Children's Thinking Exam 2

According to the language hypothesis, ________ changes first, enabling better reorientation performance and fostering the acquisition of ________. A. Reorientation performance; spatial language B. Spatial language; reorientation performance C. Vision; spacial language D. Vision; reorientation performance

A. Reorientation performance; spacial language

The integrative theory asserts several ideas about the development of numerical representations. Who coined this theory? A. Piaget B. Siegler C. Vygotsky D. Bruner

B. Siegler

Babies are most likely to learn how to produce a word if they ________. A. Hear somebody saying the word B. See somebody saying the word C. Both A and B D. Neither A or B

C. Both A and B

Infants and adults prefer to look at faces that are ________. A. Low in attractiveness B. Average in attractiveness C. High in attractiveness D. Similar in attractiveness to their mothers

C. High in attractiveness

In a study by Eimas and colleagues (1971), young infants were presenting with an auditory stimulus from the ba/pa continuum over and over again until they decreased the rate at which they sucked on a pacifier. Then, infants were presented with a novel auditory stimulus that differed in voice onset time from the original auditory stimulus by a fixed amount. When the novel stimulus was on a different side of the ba/pa category boundary than the original stimulus, infants' sucking rate ________, when the novel stimulus was within the same category as the original stimulus, infants' sucking rate ________. A. Remained constant, remained constant B. Decreased, increased C. Increased, decreased D. Increased, Remained constant

C. Increased, decreased

When children who are hearing impaired are not exposed to sign language, they ________. A. Do not communicate B. Invent their own signed language that indistinguishable from true signed languages C. Invent their own signed language that is less systematic than true signed languages D. Develop the ability to communicate using American Sign Language

C. Invent their own signed language that is less systematic than true signed languages

When given a choice, infants prefer to listen to ________. A. Rattles shaking B. Dogs barking C. Soft humming D. People talking

D. People talking

According to Shi and Werker (2001), which of the following words would a six-month-old prefer? A. The B. Its C. Between D. Tree

D. Tree

Bradley, a four-year-old child, is grouping photos into two piles of things that "go together". He sees photos of the following four objects: baseball hat, barrette, boy, girl. According to Inhelder and Piaget (1964), Bradley is most likely to sort the objects into the following two piles: ________. A. (Baseball hat and boy), (barrette and girl) B. (Baseball hat and girl), (barrette and boy) C. (Baseball hat and barrette), (girl and boy) D. (Baseball hat and barrette and boy), (girl)

A. (Baseball hat and boy), (barrette and girl)

Mohini cries, and her mother picks her up. Later, the same thing happens again. Over time, through a process known as ________, Mohini will learn to cry to make her mother pick her up. A. Association B. Recognition C. Recall D. Generalization

A. Association

Mosi, a sixth-month-old child, is sitting in his swing. He can see three toys dangling from the mobile attached to the top of the swing. Mosi's father removes one of the toys to clean it. Mosi ________. A. Can discriminate that the number of toys is different now B. Is focused on the toys as a category of items and not as a quantity C. Believes that the missing toy no longer exists D. Forgets about the missing toy once he can no longer see it

A. Can discriminate that the number of toys is different now

When given a choice, infants prefer to look at ________. A. Faces B. Bull's-Eyes C. Solid disks D. Geometric shapes

A. Faces

Which of the following is a basic-level category? A. Fruit B. Plant C. Dictionary D. Poodle

A. Fruit

Prototypes are instances of a category that have the ________. A. Highest cue validities B. Greatest number of abstract cues C. Poorest resemblance to other instances of the category D. Least number of perceptually insignificant attributes

A. Highest cue validity

Marshal, a three-year-old child, is playing a game of hide-and-go-seek with his sister. Marshal knows that his sister always hides in one of six locations. Three of the locations are in the living room and three are in the dining room. After Marshal finishes counting, his mother tells him that his sister is hiding in the living room. Based on research in the area of selective attention, Marshal is likely to look for his sister ________. A. Indiscriminately in all of the hiding places B. Mainly in the living room, but may peek in the dining room as well C. Only in the living room D. Only in the dining room

