Child Development - Intelligence & Language

Piaget said

"play is the work of the child"

Another academic approach to reading is phonics approach

"sounding out" words so they can decipher meaning . C-A-T

Prenatal levels of the androgen hormone testosterone

+ predicted masculine style play in both boys and girls when they were followed up to middle school

Baumrind revealed in her research 3 features that consistently differentiate an effective style from less effective ones

- acceptance of the child & involvement in the child's life which establishes an emotional connection - behavioral control of the child thru expectations rules & supervision which promotes more mature behavior -autonomy granting; which encourages self-reliance

Universal abilities

- learn grammar rules(associated w/culture - understanding sentence order & the meaning of that order - use of grammar principles such as "Ed" & "s" & ownerhip

Academic approaches to reading

- whole language - children who are exposed to text in its complete so they can appreciate the whole format of the written language - start with "sight" words - the, at, cat, in, hat - deal with entire structure: "The cat in the hat."

Fathers tend to be

-more encouraging of infant exploration -engage in more physical, noisy, emotional play -engage in teasing Infants tend to comply with father's commands more often

help toddlers develop compliance & self-control by

-responding w/sensitivity & support -give advance notice of change in activities -offer many prompts & reminders -reinforce self-controlled behavior -encourage sustained attn-tend to do more when doing physical things -support lang dev (use your words) -increase gradually, 1 thing at a time -pick your battles

Children learn

-thru watching, imitating, -linking and making associations ( after 2 yrs-making links, before 2 -just redirect) -rewards & punishments -observing, observational learning

Ritual & obsessive habits

2-4 yrs old, parents report do these behaviors eat only certian foods

FUSSY EATERS

2-6 years old, appetite decreases

gender stability

3-4 yrs. Better understand that gender follows into adulthood but can still ALTER gender by appearances or activities

IQ scores

40-55 Moderate to severe retardation 55-70 mild retardation 70-85. Slow learner 85-115. Normal/average 115-130. Superior 130-145. Gifted 145-160. Genius

ERIK ERIKSON

8 Stags of lifecycle Cant go back and visit a stage according to Erikson

SAT

= aptitude test Final exam = achievement test

self esteem

= competency

most people think discipline

= punishment but it is to create a pattern

Effortful control

= self control self-regulating observation in preschoolers later predicts children's cognitive & social competence

self-control

=effortful control capable of compliance between 12-18 months toddlers assert autonomy by sometimes not complying delay of gratification shows self-control warm, sensitive caregiving increases compliance can't discipline before 2 years old

Gender

A child usually can figure out gender by 2 years old

Fast mapping

A process that helps acquire language. Is the speedy & imprecise way in which children learn new words by mentally charting them into categories

Sensitive period for language

A time when language learning happens most easily

Gender constancy

Achieved about age 7. Gender is permanent understands that a person's sex remains the same even if clothing, hairstyle & activities change

Standardized scoring on Wechsler

All raw scores converted to standardized scores Normal distribution Mean of 100 Standard deviation of 15

6 month language milestone

An infant commits to a language

Over regulation

Applying grammar rules even when exceptions occur. Ex- he goed to the store, I runned

Chomsky's second theory: infants teach themselves

Argued language is far too complex to be learned thru step-by-step conditioning ex. Make up words they have never heard before "runned"

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Fifth Edition

Assesses general knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning, working memory, & basic information processing

What fosters emergent literacy?

Being read to by an adult Symbolic play Making up songs & rhymes

2 year language milestone

Can say 2 word sentences

At 10 months

Can understand simple commands

1 year language milestone

Can understand simple commands, " bring daddy the block

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

Children will understand what parents are saying before they are ready to speak

WISC

Commonly used IQ test. Measures verbal reasoning, perceptual (or visual-spatial) reasoning, working memory & processing speed

IQ tests

Designed to measure intellectual ability to learn in school

Gender schemas

Early on children pick up gender-stereotyped preferences & behaviors from others & in doing so organize their experiences into gender schemas which they use to interpret the world around them

Emergent literacy

Early skills ex- letter recognition, page sequencing - that help children learn to read

