Chp. 1-5 Test Review (psych)

Clinical Psychology

focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior. Clinical therapy and counseling. Three Realms = thoughts, behaviors, and emotions

binocular cues

cue that relies on the use of 2 eyes

chromosome

long strand of genetic information known as DNA

Jane Goodall

made a career of conducting naturalistic observation of chimpanzee behavior

rods

nightime vision

Theory of Evolution

organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

the ear is divided into 3 divisions

outer, middle, inner

placebo effect

people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

congenital deafness

deafness from birth

Personality Psychology and OCEAN

- Behaviors and thought patterns that are unique to each individual. Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles

-A dominant allele is always expressed, even if only one copy is present -A recessive allele is only expresses if two copies are present (therefore no dominant allele present)

Health Psychology and the three realms of health psychology

-Branch that focuses on how individual health is directly related or affected by biological, sociocultural influences - Biological, psychological, and social

Four Stages of sleep

1. Non-REM sleep (stage between wakefulness and sleep) 2. A deeper level of Non-REM sleep (body in deep relaxation) 3. An even deeper level of Non-REM sleep "slow-wave sleep" 4. REM sleep (where you dream)

Biospychology

Explores the biological mechanisms that underline behavior

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Government study from 1932-1972 which investigated effects of untreated syphilis on African American males. Men were lied to and told they were being treated for "bad blood", and were not informed if they had the disease. A cure was found in 1947, but was not administered to participants. Many participants unknowingly spread the disease and many died.

Why is research important?

It proves certain ideas through study and testing

Dreams

Sigmund Freud- saw dreams as a way to gain access to the unconcious (manifest and latent content) Carl Jung- Believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

amplitude of color

amplitude of light waves is associated w/ brightness/ intensity of color

muller-lyer allusion

because of the nagles, the lines are perceived to be different sized, but they are actually the same size.

Nurotransmitters

chemical messengers of nervous system, specialized for communication from neuron to neuron

cross-sectional research

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time (like diff. age groups)

Substance abuse disorder

compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences

monocular cues

cue that relies on only one eye

wavelength and color

diff. wavelengths of light are associated with our perception of diff. colors

double-blind study

experiment in which both the researches and the participants are blind to group assignments. (Controls for both participant and experiment expectations)

Gestalt Psychology

field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts

Forensic Psychology

field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice. deals with justice system and must have understanding of legal system.

Principles of Gestalt Psychology

figure-ground relationship, proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, symmetry, common fate

Clinical or case studies

focuses on one individual; studies extreme or unique circumstances. allows for insight into a case

What are the six brain areas involved in sleep

hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland, pons, suprachiasmatic nucleus, pituitary gland

What is a persons chronotype?

individual circadian pattern of activity

Biological rhythms

internal cycle of biological activity including: function of body temp., level of alertness, and menstruation cycle

top-down processing

interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts

surveys

list of questions that can be delivered in many ways

cones

phototopic (daytime) vision

Informed consent

process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participate

What is psychology?

science of behavior and mental processes

ethics

some questions cannot be answered using an experimental design because they would be unethical

Sensory receptors

specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli, balance, body position, movement, pain and temp.

longitudinal research

studies where the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

bottom-up processing

system in which perceptions are built from sensory input

Margaret Floy Washburn

the first woman to earn a doctorate (PhD) in psychology.

deafness

the partial or complete inability to hear

confounding variable

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables

archival research

uses past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

amplitude and decibels

wave size (loundess) / measured in decibels

The two visual pathways

what and Where/ How