Chp. 1-5 Test Review (psych)
Clinical Psychology
focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior. Clinical therapy and counseling. Three Realms = thoughts, behaviors, and emotions
binocular cues
cue that relies on the use of 2 eyes
chromosome
long strand of genetic information known as DNA
Jane Goodall
made a career of conducting naturalistic observation of chimpanzee behavior
rods
nightime vision
Theory of Evolution
organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.
the ear is divided into 3 divisions
outer, middle, inner
placebo effect
people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
congenital deafness
deafness from birth
Personality Psychology and OCEAN
- Behaviors and thought patterns that are unique to each individual. Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles
-A dominant allele is always expressed, even if only one copy is present -A recessive allele is only expresses if two copies are present (therefore no dominant allele present)
Health Psychology and the three realms of health psychology
-Branch that focuses on how individual health is directly related or affected by biological, sociocultural influences - Biological, psychological, and social
Four Stages of sleep
1. Non-REM sleep (stage between wakefulness and sleep) 2. A deeper level of Non-REM sleep (body in deep relaxation) 3. An even deeper level of Non-REM sleep "slow-wave sleep" 4. REM sleep (where you dream)
Biospychology
Explores the biological mechanisms that underline behavior
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Government study from 1932-1972 which investigated effects of untreated syphilis on African American males. Men were lied to and told they were being treated for "bad blood", and were not informed if they had the disease. A cure was found in 1947, but was not administered to participants. Many participants unknowingly spread the disease and many died.
Why is research important?
It proves certain ideas through study and testing
Dreams
Sigmund Freud- saw dreams as a way to gain access to the unconcious (manifest and latent content) Carl Jung- Believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious
circadian rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
amplitude of color
amplitude of light waves is associated w/ brightness/ intensity of color
muller-lyer allusion
because of the nagles, the lines are perceived to be different sized, but they are actually the same size.
Nurotransmitters
chemical messengers of nervous system, specialized for communication from neuron to neuron
cross-sectional research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time (like diff. age groups)
Substance abuse disorder
compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences
monocular cues
cue that relies on only one eye
wavelength and color
diff. wavelengths of light are associated with our perception of diff. colors
double-blind study
experiment in which both the researches and the participants are blind to group assignments. (Controls for both participant and experiment expectations)
Gestalt Psychology
field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
Forensic Psychology
field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice. deals with justice system and must have understanding of legal system.
Principles of Gestalt Psychology
figure-ground relationship, proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, symmetry, common fate
Clinical or case studies
focuses on one individual; studies extreme or unique circumstances. allows for insight into a case
What are the six brain areas involved in sleep
hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland, pons, suprachiasmatic nucleus, pituitary gland
What is a persons chronotype?
individual circadian pattern of activity
Biological rhythms
internal cycle of biological activity including: function of body temp., level of alertness, and menstruation cycle
top-down processing
interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts
surveys
list of questions that can be delivered in many ways
cones
phototopic (daytime) vision
Informed consent
process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participate
What is psychology?
science of behavior and mental processes
ethics
some questions cannot be answered using an experimental design because they would be unethical
Sensory receptors
specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli, balance, body position, movement, pain and temp.
longitudinal research
studies where the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
bottom-up processing
system in which perceptions are built from sensory input
Margaret Floy Washburn
the first woman to earn a doctorate (PhD) in psychology.
deafness
the partial or complete inability to hear
confounding variable
unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
archival research
uses past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
amplitude and decibels
wave size (loundess) / measured in decibels
The two visual pathways
what and Where/ How