Chloroplast structure and function

Granum

stack of thylakoids

Energy

the ability to do work

Lumen

the inside of thylakoids; granum is a stack of thylakoids

Outer membrane

the outer membrane of the chloroplast structure

If a person had an extremely high fever, what will happen to their enzymes

they would change their shape

Purpose of Photosynthesis

to make glucose (C6H12O6) using sunlight (photons)

ATP contains more energy than ADP and its stored in the 3rd phosphate group

true

Nucletide is in ATP and ADP

true

Organisms need a constant supply of energy to survive

true

ATP molecules are constantly being rebuilt from ADP and lone phosphate groups. This ensures that cells always have a source of energy. ATP requires energy. The energy required to make ATP comes from

Glucose. Its a monosaccharide/C6H12O6

At the end of a reaction, the products are released from the enzyme-substrate complex. What happens to the enzyme after the products are released

Nothing has changed because they are recycled.

What do light dependent reactions do ?

Stores energy from sunlight into NADPH, ATP. Needs sunlight. Located in the membrane of thylakoids

Reactants

The compound that enters a chemical reaction

Products

The compounds produced by a chemical reaction known as products

Substrate

The reactant that binds to the enzyme's active site and is transformed into product

What do light independent reactions do? (also known as the Calvin Cycle)

Uses energy from NADPH and ATP to make glucose. Doesn't require sunlight. Located in the stroma.

What is the function of a catalyst in a reaction

a substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy

Chlorophyll pigments absorb blue, red, and violet from visible light and reflects green

cannot absorb green

Photons

energy particles from sunlight

Activation energy

energy that needed to get a reaction to start (factor in endothermic and exothermic)

Reduction

gaining electrons (+)

Photosystem

group of pigments that absorb sunlight

When light is released during a chemical reaction, it is in the form of ... and/or ...

heat, light, chemical bonds

How are thylakoids arranged ?

in stacks called granum

Inner membrane

inside of the outer membrane

When a cell requires energy, it breaks off the

last (3rd) phosphate group from the ATP molecule, which releases energy. The molecule left over is called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) which consists of adenine, ribose sugar, and 2 phosphate groups. ADP has less energy than ATP

Oxidation

losing electrons (-)

Is it reversible

no

One calvin cycle only makes

one glucose

Hetertroph

organisms that cannot make their own food and relay on producers ex: humans

Autotroph

organisms that make their own food ex: plants

Which type of organic molecules are enzymes

proteins

Stroma

water/fluid inside of chloroplast structure

Carotenoids absorb

yellow and reflect into orange (due to energy from sunlight)

Chloroplast function

Absorbs sunlight and converts it into sugar molecules and also produce free energy stored in the form of ATP and NADPH through photosynthesis

Products of the formula of Photosynthesis

C6H12O6, 6O2

ATP consists of 3 parts

1 adenine molecule, 1 ribose sugar molecule, and 3 phosphate molecules. Energy is stored in the bond that is found between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups.

Formula of Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy from the Sun = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Reactants of the formula of Photosynthesis

6CO2, 6H2O, and photons

Chemical reaction

A process that changes one set of chemical into another set of chemicals ex: CO2 + H2O = H2CO3

Chemical reactions always involve the breaking and formation of

Chemical bonds

Organelle of Photosynthesis

Chloroplast

Endothermic

During chemical reaction heat energy is absorbed ex: photosynthesis

Exothermic

During chemical reaction heat energy is released spontaneously ex: celluar respiration

Exothermic is the graph that has the hump with the arrows outside of it

Endothermic is the graph that has the hump with the arrows inside of it

Why would this be bad

It could kill you or your body cells

Why is an enzyme-substrate complex compared to a lock and key

It's similar to the active site and the enzyme of how they fit

Chloroplast structure

It's surrounded by a double membrane, inside is a fluid filled region called the Stoma and stacks of membrane called granum

What kind of cell is chloroplast found in ?

It's the structure in a green plant cell which is where photosynthesis occurs.

what are 2 reactions/steps of photosynthesis ?

Light Independent reactions & Light Dependent reactions

How do enzymes speed up the rate of reactions

Lowering activation energy

Do enzymes usually catalyze more than one reaction

No, the enzymes only fits specific shapes