, in, hat - deal with entire structure: "The cat in the hat."
Fathers tend to be
-more encouraging of infant exploration -engage in more physical, noisy, emotional play -engage in teasing Infants tend to comply with father's commands more often
help toddlers develop compliance & self-control by
-responding w/sensitivity & support -give advance notice of change in activities -offer many prompts & reminders -reinforce self-controlled behavior -encourage sustained attn-tend to do more when doing physical things -support lang dev (use your words) -increase gradually, 1 thing at a time -pick your battles
Children learn
-thru watching, imitating, -linking and making associations ( after 2 yrs-making links, before 2 -just redirect) -rewards & punishments -observing, observational learning
Ritual & obsessive habits
2-4 yrs old, parents report do these behaviors eat only certian foods
FUSSY EATERS
2-6 years old, appetite decreases
gender stability
3-4 yrs. Better understand that gender follows into adulthood but can still ALTER gender by appearances or activities
IQ scores
40-55 Moderate to severe retardation 55-70 mild retardation 70-85. Slow learner 85-115. Normal/average 115-130. Superior 130-145. Gifted 145-160. Genius
ERIK ERIKSON
8 Stags of lifecycle Cant go back and visit a stage according to Erikson
SAT
= aptitude test Final exam = achievement test
self esteem
= competency
most people think discipline
= punishment but it is to create a pattern
Effortful control
= self control self-regulating observation in preschoolers later predicts children's cognitive & social competence
self-control
=effortful control capable of compliance between 12-18 months toddlers assert autonomy by sometimes not complying delay of gratification shows self-control warm, sensitive caregiving increases compliance can't discipline before 2 years old
Gender
A child usually can figure out gender by 2 years old
Fast mapping
A process that helps acquire language. Is the speedy & imprecise way in which children learn new words by mentally charting them into categories
Sensitive period for language
A time when language learning happens most easily
Gender constancy
Achieved about age 7. Gender is permanent understands that a person's sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle & activities change
Standardized scoring on Wechsler
All raw scores converted to standardized scores Normal distribution Mean of 100 Standard deviation of 15
6 month language milestone
An infant commits to a language
Over regulation
Applying grammar rules even when exceptions occur. Ex- he goed to the store, I runned
Chomsky's second theory: infants teach themselves
Argued language is far too complex to be learned thru step-by-step conditioning ex. Make up words they have never heard before "runned"
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Fifth Edition
Assesses general knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning, working memory, & basic information processing
What fosters emergent literacy?
Being read to by an adult Symbolic play Making up songs & rhymes
2 year language milestone
Can say 2 word sentences
At 10 months
Can understand simple commands
1 year language milestone
Can understand simple commands, " bring daddy the block
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Children will understand what parents are saying before they are ready to speak
WISC
Commonly used IQ test. Measures verbal reasoning, perceptual (or visual-spatial) reasoning, working memory & processing speed
IQ tests
Designed to measure intellectual ability to learn in school
Gender schemas
Early on children pick up gender-stereotyped preferences & behaviors from others & in doing so organize their experiences into gender schemas which they use to interpret the world around them
Emergent literacy
Early skills ex- letter recognition, page sequencing - that help children learn to read
Plans & goals
Frontal lobe
INTELLIGENCE
Global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, & deal effectively with the enviornment
Language is processed
In the left hemisphere
Language-acquisition device (LAD)
Innate foundations for grammar & learning the unique rules of a culture's language innate system that permits children to combine words into grammatically consistent, novel utterances
Stanford-Binet IQ test
Intelligence quotient (IQ) child's mental age divided by child's chronological age IQ=MA (score on exam)/CA X 100
3 year language milestone
Know 3,000 words
Noam Chomsky
Language-acquisition device reasoned that the rules for sentence org are too complex to be directly taught to cognitively sophisticated young children
2-6 year olds
Learn an average of 10-20 words a day
Gardner's Mutiple Intelligences