A. Indiscriminately in all of the hiding places

In a study by Meltzoff and Borton (1979) infants sucked on a pacifier that had a bumpy surface. After sucking for about 90 seconds, infants were shown two pacifiers: a smooth pacifier and a bumpy pacifier. Based on results from Streri and Spelke's (1988) study of infants' exploration and identification of two connected rings, one would expect infants to look ________. Note: infants in the Meltzoff and Borton study did not actually display this pattern of results. A. Longer at the smooth pacifier B. Longer at the bumpy pacifier C. Equally long at the smooth and bumpy pacifiers D. At the space in between the smooth and bumpy pacifiers

A. Longer at the smooth pacifier

Habituation refers to the process in which infants ________. A. Lose interest in an object that they have seen over and over again B. Orient their attention toward a bright flash of light or a sudden loud noise C. Look longer at one of two stimuli in a visual display D. Increase the frequency of a behavior when they receive reinforcement for doing so

A. Lose interest in an object that they have seen over and over again

Knowledge of ________ develops earlier than knowledge of the other aspects of language. A. Phonology B. Meaning C. Grammar D. Communication

A. Phonology

Fantz (1961) developed a methodology for studying infants. He showed infants a series of visual stimuli, including a bull's-eye and a solid disk, and recorded the time infants spent looking at each stimulus. The goal was to see if infants would look longer at one stimulus relative to the other. This methodology is known as the ________. A. Preferential-Looking paradigm B. Habituation paradigm C. Head-Turn preference procedure D. Cross-Modal matching procedure

A. Preferential-Looking paradigm

True or false? Contemporary research suggests that young children do not typically use memory strategies because their performance does not improve when they use memory strategies. A. True B. False

B. False

True or false? Haith (1980) suggested that newborns' visual scanning is random. A. True B. False

B. False

True or false? Infants are unable to discriminate 5 objects from 15 objects. A. True B. False

B. False

True or false? Knowledge of the ordinal properties of numbers develops later than knowledge of the cardinal properties of numbers. A. True B. False

B. False

True or false? Once children discover a new memory strategy, they use it in as many situations as possible. A. True B. False

B. False

True or false? Research suggests that infants prefer very bright objects to moderately bright ones. A. True B. False

B. False

True or false? Results from Dannemiller and Stephens (1988) suggest that 12-week-old infants do not prefer to look at faces per say, but rather prefer to look at any stimulus with thick, dark borders. A. True B. False

B. False

True or false? Results from a study by Kearins (1981) suggest that spatial memory performance is highly correlated with performance on standard tests of cognitive functioning. A. True B. False

B. False

True or false? The approximate number system is only demonstrated by humans. A. True B. False

B. False

True or false? Very young infants can associate, recognize, and recall, but not generalize. A. True B. False

B. False

Ulla, a three-year-old child, is shown a snake and told that it is called a "reptile". Which of the following would Ulla be most likely to also call a reptile? A. Leaf B. Garden hose C. Lizard D. Tong

B. Garden hose

What paradigm is used to study numerical magnitude? A. Still face paradigm B. Habituation paradigm C. Dishabituation paradigm D. Eye gaze paradigm

B. Habituation paradigm

Nigel, a four-year-old child, has a tea party with his grandmother. The next day, his father asks him what he remembers about the tea party. Nigel is most likely to say, "________". A. We drank tea and had a good time B. I used a blue teacup for my tea C. Grandma liked having me visit D. Grandma served tea and asked me a lot of questions

B. I used a blue teacup for my tea

Keil and Batterman (1984) asked children whether particular items could be examples of particular concepts. For example, children were asked the following question: "one of your mommy's brothers is so young he's only two years old. Could that be an uncle?". Whether or not a child would be able to form a defining-features representation in this particular example would depend on the child's ________. A. Language ability B. Knowledge about uncles C. Working memory capacity D. Strategy use

B. Knowledge about uncles

Alka's brother asks her where his tennis racket is, and she says, "it's in the closet right next to the vacuum". In this example, Alka has a ________ representation of the racket's location. A. Egocentric B. Landmark-Based C. Spatial D. Logical

B. Landmark-Based

Karl knows that 0.1 is greater than 0.09. This demonstrates Karl's understanding of ________. A. Cardinality B. Ordinality C. The one-one principle D. Subitizing

B. Ordinality

Young children tend to emphasize ________ when forming categories. A. Conceptual features B. Perceptual features C. Defining features D. Emotional features

B. Perceptual features

According to Kalish (1997), Preschool children understand which of the following facts about illness? A. The causes of illness operate in a probilistic manner B. Physical contact with germs leads to illness C. Illness takes time to develop D. There are symptoms of common illnesses