Plans & goals

Frontal lobe

INTELLIGENCE

Global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, & deal effectively with the enviornment

Language is processed

In the left hemisphere

Language-acquisition device (LAD)

Innate foundations for grammar & learning the unique rules of a culture's language innate system that permits children to combine words into grammatically consistent, novel utterances

Stanford-Binet IQ test

Intelligence quotient (IQ) child's mental age divided by child's chronological age IQ=MA (score on exam)/CA X 100

3 year language milestone

Know 3,000 words

Noam Chomsky

Language-acquisition device reasoned that the rules for sentence org are too complex to be directly taught to cognitively sophisticated young children

2-6 year olds

Learn an average of 10-20 words a day

Gardner's Mutiple Intelligences

Linguistic Logico-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Naturalist Interpersonal Intra personal UHart magnet school

Aptitude tests

Measure one's POTENTIAL, SAT tests( they really don't)

Achievement tests

Measure what has been taught, given routinely in school

Guidelines

Rule #1 - reward good behavior, quickly & often Rule #2 - don't accidentally reward good behavior Rule #3 - punish some bad behavior (mild punishment) Turn this is great to I am good at this

Gender schema

Sandra Bern. Knowledge structures about aspects of sex & gender Guide thinking & behavior Encourage children to behave consistently w/the gender they are assigned

TASTE

Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami (savory) * new

WAIS

Test measured several abilities Performance scales- nonverbal abilities Verbal scales Sub-scales gave WAIS practical & clinical value

There are different types of tests

That are not intelligence tests but objective tests of ability. Achievement tests, Aptitude tests

WISC =

WAIS

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children =

WISC

Language errors

Young children sometimes use language errors: time, place & comparison words are difficult, as well as metaphors

KOHLBERG theory

a key controversy is his belief that moral maturity is not achieved until the postconventional level

Goodness of fit

a match between a child's temperament & their environment ex-shy child having similar parents

blended/reconsituted families

about 60% of divorced parents remarry or cohabitate with a partner. Parent, step parent & children form a new family structure

the arrival of adolescence

adds close friendship as a new dimension of self-esteem

a 5 year old who has lived at an orphanage her whole life

adopting parents should expect that the child may fail to check back with them in anxiety-arousing situations

in some cultures adults rarely speak with young children & never play social games, yet they acquire language within the normal time range. This suggests

adult molding of communication during the first year is not essential

Maturity of moral reasoning that is effected by personality, child-rearing practices, peer interaction & schooling

affects it thru cognitive challenges, which stimulate young people to think about moral problems in more complex ways

Nutrition in Children

affects skeletal growth, body shape & susceptibility

long term prediction from early temp is best achieved by **

after age 3 3yrs - a better sense of your child

autonomy granting

allowing the child to make decisions in areas where he is ready to make choices

empathy-based guilt reactions

are associated with stopping harmful actions & repairing damage caused by misdeeds

antisocial adolescents

are delayed in maturity of moral judgement

60% of US mothers with children under the age of 2

are employed

infants of depressed mothers

are less attentive to their surroundings

children who engage in make-believe play

are more advanced in understanding false belief

adolescents who have parents that value accomplishments more than character & emotional well being

are more likely to have academic & emotional problems

Daughters of career-orientated mothers

are more likely to have higher educational aspirations

Early-maturing girls

are more prone to depression, especially when faced with stressful life events

Same sex peers

are preferred throughout the school years

In Sweden gender roles

are viewed as a matter of learned tasks & domain of expertise. That decides what you should become.

bad dreams

around 5 yrs old some kids get night terrors or bad dreams, normal

Binet & Simon's intelligence test was the 1st to

associate terms of increasing difficulty w/chronological age

Left hemisphere

associated with happiness

Truth and lying

at 4 years old children clearly recognize the difference

Gardner defines intelligence in terms of

at least 8 independent intelligences that are based on distinct sets of processing operations

psychological control

attempt to take advantage of childrens psychological needs by intruding on & manipulating their verbal expressions, individuality & attachment to parents

social rewards

attn, smiles, pats, touching, clap hands, wink, praise

1,700 calories

avg kid needs need more for muscle growth, etc

1,200 calories

avg women needs

EE - Stage 2 - Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

basic need to gain self-rule or feel ashamed that it doesn't happen sense of independence physical-sense of self help w/transitions

research reveals that stereotyping of personality traits

become adultlike around age 11

internalized social rewards

become self-esteem

relationship between parent & child

becomes increasingly bidirectional

Girls relational aggression

becomes increasingly indirect between the ages of 6 and 11.