Linguistic Logico-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Naturalist Interpersonal Intra personal UHart magnet school
Aptitude tests
Measure one's POTENTIAL, SAT tests( they really don't)
Achievement tests
Measure what has been taught, given routinely in school
Guidelines
Rule #1 - reward good behavior, quickly & often Rule #2 - don't accidentally reward good behavior Rule #3 - punish some bad behavior (mild punishment) Turn this is great to I am good at this
Gender schema
Sandra Bern. Knowledge structures about aspects of sex & gender Guide thinking & behavior Encourage children to behave consistently w/the gender they are assigned
TASTE
Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami (savory) * new
WAIS
Test measured several abilities Performance scales- nonverbal abilities Verbal scales Sub-scales gave WAIS practical & clinical value
There are different types of tests
That are not intelligence tests but objective tests of ability. Achievement tests, Aptitude tests
WISC =
WAIS
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children =
WISC
Language errors
Young children sometimes use language errors: time, place & comparison words are difficult, as well as metaphors
KOHLBERG theory
a key controversy is his belief that moral maturity is not achieved until the postconventional level
Goodness of fit
a match between a child's temperament & their environment ex-shy child having similar parents
blended/reconsituted families
about 60% of divorced parents remarry or cohabitate with a partner. Parent, step parent & children form a new family structure
the arrival of adolescence
adds close friendship as a new dimension of self-esteem
a 5 year old who has lived at an orphanage her whole life
adopting parents should expect that the child may fail to check back with them in anxiety-arousing situations
in some cultures adults rarely speak with young children & never play social games, yet they acquire language within the normal time range. This suggests
adult molding of communication during the first year is not essential
Maturity of moral reasoning that is effected by personality, child-rearing practices, peer interaction & schooling
affects it thru cognitive challenges, which stimulate young people to think about moral problems in more complex ways
Nutrition in Children
affects skeletal growth, body shape & susceptibility
long term prediction from early temp is best achieved by **
after age 3 3yrs - a better sense of your child
autonomy granting
allowing the child to make decisions in areas where he is ready to make choices
empathy-based guilt reactions
are associated with stopping harmful actions & repairing damage caused by misdeeds
antisocial adolescents
are delayed in maturity of moral judgement
60% of US mothers with children under the age of 2
are employed
infants of depressed mothers
are less attentive to their surroundings
children who engage in make-believe play
are more advanced in understanding false belief
adolescents who have parents that value accomplishments more than character & emotional well being
are more likely to have academic & emotional problems
Daughters of career-orientated mothers
are more likely to have higher educational aspirations
Early-maturing girls
are more prone to depression, especially when faced with stressful life events
Same sex peers
are preferred throughout the school years
In Sweden gender roles
are viewed as a matter of learned tasks & domain of expertise. That decides what you should become.
bad dreams
around 5 yrs old some kids get night terrors or bad dreams, normal
Binet & Simon's intelligence test was the 1st to
associate terms of increasing difficulty w/chronological age
Left hemisphere
associated with happiness
Truth and lying
at 4 years old children clearly recognize the difference
Gardner defines intelligence in terms of
at least 8 independent intelligences that are based on distinct sets of processing operations
psychological control
attempt to take advantage of childrens psychological needs by intruding on & manipulating their verbal expressions, individuality & attachment to parents
social rewards
attn, smiles, pats, touching, clap hands, wink, praise
1,700 calories
avg kid needs need more for muscle growth, etc
1,200 calories
avg women needs
EE - Stage 2 - Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
basic need to gain self-rule or feel ashamed that it doesn't happen sense of independence physical-sense of self help w/transitions
research reveals that stereotyping of personality traits
become adultlike around age 11
internalized social rewards
become self-esteem
relationship between parent & child
becomes increasingly bidirectional
Girls relational aggression
becomes increasingly indirect between the ages of 6 and 11.