B. Physical contact with germs leads to illness

In class, we watched a video on an animal demonstrating the approximate number system. What animal was it? A. Monkey B. Pigeon C. Rat D. Chimpanzee

B. Pigeon

Spence (1996) had mothers read nursery rhymes to their young infants over the course of two weeks. Three days later, the infants were tested in an operant-learning paradigm in which their sucking rate determined which of two nursery rhymes they would hear. Infants sucked to hear the familiar nursery rhymes. These results suggest that ________ is present from a very early age. A. Association B. Recognition C. Recall D. Generalization

B. Recognition

Natasha, a ten-year-old child, is playing a round of golf with her dad. The sun is setting as they approach the 18th hole. Because it is getting dark outside, Natasha and her father will have to rely on the photoreceptor cells known as ________ to track the trajectory of their golf balls on the 18th hole. A. Cones B. Rods C. Fovea D. Vitreous

B. Rods

Walid, a 3-month-old infant, is presented with four rattles: 1. A rattle that is being shaken directly in front of him 2. A rattle that is placed on a tray directly in front of him 3. A rattle that is being shaken approximately 20 feet away from him 4. A rattle that is placed on a tray approximately 20 feet away from him Walid will find it easier to perceive the unity of the various parts of the ________ rattle. A. First B. Second C. Third D. Fourth

B. Second

According to Caselli and colleagues' (1995) study of children's early lexicons, which of the following words would an American child be most likely to have in his or her lexicon? A. Give B. Shoe C. Go D. Come

B. Shoe

In a classic study by Meyer and Schvaneveldt (1971), participants were shown pairs of words. Participants' goal was to indicate whether both words were real words by pressing "yes" if they were or "no" if they were not. Participants responded faster when the two words were related in meaning (e.g., nurse and doctor) than when the two words were not related in meaning (e.g., nurse and butter). These results demonstrate an effect of content knowledge known as ________. A. Encoding of distinctive features B. Spreading activation C. Strategy learning D. Metacognition

B. Spreading activation

In a study by Saffran and colleagues (1996), infants were familiarized with a continuous speech stream consisting of made-up words such as bidaku, padoti, and golabu (e.g., bidakugolabugolabupadotibidaku...). After familiarization, Saffran and colleagues used the head-turn preference procedure to show that infants were able to tell the difference between words like "bidaku" and part-words like "kupado". Infants were able to do this because they tracked the ________ of the syllables in the language. A. Frequencies B. Transitional probabilities C. Stress patterns D. Phonotactics

B. Transitional probabilities

Jonah, a three-month-old infant, is presented with a visual display in which a small bunny appears and disappears according to a regular pattern- top, bottom, bottom, top, bottom, bottom, etc. After the bunny disappears from the top of the screen, Jonah is most likely to look ________. A. At the top of the screen B. Back and forth between the top and bottom of the screen C. At the bottom of the screen D. At the center of the screen

C. At the bottom of the screen

It is Valentine's Day, and Danny, a five-year-old child, is talking to his mother about different seasonal holidays. His mother asks him whether Halloween or Thanksgiving happened more recently in the past. Danny is most likely to ________. A. Answer correctly that Halloween was more recent B. Answer incorrectly that Thanksgiving was more recent C. Be just as likely to say Halloween as Thanksgiving D. Argue that Valentine's Day was more recent

C. Be just as likely to say Halloween as Thanksgiving

According to Wellman and Gelman (1998), the three areas in which children are predisposed to develop core theories are ________. A. Biology, chemistry, and physics B. Biology, chemistry, and psychology C. Biology, physics, and psychology D. Chemistry, physics, and psychology

C. Biology, physics, and psychology

When infants who are hearing impaired reach 6 months of age, they exhibit ________. A. Vocal babbling B. Manual babbling C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B

C. Both A and B

Doug, a 1-month-old infant, is presented with picture of a square. According to work by Salapatek (1975), most of Doug's fixations will be centered at the ________. A. Top of the square B. Left-Hand side of the square C. Corners of the square D. Center of the square