classical conditioning

bed time, routine & linking

empathy

begins in the preschool years, is an important motivator or prosocial, or altruistic behavior

Supertasters don't like

bok choy brussel sprouts cauliflower rutabaga turnips coffee dark chocolate (bitter) may taste bitterness in alcohol Not a fan of foods with high sugar or fat generally

A 4 year old would describe themselves

by mentioning observable characteristics

Gender-stereotyped expectations

cause girls to exceed boys in self-esteem dimensions of close friendship & social acceptance

intellectual dev

certainly important but so is ample time for free, unstructured play

Cross-cultural research on moral behavior shows

children & adolescents in diverse western & non-western cultures use similar criteria to reason about moral, social-conventional & personal concerns

social referencing

children begin to engage in this at 7-12 months

Socialization centers on

children's dev

child-rearing styles

combination of parenting behaviors that occur over a wide range of situations, creating an enduring child-rearing climate

Parenting effects

combine in complex ways with many other factors, including heredity & peers

uninvolved child-rearing style

combines low acceptance & involvement little behavior control general indifference to autonomy issues

before age 8, children's descriptions of others focus on

concrete activities, behaviors & commonly experienced emotions & attitudes

Cattell's theory of intelligence

crystalized intelligence-skills that depend on accumulated knowledge & experience, good judgement & mastery of social customs fluid intelligence- depends more heavily on basic info-processing skills

Language areas of the cerebral cortex

develop as children acquire language

Thomas & Chess

discovered that parenting practices can modify children's temperament considerably

punishments

distract & redirect attn - infants to all ages physical punishment - not good show disapproval - all ages natural consequences - all ages (let life teach them, cat scratches them, get jacket yourself if cold) logical consequences - 3 yrs & up (connected to item, leave TV on=no TV for a bit) behavior penalty - 5 yrs thru adolescence time out- 2 yrs old & up. Should be1 minute for every year

gender consistency recognition

during late preschool & early school years children begin to understand that sex is biologically based and remains the same even if a person dresses "cross-gender" or engages in nontraditional activities

Structure of Temperament

easy - 40% difficult - 10% slow-to-warm-up - 15% unclassified - 35% (combination)

poverty

effects parenting & child's dev and are threatened

Many factors can influence temperament, biological systems

effortful self control: self-regulating parenting experiences

Lower SES parents

emphasize external characteristics such as obedience, politeness, neatness & cleanliness

In middle childhood self-descriptions

emphasize positive & negative traits

Higher SES parents

emphasize psychological traits like curiosity, happiness, self-direction & cognitive & social maturity

how not to create a "give me" kid

emphasize traits like persistence & consideration base self-esteem on performance & improvement promote accountability & care for others

Fathers tend to

engage in highly arousing physical play with bursts of excitement & surprise that increases as play progresses

discipline

everything we do as parents to teach our children to make good decisions

secure base

ex-a 13 month old wanders toward other toddlers, returns to father, interacts briefly with a preschooler, then returns to father again

Internalization

ex-a child experiences condoned physical violence at home but agrees with society that fighting is unacceptable & subsequently acts according to those standards instead

self-efficacy

ex-getting dressed on own

attachment

ex-when a father enters a room at child care center, child breaks into big smile & when picked up will pat face & snuggle

sociodramatic play helps children

explore & rehearse social roles that have observed (playing dad) regulate emotions thru imagination learn to negotiate & cooperate with others

Compared to the nuclear family

extended family arrangements place more emphasis on cooperation & moral & religious values

neglect

extreme form of uninvolved parenting

Where parents go wrong

fail to reward good behavior accidentally punish good behavior accidentally reward bad behavior fail to punish bad behavior