classical conditioning
bed time, routine & linking
empathy
begins in the preschool years, is an important motivator or prosocial, or altruistic behavior
Supertasters don't like
bok choy brussel sprouts cauliflower rutabaga turnips coffee dark chocolate (bitter) may taste bitterness in alcohol Not a fan of foods with high sugar or fat generally
A 4 year old would describe themselves
by mentioning observable characteristics
Gender-stereotyped expectations
cause girls to exceed boys in self-esteem dimensions of close friendship & social acceptance
intellectual dev
certainly important but so is ample time for free, unstructured play
Cross-cultural research on moral behavior shows
children & adolescents in diverse western & non-western cultures use similar criteria to reason about moral, social-conventional & personal concerns
social referencing
children begin to engage in this at 7-12 months
Socialization centers on
children's dev
child-rearing styles
combination of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child-rearing climate
Parenting effects
combine in complex ways with many other factors, including heredity & peers
uninvolved child-rearing style
combines low acceptance & involvement little behavior control general indifference to autonomy issues
before age 8, children's descriptions of others focus on
concrete activities, behaviors & commonly experienced emotions & attitudes
Cattell's theory of intelligence
crystalized intelligence-skills that depend on accumulated knowledge & experience, good judgement & mastery of social customs fluid intelligence- depends more heavily on basic info-processing skills
Language areas of the cerebral cortex
develop as children acquire language
Thomas & Chess
discovered that parenting practices can modify children's temperament considerably
punishments
distract & redirect attn - infants to all ages physical punishment - not good show disapproval - all ages natural consequences - all ages (let life teach them, cat scratches them, get jacket yourself if cold) logical consequences - 3 yrs & up (connected to item, leave TV on=no TV for a bit) behavior penalty - 5 yrs thru adolescence time out- 2 yrs old & up. Should be1 minute for every year
gender consistency recognition
during late preschool & early school years children begin to understand that sex is biologically based and remains the same even if a person dresses "cross-gender" or engages in nontraditional activities
Structure of Temperament
easy - 40% difficult - 10% slow-to-warm-up - 15% unclassified - 35% (combination)
poverty
effects parenting & child's dev and are threatened
Many factors can influence temperament, biological systems
effortful self control: self-regulating parenting experiences
Lower SES parents
emphasize external characteristics such as obedience, politeness, neatness & cleanliness
In middle childhood self-descriptions
emphasize positive & negative traits
Higher SES parents
emphasize psychological traits like curiosity, happiness, self-direction & cognitive & social maturity
how not to create a "give me" kid
emphasize traits like persistence & consideration base self-esteem on performance & improvement promote accountability & care for others
Fathers tend to
engage in highly arousing physical play with bursts of excitement & surprise that increases as play progresses
discipline
everything we do as parents to teach our children to make good decisions
secure base
ex-a 13 month old wanders toward other toddlers, returns to father, interacts briefly with a preschooler, then returns to father again
Internalization
ex-a child experiences condoned physical violence at home but agrees with society that fighting is unacceptable & subsequently acts according to those standards instead
self-efficacy
ex-getting dressed on own
attachment
ex-when a father enters a room at child care center, child breaks into big smile & when picked up will pat face & snuggle
sociodramatic play helps children
explore & rehearse social roles that have observed (playing dad) regulate emotions thru imagination learn to negotiate & cooperate with others
Compared to the nuclear family
extended family arrangements place more emphasis on cooperation & moral & religious values
neglect
extreme form of uninvolved parenting
Where parents go wrong
fail to reward good behavior accidentally punish good behavior accidentally reward bad behavior fail to punish bad behavior
Bad behavior will increase if parents
fail to reward good behavior accidentally reward bad behavior