C. Corners of the square

In a study by Carey and Bartlett (1978), children were presented with a blue-colored tray and an olive-colored tray, and they were asked to get the "chromium" tray, not the blue one. All of the children retrieved the olive tray, thus inferring that "chromium" referred to the olive color. Later, when asked the color of the olive tray, children responded by saying "chromium". This is an example of ________. A. Semantic bootstrapping B. Overlapping C. Fast mapping D. Overgeneralization

C. Fast mapping

Carol is twelve years old. Carol's earliest memory is most likely ________. A. Coming home from the hospital a few days after being born B. Taking her first steps at age one C. Going on vacation with her family at age three D. Going to school for the first time at age five

C. Going on vacation with her family at age three

The system of rules through which sentences are formed is known as ________. A. Phonology B. Meaning C. Grammar D. Communication

C. Grammar

Thiessen and Saffran (2003) documented developmental differences in infants' tendency to use stress as a cue word to boundaries. In their experiments, infants were familiarized with artificial languages in which the first or second syllable of every word was stressed. After familiarization, infants' attention was drawn to one side of the testing room with a blinking light. When infants turned their head toward the light, a word was played continuously until the infants looked away. This methodology is known as ________. A. Preferential-Looking paradigm B. Habituation paradigm C. Head-Turn preference procedure D. High amplitude sucking procedure

C. Head-Turn preference procedure

When Jacob is four years old, he falls on the playground at preschool and cuts his knee badly. He has to have stitches for his wound. As Jacob ages and he remembers this event, he is likely to ________. A. Remember details such as what he was wearing B. Believe that he dreamed it C. Omit important information D. Resist leading questions about the event

C. Omit important information

Takoda is grocery shopping with her father when she realizes that they forgot the grocery list at home. She tries to remember the items on the list. First she remembers apples, lemons, and onions. Next, she remembers milk, cheese, and yogurt. Finally, she remembers bread, cereal, and pasta. In this example, Takoda uses the memory strategy known as ________. A. Rehearsal B. Searching C. Organizing D. Mnemonics

C. Organizing

Gary's family has a dog, Rufus. One day, Gary sees another dog in the park, and he immediately shouts "Rufus". In this example, Gary exhibited an ________. A. Overlap B. Underextension C. Overextension D. Accommodation

C. Overextension

Jimmy, a five-month-old infant, if familiarized with a big, brown teddy bear until he habituates to it. Twenty-Four hours after being shown the teddy bear, Jimmy will dishabituate to a new bear that differs from the original bear in terms of ________. A. Size B. Color C. Shape D. Texture

C. Shape

Sarah and her mother are playing patty cake when the phone rings. Sarah's mother puts her down on the bed and rushes to get the phone. Sarah crawls to the edge of the bed. According to Campos and colleagues (1992) whether or not Sarah will show signs of fear, such as an accelerated heart rate, depends on ________. A. The strength of the bond between Sarah and her mother B. The number of times Sarah has been placed on the bed previously C. The number of weeks Sarah has been crawling on her own D. The amount of experience Sarah has being carried from one place to another

C. The number of weeks Sarah has been crawling on her own

When mothers who are engaging in memory tasks with their children use organizational strategies more often, their children show better memory performance ________. A. At initial observation B. One year later C. Two years later D. A and B

D. A and B

Which of the following has been demonstrated to play a critical role in color perception? A. Socialization B. Language learning C. Growing older D. Biological makeup

D. Biological makeup

Liza, a four-year-old child, is counting small plastic animals with her father. The animals are lined up in a row, and her father starts counting. He points to the animal in the middle of the row, and says "one...". Liza immediately stops him, points to the animal in the first position, and says, "no, daddy! You have to start with this one to get the right answer". In this example, Liza exhibits poor knowledge of the ________ principle. A. Abstraction B. Stable order C. Cardinal D. Order irrelevance

D. Order irrelevance

Lynn, a three-year-old child, is counting her blocks aloud, "one, two, three, five, four, six. Six blocks!". Her mother asks her to try again, and Lynn counts aloud, "one, two, four, three, five, six. There are still six!". In this example, Lynn violates the ________ principle. A. One-One B. Stable order C. Cardinal D. Order irrelevance

D. Order irrelevance

Nina is trying to get on her big brother's nerves by imitating everything he says. To do this, she has to encode what he says and remember it long enough to repeat it back. The brain structure associated with this type of processing is the ________. A. Cerebellum B. Hypothalamus C. Striatum D. Prefrontal cortex