Bad behavior will increase if parents

fail to reward good behavior accidentally reward bad behavior

Gilligan believes

feminine morality emphasizes ethic of care

school-age children internalize others' expectations then

form an ideal self that they use to evaluate their real self

coregulation

form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge moment to moment

pat-a-cake & peekaboo

foster infants' understanding of the turn-taking pattern of human conversation

GENDER Indentification

gender labeling begins at 2-3 yrs old but is superficial, changes with clothes or hair style here, is what it looks like 2+ yrs- 61% label own gender correctly & 54% can label other child correctly

how to create a "give me" kid

give them too much learn stuff is meaningless because they have too much * to change, start focusing on reward instead of the stuff

even hard to rear children

gradually respond to authoritativeness with cooperation & maturity which promotes parents' pleasure & approval of the child sense of self-efficacy at child rearing likelihood of continuing to be authoritative

constant stressors that accompany poverty

gradually weaken the family system with profound negative consequences for children's well being

Common chimps

have been taught artificial languages & ASL

Masculine & androgynous children & adults

have higher self-esteem than "feminine" indiv

Supertasters

have more papillae on their tongue tend to weigh less lower risk of cardiovascular disease due to low fat intake may be at risk for certain cancers that bitter foods can protect against also give us information about a child's temperament

scripts

hear how kids are thinking

material rewards

ice cream, ball, money, book, jump rope, yoyo, doll/action figure

Temperament & Caregiving

important to appreciate each child's unique temp

self-regulation

impulse control and awareness

Universal ethical principle

in Heinz dilemma, would think that respect for human life & personality is absolute & people have a duty to save one another from dying

Punishment & Obedience orientation

in the Heinz dilemma, would think you shouldn't steal drug because you will be caught & if you get away the police will catch up with you quickly

intensification

increased gender stereotyping of attitudes & behavior & a movement towards a more traditional gender indentity ex-was tomboy but now into wearing makeup & girl clothes

exercise

increases blood volume to your brain

vocabulary

increases fourfold in the elementary years, eventually exceeding comprehension of 40,000 words

Sternberg's theory

ind who are high in practical intelligence excel at adapting their thinking to fit w/demands of their everyday worlds

Identity theorists say

individuals who move away from identity foreclosure & diffusion toward identity moratorium & achievement build a well-structured identity that integrates various domains

Behaviorism

infant's emotions & personality are molded as parents REINFORCE or PUNISH child's spontaneous behavior

5-7 year olds will not grab, hit or insist another child obey them

instead now they tend to rely on friendly persuasion & compromise to think out alternative strategies when one does not work resolve disagreements w/o adult intervention

cross-cultural findings reveal that most societies promote

instrumental traits in males & expressive traits in females

chronosystem / Bronfenbrenner

interplay of forces within the family is dynamic & ever-changing, as each member adapts to the dev of other members

Paternal depression

is a strong indicator of child behavior problems

Biological perspective of morality behavior

is apparent when 2 chimps embrace & groom each other after a physical fight in an apparent effort to restore their long-term relationship

Logical consequence

is attached o the item

learned behavior

is hard to make go away

Social convention example

is placing a napkin on your lap at meals

parents often report that living with teens

is stressful

relationship between parenting & children's dev

is substanial

throughout adolescence, the quality of the parent-child relationship

is the single most consistent predictor of mental health

PLAY

it is NATURAL & BENEFICIAL for young children to play

Importance of play

it is imperative that society continues to value the importance of all types of play

Kohlberg on the Heinz dilemma

it is the way an indiv reasons about the dilemma & not the content of the response that determines moral judgment maturity

Nativist perspective of language

language is unique human accomplishment that children acquire naturally due to the structure of the brain. Chen was a supporter.

gender consistency

late preschool. gender is biologically based & DOESNT change regardless of dress or activities