Gilligan believes
feminine morality emphasizes ethic of care
school-age children internalize others' expectations then
form an ideal self that they use to evaluate their real self
coregulation
form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge moment to moment
pat-a-cake & peekaboo
foster infants' understanding of the turn-taking pattern of human conversation
GENDER Indentification
gender labeling begins at 2-3 yrs old but is superficial, changes with clothes or hair style here, is what it looks like 2+ yrs- 61% label own gender correctly & 54% can label other child correctly
how to create a "give me" kid
give them too much learn stuff is meaningless because they have too much * to change, start focusing on reward instead of the stuff
even hard to rear children
gradually respond to authoritativeness with cooperation & maturity which promotes parents' pleasure & approval of the child sense of self-efficacy at child rearing likelihood of continuing to be authoritative
constant stressors that accompany poverty
gradually weaken the family system with profound negative consequences for children's well being
Common chimps
have been taught artificial languages & ASL
Masculine & androgynous children & adults
have higher self-esteem than "feminine" indiv
Supertasters
have more papillae on their tongue tend to weigh less lower risk of cardiovascular disease due to low fat intake may be at risk for certain cancers that bitter foods can protect against also give us information about a child's temperament
scripts
hear how kids are thinking
material rewards
ice cream, ball, money, book, jump rope, yoyo, doll/action figure
Temperament & Caregiving
important to appreciate each child's unique temp
self-regulation
impulse control and awareness
Universal ethical principle
in Heinz dilemma, would think that respect for human life & personality is absolute & people have a duty to save one another from dying
Punishment & Obedience orientation
in the Heinz dilemma, would think you shouldn't steal drug because you will be caught & if you get away the police will catch up with you quickly
intensification
increased gender stereotyping of attitudes & behavior & a movement towards a more traditional gender indentity ex-was tomboy but now into wearing makeup & girl clothes
exercise
increases blood volume to your brain
vocabulary
increases fourfold in the elementary years, eventually exceeding comprehension of 40,000 words
Sternberg's theory
ind who are high in practical intelligence excel at adapting their thinking to fit w/demands of their everyday worlds
Identity theorists say
individuals who move away from identity foreclosure & diffusion toward identity moratorium & achievement build a well-structured identity that integrates various domains
Behaviorism
infant's emotions & personality are molded as parents REINFORCE or PUNISH child's spontaneous behavior
5-7 year olds will not grab, hit or insist another child obey them
instead now they tend to rely on friendly persuasion & compromise to think out alternative strategies when one does not work resolve disagreements w/o adult intervention
cross-cultural findings reveal that most societies promote
instrumental traits in males & expressive traits in females
chronosystem / Bronfenbrenner
interplay of forces within the family is dynamic & ever-changing, as each member adapts to the dev of other members
Paternal depression
is a strong indicator of child behavior problems
Biological perspective of morality behavior
is apparent when 2 chimps embrace & groom each other after a physical fight in an apparent effort to restore their long-term relationship
Logical consequence
is attached o the item
learned behavior
is hard to make go away
Social convention example
is placing a napkin on your lap at meals
parents often report that living with teens
is stressful
relationship between parenting & children's dev
is substanial
throughout adolescence, the quality of the parent-child relationship
is the single most consistent predictor of mental health
PLAY
it is NATURAL & BENEFICIAL for young children to play
Importance of play
it is imperative that society continues to value the importance of all types of play
Kohlberg on the Heinz dilemma
it is the way an indiv reasons about the dilemma & not the content of the response that determines moral judgment maturity
Nativist perspective of language
language is unique human accomplishment that children acquire naturally due to the structure of the brain. Chen was a supporter.
