childhood illnesses
abortive or inapparent poliomyelitis symptoms
fever, uneasiness, sore throat, headache, anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain
incubation period of rubella
- 2-3 weeks - only 50% have manifestations - subfebrile temperature, headache and exanthem - HALLMARK is symmetrical lymphadenopathy
roseola infantum
- 3 day fever - human herpes virus type 6 or 7 - spread by unknown causes - disease limited to children <3 yrs - primarily 6 to 15 months old - high fever for 3 days, fever is gone and then get RASH - most have been infected by this by school age
erythema infectiousum symptoms
- 3 phase exanthem 1. erythema on face "slapped cheeks" 2. maculopapular, symmetric distribution, progresses proximal-distal 3. rash subsides but reappears if skin is irritated
erythema infectiousum
- 5ths disease - human parovirus B19 - spread by contact and respiratory droplets, mainly respiratory secretions - NO LONGER CONTAGIOUS AFTER ONSET OF RASH
symptoms of scarlet fever
- abrupt high fever - enlarged tonsils - white strawberry tongue -> red strawberry tongue - exanthem known as scarlatina
chicken pox transmission
- an infected person is contagious for 1 to 2 days prior to the onset of symptoms and as long as they have open lesions - spread by direct contact, airborne and contaminated objects - lesions typically appear first at the hairline and spread cranial to caudal
treatment for pertussis
- antibiotic therapy - supportive cares (fluids and oxygen) - mechanical ventilation - diagnosed with Chest z ray and pulse ox - might be NPO depending on severity
treatment for roseola infantum
- antipyretics for fever
treatment for chicken pox
- antiviral - supportive - relieve itching (antihistamines) - skin care - antipyretic
nursing priorities for intestinal parasites
- assist with identification of the parasite - tape test, lab exam - assist with education and treatment - anticipatory guidance
treatment for poliomyelitis
- bedrest - sedative to reduce anxiety and promote rest - mechanical ventilation for respiratory paralysis - PT after acute stage
symptoms for pertussis
- begin like URI, continue for 1-2 weeks and cough progresses - fever - classic high pitched "whoop" cough - post tussive emesis is common
exanthem phase of measles
- begins 3-4 days after onset of prodromal phase - maculopapular - starts on face, spreads down body - confluent --> discrete
giardiasis
- caused by giardia lamblia - most common intestinal parasitic pathogen in the US - upper intestine
scarlet fever
- caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci - complication of strep throat - spread by direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions, droplet spread and contaminated items
prevent complications
- certain groups are more at risk for serious or fatal complications - lapsed and missed immunizations - compliance with therapy
contagious stage for chicken pox
- contagious until all of the lesions are crusted - will have rash for a couple of weeks and remain contagious until all of the spots are crusted - fluid filled vesicles are contagious
rashes comfort care
- cool baths - loose clothing, non irritating - avoid overheating - anti-itching medications and lotion
birth defects if rubella is acquired during pregnancy
- deafness - cataracts - heart defects - mental retardation - liver and spleen damage
scarlatina of scarlet fever
- diffuse erythematous papular rash with sandpaper quality - worse in folds of joints
nursing considerations for mumps
- droplet and contact isolation - if child is unable to swallow pills due to swelling use an elixir form instead - encourage liquids, soft, bland foods that don't require chewing - use hot or cold compresses to neck
treatment of diphtheria
- equine antitoxin - antibiotics - bed rest - airway maintenance
prodrome phase of measles
- fever - connjunctivitis - runny nose - sore throat - dry cough - koplik spots (white dots on buccal mucosa)
constitutional symptoms
- fever or rash
prodromal phase of mumps
- fever, headache, malaise, anorexia - earache aggravated by chewing
control of spread
- goal is to prevent cross transmission between patients and healthcare workers - infection control measures - hand washing - general hygiene measures
intestinal parasites
- helminths (pinworms) - protozoa: giardiasis
prevention for diphtheria
- immunization
prevention for chicken pox
- immunization - isolation
prevention of measles
- immunizations
primary prevention
- immunizations - control spread of illness
communicable diseases
- incidence declined with immunizations - antibiotics and antitoxins improve outcomes, prevent serious complications - disease still occurs - prevention: control spread, complications
transmission of enterobiasis pinworms
- ingestion or inhalation of the eggs -
symptoms of enterobiasis pinworms
- intense anal itching
rash characteristics for chickenpox
- itchy 1. macule 2. papule 3. vesicle 4. crust 5. rash goes away
symptoms of rubella
- low grade fever - headache - malaise - lymphadenopathy (symmetrical, mainly occipital and postauricular) - exanthem
exanthem for rubella
- macular or maulopapular - craniocaudal - 1 to 3 days
treatment of enterobiasis pinworms
- mebendazole is med of choice - all household members are treated - repeat dose in 2 weeks
diagnosis of giardiasis
- microscopic examination of stool sample
enterobiasis pinworms