D. Prefrontal cortex

Robert went to a friend's birthday party where he had pie for dessert. Later, when his mother asked him what he ate at the party he said, "pizza for dinner and cake for dessert". Robert's memory mistake demonstrates his reliance on ________. A. Metacognitive knowledge B. Selective attention C. Inhibition D. Scripts

D. Scripts

When Piaget presented children with two trains that traveled in the same direction along parallel tracks, he was trying to measure children's understanding of ________. A. Space B. Distance C. Time D. Speed

D. Speed

Jeff's mother points to a tree and says, "tree". Jeff knows that the word "tree" refers to the tree and not to a branch or a leaf because of what Markman (1989, 1992) referred to as the ________ constraint. A. Fast mapping B. Mutual-Exclusivity C. Taxonomic D. Whole-Object

D. Whole-Object

True or False? Children can recover from damage to the left hemisphere of their brain if they are one year old or younger. A. True B. False

A. True

True or False? Language comprehension proceeds language production for most aspects of language development. A. True B. False

A. True

True or False? Tincoff and Juscyk (1999) showed that when 6-month-old infants hear the word "mommy", they look longer at their mother than at their father in a preferential-looking procedure. A. True B. False

A. True

The integrative theory suggests we do what to develop number knowledge? A. Represent magnitudes of nonsymbolic numbers increasingly precisely, linking nonsymbolic to symbolic representations, extending understanding to increasingly large whole numbers, and extending understanding to all rational numbers B. Focusing solely on symbolic number representations and avoiding the use of nonsymbolic numbers in mathematical education until children are older and have understood formal operations C. Developing efficiency in arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction, then multiplication and division, without considering the understanding of number magnitudes D. Enhancing memory recall for number facts without connecting them to broader mathematical concepts

A. Represent magnitudes of nonsymbolic numbers increasingly precisely, linking nonsymbolic to symbolic representations, extending understanding to increasingly large whole numbers, and extending understanding to all rational numbers

True or false? According to Cohen (1972), children and adults do not differ significantly in terms of which properties of stimuli grab their attention. A. True B. False

A. True

True or false? According to Learmonth, Nadel, and Newcombe (2002), children use landmarks to guide their spatial representations in large rooms, but do not use landmarks to guide their spatial representations in small rooms. A. True B. False

A. True

True or false? According to Wynn (1992), five-month-old infants are capable of calculating simple arithmetic operations, such as 1+1=2. A. True B. False

A. True

True or false? Adults in a wide variety of cultures and language communities change the pitch and intonation of their speech when talking to babies. A. True B. False

A. True

True or false? Before the age of 6-7 months, infants cannot use static monocular cues to distance. A. True B. False

A. True

True or false? Both children and adults find recognition much easier than recall. A. True B. False

A. True

True or false? Infants are better than adults at discriminating basic phonemes. A. True B. False

A. True

True or false? Recognition memory is present from birth. A. True B. False

A. True

True or false? Results from Maurer and colleagues (1999) suggest that visual acuity does not develop without visual experience. A. True B. False

A. True

True or false? Results from a study by Johnson, Posner, and Rothbart (1994) suggest that babies can attend to an object, even if they are not looking directly at it. A. True B. False

A. True

True or false? Studies have shown that children whose mothers engage them in highly elaborative conversations about past events remember more than children whose mothers are less elaborative in their conversations about past events. A. True B. False

A. True

True or false? The most attractive faces are computer-generated composites of a large number of average faces. A. True B. False

A. True

Which of the following animals has features with the lowest cue validities for its class? A. Whale B. Tiger C. Frog D. Canary

A. Whale

Infants typically say their first word around the age of ________. A. 6 months B. 1 year C. 1 year, 6 months D. Two years

B. 1 year

An injury to the tongue, teeth, or lips is most likely to impair the ability to pronounce ________. A. Vowels B. Consonants C. Schwas D. Dipthongs

B. Consonants

According to Bertenthal and colleagues (1994), a baby is more likely to locate an object's spatial position if he or she has ________. A. An allocentric representation of the object B. Extensive crawling expertise C. Parents who score high on tests of spacial ability D. Extensive experience with that particular object

B. Extensive crawling expertise

True or False? All of the grammars of the world's languages are highly similar. A. True B. False

B. False

True or False? Infant-Directed speech is a universal aspect of language. A. True B. False

B. False