gender consistency
late preschool. gender is biologically based & DOESNT change regardless of dress or activities
Stereotype threat
lead girls to do worse than their abilities allow on difficult math problems
value of unstructured play
learn from each other apply what they learn creativity play out & modify workbook
at end of 1st year
learn their own goals frequently conflict with those of others empathy emerges & improves thru early childhood kids internal drive goals, then realize diff from others but still don't really care
personality
learned EX- honest or humility
Social referencing strengths
learning by observation
baviorism
learning theory Pavlov Skinner/Watson Bandura - bobo doll
autism
limits ability to engage in nonverbal communicative behaviors language tends to be imitative pays little attn. to people around them prefer to be alone play intensely in activities that require repetitive motions
Wernicke's area
located in the left temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex, plays a role in comprehending word meaning
social referencing
look back at you for the meaning of things ex-run into wall, look at you to see if they should cry also things like cold, hot etc
Supertasters have other sensativities
loud music baby's cry very tough to feed must encourage good nutrition
authoritarian child-rearing style
low in acceptance & involvement high in coercive behavioral control low in autonomy granting children more likely to be anxious, unhappy, & low is self-esteem & reliance
slow-to-warm up kids
may be reluctant to new situations, new people. May hang by parent & watch until feels more comfortable
In Sweden "equal roles family model"
means husband & wife should have the same opportunity to pursue a career & should be equally responsible for household & child care
Punishment could
model violent behavior
Side effect of harsh punishment
models aggression
At Kohlberg's conventional level
moral understanding is based on actively maintaining the current social system to ensure positive human relationships & societal order
Parents of preschoolers attitudes about cross-gender behavior expressed
more negatively to the idea of boys than when girls cross the gender line
subject-verb-object word order
most children can produce in the 3rd year
ATTACHMENT secure attachment
most common attachment quality in all societies
authoritative child-rearing style
most successful approach- involves high acceptance & involvement, effective control techniques & appropriate autonomy granting use teaching moments promote competence & maturity linked to an upbeat mood, self control, task persistence, academic achievement, cooperativeness to parents views social & moral maturity continual adapt to children's increasing comptence
coparenting
mutually supporting each other's parenting behaviors
Attention and hugs for kids
needed as much as they need food, water, clothes & shelter
discipline strategies
no one cure all often routed in culture all strategies should consider a child's emerging self-concept & level of cognitive dev
Types of Tasters
nontasters or mild tasters - 25% tasters - 50% supertasters - 25%
Early childhood friendships
now negotiate, don't have scripts anymore
At 4 months an infant will look longer at a video image
of a peer longer than a video of themselves
Between 6 & 11 years gender stereotyping
of activities occupations, & behaviors expands
Energy needs
of the ind children of same sex, age and size may vary
affluent parents
often fail to engage in family interaction & parenting that promote favorable development teenagers substance abuse was correlated with anxiety & depression suggesting they took drugs to self-medicate which is a practice that predicts persistent abuse are nearly as emotionally unavailable as parents with serious financial strains
extended family household
one or more adult relatives live with the parent-child nuclear family unit, vital feature of ethnic minority family life that has enabled many families to rear children successfully despite severe economic deprivation & prejudice
Temperamental traits
originate in one's genes, but are influenced by experience ex- infants differ in their reactions to new situations some cry easily while others are born "tough" An Example of epigenetic theory EX- Neighborhood -
parental directiveness may stem from
parent's personalities child rearing beliefs children's needs
An influence of self-concept
parental support contributes vitally to the clarity & optimism of a child's self concept
To help girls overcome societal emphasis on appearance & fitting in
parents should help them focus on character traits & competency. Or could lead to eating disorders
IQ of 130=
performing better than 98% of same age peers
activity rewards
play cards with parent, go to park, look at book with parent, bake cookies, watch tv or movie together, have friend over, play ball w/parent, play game together, go out * Create a relationship
Maltreated children
present serious discipline problems
sociodramatic play
pretend play in which children act out self-created roles & themes ex-house, school
A 3 month old who hears another infant crying will
probably cry in response
TEMPERAMENT
probably genetic EX- shy or extrovert can modify but cant change
positive emotional context
produced by authoritative parenting by: warm, involved parents children who are far more likely to comply parents who combine warmth with rational behavior let children know they are competent indiv are a powerful source for resilience that protect them from poverty & stress