Stereotype threat

lead girls to do worse than their abilities allow on difficult math problems

value of unstructured play

learn from each other apply what they learn creativity play out & modify workbook

at end of 1st year

learn their own goals frequently conflict with those of others empathy emerges & improves thru early childhood kids internal drive goals, then realize diff from others but still don't really care

personality

learned EX- honest or humility

Social referencing strengths

learning by observation

baviorism

learning theory Pavlov Skinner/Watson Bandura - bobo doll

autism

limits ability to engage in nonverbal communicative behaviors language tends to be imitative pays little attn. to people around them prefer to be alone play intensely in activities that require repetitive motions

Wernicke's area

located in the left temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex, plays a role in comprehending word meaning

social referencing

look back at you for the meaning of things ex-run into wall, look at you to see if they should cry also things like cold, hot etc

Supertasters have other sensativities

loud music baby's cry very tough to feed must encourage good nutrition

authoritarian child-rearing style

low in acceptance & involvement high in coercive behavioral control low in autonomy granting children more likely to be anxious, unhappy, & low is self-esteem & reliance

slow-to-warm up kids

may be reluctant to new situations, new people. May hang by parent & watch until feels more comfortable

In Sweden "equal roles family model"

means husband & wife should have the same opportunity to pursue a career & should be equally responsible for household & child care

Punishment could

model violent behavior

Side effect of harsh punishment

models aggression

At Kohlberg's conventional level

moral understanding is based on actively maintaining the current social system to ensure positive human relationships & societal order

Parents of preschoolers attitudes about cross-gender behavior expressed

more negatively to the idea of boys than when girls cross the gender line

subject-verb-object word order

most children can produce in the 3rd year

ATTACHMENT secure attachment

most common attachment quality in all societies

authoritative child-rearing style

most successful approach- involves high acceptance & involvement, effective control techniques & appropriate autonomy granting use teaching moments promote competence & maturity linked to an upbeat mood, self control, task persistence, academic achievement, cooperativeness to parents views social & moral maturity continual adapt to children's increasing comptence

coparenting

mutually supporting each other's parenting behaviors

Attention and hugs for kids

needed as much as they need food, water, clothes & shelter

discipline strategies

no one cure all often routed in culture all strategies should consider a child's emerging self-concept & level of cognitive dev

Types of Tasters

nontasters or mild tasters - 25% tasters - 50% supertasters - 25%

Early childhood friendships

now negotiate, don't have scripts anymore

At 4 months an infant will look longer at a video image

of a peer longer than a video of themselves

Between 6 & 11 years gender stereotyping

of activities occupations, & behaviors expands

Energy needs

of the ind children of same sex, age and size may vary

affluent parents

often fail to engage in family interaction & parenting that promote favorable development teenagers substance abuse was correlated with anxiety & depression suggesting they took drugs to self-medicate which is a practice that predicts persistent abuse are nearly as emotionally unavailable as parents with serious financial strains

extended family household

one or more adult relatives live with the parent-child nuclear family unit, vital feature of ethnic minority family life that has enabled many families to rear children successfully despite severe economic deprivation & prejudice

Temperamental traits

originate in one's genes, but are influenced by experience ex- infants differ in their reactions to new situations some cry easily while others are born "tough" An Example of epigenetic theory EX- Neighborhood -

parental directiveness may stem from

parent's personalities child rearing beliefs children's needs

An influence of self-concept

parental support contributes vitally to the clarity & optimism of a child's self concept

To help girls overcome societal emphasis on appearance & fitting in

parents should help them focus on character traits & competency. Or could lead to eating disorders

IQ of 130=

performing better than 98% of same age peers

activity rewards

play cards with parent, go to park, look at book with parent, bake cookies, watch tv or movie together, have friend over, play ball w/parent, play game together, go out * Create a relationship

Maltreated children

present serious discipline problems

sociodramatic play

pretend play in which children act out self-created roles & themes ex-house, school

A 3 month old who hears another infant crying will

probably cry in response

TEMPERAMENT

probably genetic EX- shy or extrovert can modify but cant change

positive emotional context

produced by authoritative parenting by: warm, involved parents children who are far more likely to comply parents who combine warmth with rational behavior let children know they are competent indiv are a powerful source for resilience that protect them from poverty & stress

grammar

product of general cognitive dev & child's tendency to search for consistencies & patterns of all sorts