- most common helminthic infection - transmission by ingestion or inhalation of the eggs - eggs hatch in upper intestine - mature and migrate through intestine - mating -> females lay eggs around the anus
tongue symptoms of scarlet fever
- normal strep you don't usually have tongue symptoms - once tongue symptoms appear you are moving into the scarlet fever
parotitis of mumps
- parotid gland enlargment - bilateral or unilateral - pain and tenderness
complications of scarlet fever
- peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscess, sinusitis, otitis media, acute glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, polyarthritis
complications for poliomyelitis
- permanent paralysis - respiratory arrest - hypertension - kidney stones
symptoms of roseola infantum
- persistent high fever 3 to 4 days - otherwise well appearing - fever breaks and rash occurs - discrete macular and maculopapular rash - rash starts on trunk and spreads to neck, face, and extremities
transmission of giardiasis
- person to person - water and food - animal
complications of pertussis
- pneumonia - otitis media - apnea - hemorrhage - weight loss/dehydration - hernias - prolapsed rectum - syncope - rib fractures
nursing care
- proper isolation precautions - provide patient comfort - rashes, fever, pain control - family support
mumps is classically known for
- puffy cheeck and swollen jaw - enlargement of parotid gland
complications of rubella
- rare, most benign childhood disease - teratogenic to fetus
exanthem in erythema infectiousum
- rash only seen in about 15-20% of infections - most cases are clinical silent or only manifest with flu like symptoms -
identification and assessment for disease
- recent exposure to known case - prodromal symptoms - constitutional symptoms - immunization history - history of disease
treatment for scarlet fever
- same as strep throat - Penecillin, erythromycin, cephalosporin - supportive (rest, analgesia, antipyretics, fluid, prevent spread)
nonparalytic poliomyelitis symptoms
- same but more severe, also pain and stiffness in neck, back, and legs
complications of chicken pox
- secondary infection (cellulitis, necrotizing fascitis, pneumonia, sepsis) - encephalitis - pneumonia - chronic or transient thrombocytopenia
treatment of giardiasis
- several "zole" medications - hand washing
paralytic poliomyelitis symptoms
- similar initially to nonparalytic, recovery, then signs of CNS paralysis
immunocompromised patients
- steroid therapy - immunosuppressive therapy - cancer - immune disorder
treatment of mumps
- symptomatic and supportive - analgesics, antipyretics - fluids, soft foods - encourage rest
prodromal symptoms
- symptoms that occur as early manifestation - occur early in the infection process, maybe before a person really feels sick
diagnosis of enterobiasis pinworms
- tape test: put tape on the anus to catch pinworms when they peak out during nighttime to refertilize
complications for diphtheria
- toxic cardiomyopathy - toxic neuropathy
interventions for measles
- use cool mist vaporizer, protect skin around nares - keep skin clean, use tepid baths as necessary - maintain isolation until fifth day of rash
diphtheria
- vaccine preventable - corynebacterium diphtheriae - spread by direct contact with nasal discharge, contaminated items - usually infectious for 2 weeks, could be up to 4 weeks - symptoms vary by location of disease
poliomyelitis
- vaccine preventable - enterovirus - spread by direct contact, feces and oropharyngeal secretions - type 1: most frequent cause of paralysis - type 2: least frequent association of paralysis - type 3: second most frequent association of paralysis
chicken pox (varicella)
- vaccine preventable - varicella zoster virus, human herpes virus - spread by direct contact, airborne, and contaminated objects - prodromal stage: fever, malaise, anorexia
measles
- vaccine preventable (MMR) - caused by a virus - transmitted by direct contact of respiratory droplets - enters body via mucus membranes (nose, conjunctiva)
mumps
- vaccine preventable (MMR) - paramyxovirus - spread by direct contact or droplet spread of saliva from infected person
rubella
- vaccine preventable (MMR) - rubella virus - spread by respiratory droplets or direct contact - enters via upper respiratory tract - droplet precautions
symptoms of giardiasis
- variable by age - stool is malodorus, watery, pale and greasy - infants: diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, failure to thrive - children older than 5: abdominal cramps, intermittent loose stools, constipation
treatment for rubella
- virus - antipyretics and analgesics - rest and symptom management
treatment of measles
- virus needs to run its course - symptomatic and supportive care - airborne isolation precautions - bed rest - antipyretics - eye care - cough - skin care
treatment for erythema infectiousum
- virus, symptom management - symptomatic and supportive - analgesics - antipyretics
other considerations of enterobiasis pinworms
- wash all clothes and bed linens in hot water - vacuum house - hand washing - short nails
pertussis
- whooping cough (horrible for babies) - vaccine preventable - bordatella pertussis - spread by droplet or direct contact
6 diseases of childhood
1. measles 2. scarlet fever 3. rubella 4. missing (doesn't exist in modern time) 5. erythema infectiosum 6. roseola infantum
