Chloroplast structure and function
Granum
stack of thylakoids
Energy
the ability to do work
Lumen
the inside of thylakoids; granum is a stack of thylakoids
Outer membrane
the outer membrane of the chloroplast structure
If a person had an extremely high fever, what will happen to their enzymes
they would change their shape
Purpose of Photosynthesis
to make glucose (C6H12O6) using sunlight (photons)
ATP contains more energy than ADP and its stored in the 3rd phosphate group
true
Nucletide is in ATP and ADP
true
Organisms need a constant supply of energy to survive
true
ATP molecules are constantly being rebuilt from ADP and lone phosphate groups. This ensures that cells always have a source of energy. ATP requires energy. The energy required to make ATP comes from
Glucose. Its a monosaccharide/C6H12O6
At the end of a reaction, the products are released from the enzyme-substrate complex. What happens to the enzyme after the products are released
Nothing has changed because they are recycled.
What do light dependent reactions do ?
Stores energy from sunlight into NADPH, ATP. Needs sunlight. Located in the membrane of thylakoids
Reactants
The compound that enters a chemical reaction
Products
The compounds produced by a chemical reaction known as products
Substrate
The reactant that binds to the enzyme's active site and is transformed into product
What do light independent reactions do? (also known as the Calvin Cycle)
Uses energy from NADPH and ATP to make glucose. Doesn't require sunlight. Located in the stroma.
What is the function of a catalyst in a reaction
a substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy
Chlorophyll pigments absorb blue, red, and violet from visible light and reflects green
cannot absorb green
Photons
energy particles from sunlight
Activation energy
energy that needed to get a reaction to start (factor in endothermic and exothermic)
Reduction
gaining electrons (+)
Photosystem
group of pigments that absorb sunlight
When light is released during a chemical reaction, it is in the form of ... and/or ...
heat, light, chemical bonds
How are thylakoids arranged ?
in stacks called granum
Inner membrane
inside of the outer membrane
When a cell requires energy, it breaks off the
last (3rd) phosphate group from the ATP molecule, which releases energy. The molecule left over is called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) which consists of adenine, ribose sugar, and 2 phosphate groups. ADP has less energy than ATP
Oxidation
losing electrons (-)
Is it reversible
no
One calvin cycle only makes
one glucose
Hetertroph
organisms that cannot make their own food and relay on producers ex: humans
Autotroph
organisms that make their own food ex: plants
Which type of organic molecules are enzymes
proteins
Stroma
water/fluid inside of chloroplast structure
Carotenoids absorb
yellow and reflect into orange (due to energy from sunlight)
Chloroplast function
Absorbs sunlight and converts it into sugar molecules and also produce free energy stored in the form of ATP and NADPH through photosynthesis
Products of the formula of Photosynthesis
C6H12O6, 6O2
ATP consists of 3 parts
1 adenine molecule, 1 ribose sugar molecule, and 3 phosphate molecules. Energy is stored in the bond that is found between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups.
Formula of Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy from the Sun = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants of the formula of Photosynthesis
6CO2, 6H2O, and photons
Chemical reaction
A process that changes one set of chemical into another set of chemicals ex: CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
Chemical reactions always involve the breaking and formation of
Chemical bonds
Organelle of Photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Endothermic
During chemical reaction heat energy is absorbed ex: photosynthesis
Exothermic
During chemical reaction heat energy is released spontaneously ex: celluar respiration
Exothermic is the graph that has the hump with the arrows outside of it
Endothermic is the graph that has the hump with the arrows inside of it
Why would this be bad
It could kill you or your body cells
Why is an enzyme-substrate complex compared to a lock and key
It's similar to the active site and the enzyme of how they fit
Chloroplast structure
It's surrounded by a double membrane, inside is a fluid filled region called the Stoma and stacks of membrane called granum
What kind of cell is chloroplast found in ?
It's the structure in a green plant cell which is where photosynthesis occurs.
what are 2 reactions/steps of photosynthesis ?
Light Independent reactions & Light Dependent reactions
How do enzymes speed up the rate of reactions
Lowering activation energy
Do enzymes usually catalyze more than one reaction
No, the enzymes only fits specific shapes