EE - Stage 1 - Trust vs Mistrust

quality of care in the first year shape the infant's view of the consistency and predictability of the world life lessons, don't learn about trust, then become mistrustful, like consistency

operant conditioning

really about reinforcement vs/& punishment

self-care children

regularly look after themselves for some period of time during after school hours

Bronfenbrenner's informal social networks

relatives, friends, & neighbors. Both the formal & informal influence the parent-child relationship

Children learn thru play &

relieve stress as well

DISCIPLINE children learn thru

rewards & punishments that train (condition) them

Bronfenbrenner's formal organizations

school, workplace, recreation center, & larger community

androgyny

score high on both masculine & feminine personality characrteristics

SENSE OF SELF

self-awareness at birth-infants have sense of self as a distinct agent, separate from surrounding world self-awareness is limited also think part of parent

autonomy

sense of oneself as a separate self governing ind 2 aspects: emotional component- relying more on oneself & less on parents for support & guidance behavioral component- making decisions independently by carefully weighing one's own judgment & the suggestion of others to arrive at a well-reasoned course of action

self-recognition

sense of self as object of knowledge and evaluation aware of qualities that make up unique self at 15-20 months, before then not sure, may think someone else is in mirror Dot of rouge test, if child tries to rub off dot then is dev self-recog

Calories from fat

should be limited

active intervention at 6 months to teach kids to challenge peer sexist comments

showed girls were more likely to attain a gender-stereotype flexibility that extended beyond to their attitudes

grammatical morpheme

small markers that change the meaning of sentences ex-ing ending, mommy dancing instead of mommy dance

Types of play

solitary - play alone (all about me) onlooker - watch others(starting to expand) parallel - play with similar toys in similar way, but don't interact (next to each other) associative - interact & share emotions, but not in same game, outdoor play (exchange going on) cooperative- play together, with common goals, taking turns rough and tumble-mimics aggression but is in fun - usually requires social experience among participants & enough room

Children in Western culture that sleep alone & experience frequent daytime separations from their parents

sometimes develop strong emotional ties to cuddly objects

Where fathers devote as much or more time than moms

sons tend to be more emotionally sensitive & daughters are more self-confident

Effective parenting of adolescents

strike a balance between connection & separation

2 major components of discipline

teaching responsibility decision making

Stability of temperament

temperament develops with age

Higher IQ children & adolescents

tend to be better liked by their agemates

People who discipline with harshness & impatience

tend to have children that resist & rebel

Higher SES ind in adolescence & adulthood

tend to hold more flexible gender-stereotyped views than lower SES ind

narcissistic children with unrealistically high self-esteem because of overly tolerant, indulgent parenting

tend to lash out at peers who express disapproval

Goodness of fit

the match between the child's temp and the environment * especially important for the child w/difficult temp

When IQ tests are standardized

the mean IQ is set at 100

androgen insensitivity syndrome

the testes produce normal levels of androgens but androgen receptors in body cells are partially or completely impaired

catch them being good

then reward it. Need to reward good behavior if you want child to be good

During 1st year, as infants act on the environment

they notice effects that help them sort out self, other people & objects

Afro-american child adopted into a well off white family when a baby. Studies show

they will attain a mean IQ 20-30 pts higher than typical scores of children growing up in low-income black communities

Piaget says older children in the morality of cooperation stage

understand ideal reciprocity which helps them realize that rules can be interpreted & revised

In Aka tribe a strong father-infant relationship is mostly due to

usually cooperative and intimate bonds between husband & wife

Social systems perspective

viewing the family as a complex set of interacting relationships influenced by the larger social context

permissive child-rearing style

warm & accepting but involved either overindulgent or inattentive engage in little behavioral control instead of gradual autonomy granting they allow children to make many decisions for themselves at an age where they are not ready to children tend to be impulsive, disobedient & rebellious

observational learning

watching parents, watch & learn, imititaion

children/adults are more responsive

when immediate rewards are given than long-term rewards danger- every time will want reward to do something can begin to fad out by doing every 3 times, etc

Learning theory applied

whining- is a negative reward

advanced moral thinkers

will break the law to support individual rights

linguistic high intelligence

would perform well as a journalist