grammar
product of general cognitive dev & child's tendency to search for consistencies & patterns of all sorts
EE - Stage 1 - Trust vs Mistrust
quality of care in the first year shape the infant's view of the consistency and predictability of the world life lessons, don't learn about trust, then become mistrustful, like consistency
operant conditioning
really about reinforcement vs/& punishment
self-care children
regularly look after themselves for some period of time during after school hours
Bronfenbrenner's informal social networks
relatives, friends, & neighbors. Both the formal & informal influence the parent-child relationship
Children learn thru play &
relieve stress as well
DISCIPLINE children learn thru
rewards & punishments that train (condition) them
Bronfenbrenner's formal organizations
school, workplace, recreation center, & larger community
androgyny
score high on both masculine & feminine personality characrteristics
SENSE OF SELF
self-awareness at birth-infants have sense of self as a distinct agent, separate from surrounding world self-awareness is limited also think part of parent
autonomy
sense of oneself as a separate self governing ind 2 aspects: emotional component- relying more on oneself & less on parents for support & guidance behavioral component- making decisions independently by carefully weighing one's own judgment & the suggestion of others to arrive at a well-reasoned course of action
self-recognition
sense of self as object of knowledge and evaluation aware of qualities that make up unique self at 15-20 months, before then not sure, may think someone else is in mirror Dot of rouge test, if child tries to rub off dot then is dev self-recog
Calories from fat
should be limited
active intervention at 6 months to teach kids to challenge peer sexist comments
showed girls were more likely to attain a gender-stereotype flexibility that extended beyond to their attitudes
grammatical morpheme
small markers that change the meaning of sentences ex-ing ending, mommy dancing instead of mommy dance
Types of play
solitary - play alone (all about me) onlooker - watch others(starting to expand) parallel - play with similar toys in similar way, but don't interact (next to each other) associative - interact & share emotions, but not in same game, outdoor play (exchange going on) cooperative- play together, with common goals, taking turns rough and tumble-mimics aggression but is in fun - usually requires social experience among participants & enough room
Children in Western culture that sleep alone & experience frequent daytime separations from their parents
sometimes develop strong emotional ties to cuddly objects
Where fathers devote as much or more time than moms
sons tend to be more emotionally sensitive & daughters are more self-confident
Effective parenting of adolescents
strike a balance between connection & separation
2 major components of discipline
teaching responsibility decision making
Stability of temperament
temperament develops with age
Higher IQ children & adolescents
tend to be better liked by their agemates
People who discipline with harshness & impatience
tend to have children that resist & rebel
Higher SES ind in adolescence & adulthood
tend to hold more flexible gender-stereotyped views than lower SES ind
narcissistic children with unrealistically high self-esteem because of overly tolerant, indulgent parenting
tend to lash out at peers who express disapproval
Goodness of fit
the match between the child's temp and the environment * especially important for the child w/difficult temp
When IQ tests are standardized
the mean IQ is set at 100
androgen insensitivity syndrome
the testes produce normal levels of androgens but androgen receptors in body cells are partially or completely impaired
catch them being good
then reward it. Need to reward good behavior if you want child to be good
During 1st year, as infants act on the environment
they notice effects that help them sort out self, other people & objects
Afro-american child adopted into a well off white family when a baby. Studies show
they will attain a mean IQ 20-30 pts higher than typical scores of children growing up in low-income black communities
Piaget says older children in the morality of cooperation stage
understand ideal reciprocity which helps them realize that rules can be interpreted & revised
In Aka tribe a strong father-infant relationship is mostly due to
usually cooperative and intimate bonds between husband & wife
Social systems perspective
viewing the family as a complex set of interacting relationships influenced by the larger social context
permissive child-rearing style
warm & accepting but involved either overindulgent or inattentive engage in little behavioral control instead of gradual autonomy granting they allow children to make many decisions for themselves at an age where they are not ready to children tend to be impulsive, disobedient & rebellious
observational learning
watching parents, watch & learn, imititaion
children/adults are more responsive
when immediate rewards are given than long-term rewards danger- every time will want reward to do something can begin to fad out by doing every 3 times, etc
Learning theory applied
whining- is a negative reward
advanced moral thinkers
will break the law to support individual rights
linguistic high intelligence
would perform well as a journalist