Chp 14 Study set

The importance of the Type A behavior pattern lies in its links to: A) coronary heart disease. B) cancer. C) diabetes. D) eating disorders.

A) coronary heart disease.

The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome is resistance. In this stage, people: A) prepare to fight the stressor. B) prepare to move on to the next stage. C) become aware of the presence of a stressor. D) run away from the stressor in alarm.

A) prepare to fight the stressor.

A stressor: A) is a person's response to events that threaten or challenge them. B) produces threats to our well-being. C) is always positive. D) is always negative.

B) produces threats to our well-being.

Which of the following are characteristics of happy people? A) high self-esteem B) firm sense of control C) have close relationships D) All of these.

D) All of these.

____ highlight what you can lose by not performing a behavior.

Negatively framed messages

The study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain.

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

An explanation for why the level of subjective well-being is so stable is that people have a general ____ for happiness, a marker that establishes the tone for one's life.

set point

____is the greatest preventable cause of death in the United States; one in five U.S. deaths is caused by it.

smoking

A mutual network of caring, interested others.

social support

Which of the following is NOT a component of hardiness? A) commitment B) control C) resilience D) challenge

C) resilience

Opta Mistick looked at what was left of her house after the tornado had leveled it. She turned to her friend and said, "Well, look on the bright side. I now will have a new house." Opta is using a process known as: A) emotion-focused coping. B) problem-focused coping. C) external control. D) learned helplessness.

A) emotion-focused coping.

Some victims of major catastrophes and severe personal stressors experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in which someone has experienced a significantly stressful event that has long-lasting effects that may include: A) re-experiencing the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams. B) an increase in personal stressors. C) emotional sensitivity. D) irritation.

A) re-experiencing the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams.

Stress produces indirect consequences that result in declines in health. An example of this is a reduction in the likelihood of obtaining health care. Which of the following is another indirect consequence of stress? A) increased nicotine, drug, and alcohol use B) decreased compliance with medical advice C) an overall decline in the functioning of the immune system D) a variety of psychosomatic illnesses

B) decreased compliance with medical advice

What is the primary cause of why people smoke? A) hereditary factors B) environmental factors C) emotional factors D) physiological factors

B) environmental factors

The amount of physician-patient communication is related to the _______ of a physician. A) age B) gender C) specialty D) friendliness

B) gender

Hasno Jobb recently was fired from his latest employment as a sanitary engineer. He is experiencing a: A) cataclysmic stressor. B) personal stressor. C) background stressor. D) daily hassle.

B) personal stressor.

Which of the following is an example of noncompliance with medical advice? A) creative nonadmission B) psychological reactance C) noncompliant procrastination D) None of these

B) psychological reactance

Psycha Delick, who is petrified of dating, uses overeating as a way of preventing boys from asking her out. This type of coping mechanism is: A) emotion-focused coping. B) problem-focused coping. C) avoidant coping. D) defense mechanism.

C) avoidant coping.

The following are guidelines for effective coping strategies, EXCEPT: A) turn a threat into a challenge. B) make a threatening situation less threatening. C) maintain your goals. D) take physical action.

C) maintain your goals.

Which of the following is characteristic of the typical Type B individual? A) competitive B) aggressive C) not especially time-oriented D) driven regarding their work

C) not especially time-oriented

Callit Fate had a serious motorcycle accident where he was in the hospital and therapy for almost a year. Before the accident, Callit was a happy-go-lucky, carefree individual. During the aftermath of the accident, for about a year he was moody and somewhat down. However, once his therapy was over, he returned to the happy-go-lucky, carefree self again. Which concept can best explain the stability of overall mood experience by Callit? A) learned helplessness B) subjective well-being C) set point for happiness D) ingestion of antidepressants

C) set point for happiness

____are strong stressors that occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously. ____include major life events such as the death of a parent or spouse, the loss of one's job, a major personal failure, or even something positive such as getting married. Finally,____, a.k.a. daily hassles, are the minor irritations in life that we all face time and time again.

Cataclysmic events personal stressors background stressors

Communication failures between medical care providers and patients occur for several reasons, such as that: A) physicians make assumptions about what patients will prefer. B) the relatively high prestige of physicians may intimidate patients. C) patients may be reluctant to volunteer information that might cast themselves in a bad light. D) All of these.

D) All of these.

Pessa Mistick is a very insecure, anxious individual who always has a negative outlook on life. He likely fits a: A) Type A behavior pattern. B) Type B behavior pattern. C) Type C behavior pattern. D) Type D behavior pattern.

D) Type D behavior pattern.

Cigarette manufacturers are constantly looking for new markets to increase the number of people who smoke. Currently, which of the following would be representative of the most likely target to market smoking? A) Weezy Breath, an African American female B) Gasps Forair, a white American teenager C) Kannot Quit, as Inuit Canadian adult D) Wantsa Dye, an adolescent in Hong Kong

D) Wantsa Dye, an adolescent in Hong Kong

Knowsit All decided that he would adjust his treatment prescribed by his physician, Dr. Makeyou Feelgood, by relying on his own medical judgment and experience. This is known as: A) fabricated noncompliance. B) medical intervention rejection. C) systematic self-regulation. D) creative nonadherence.

D) creative nonadherence.

Travel Logg is looking at the breathtaking view of the brilliant sunset over the water. This brings a quiet raise in spirits. Travel has experienced a(n): A) cataclysmic stressor. B) background stressor. C) daily hassle. D) uplift.

D) uplift.

In the case of cancer, it is possible that ____responses may help generate specialized "killer" cells that help to control the size and spread of cancerous tumors. Conversely, negative emotions may suppress the ability of the same kinds of cells to fight tumors.

Positive emotional

____are medical problems that are influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties.

Psychophysiological disorders

____people put in longer hours at work than ____people, and are impatient with other people's performance, which they typically perceive as too slow.

Type A Type B

A cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven.

Type A behavior pattern

A cluster of behaviors characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner.

Type B behavior pattern

____behavior is linked to coronary heart disease caused by insecurity, anxiety, and negative outlook which put individuals at risk for repeated heart attacks.

Type D (distressed)

Selye's GAS theory suggests that a person's reaction to a stressor consists of three stages: ____, ____, and ____.

alarm and mobilization resistance exhaustion

Everyday annoyances, such as being stuck in traffic, that cause minor irritations and may have long-term ill effects if they continue or are compounded by other stressful events.

background stressors ("daily hassles")

Strong stressors that occur suddenly and typically affect many people at once (e.g., natural disasters).

cataclysmic events

Hardiness consists of three components: ____, ____, and ____.

commitment challenge control

Cultural values and expectations also contribute to ____between patients and their physicians.

communication barriers

The efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress.

coping

Patients may practice ____, in which they adjust a treatment prescribed by a physician, relying on their own medical judgment and experience.

creative nonadherance

The number of ____ (a form of background stressor) that people face is associated with psychological symptoms and health problems such as flu, sore throat, and backaches.

daily hassles

____are unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others.

defense mechanisms

In ____people try to manage their emotions in the face of the stress, seeking to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem.

emotion-focused coping

Although the processes involved in the spread of cancer are basically physiological in nature, accumulating evidence suggests that the ____of cancer patients to their disease may have a critical effect on its course.

emotional responses

A theory developed by Selye that suggests that a person's response to a stressor consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion.

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A personality characteristic that is associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness and consists of three components: commitment, challenge, and control.

hardiness

The branch of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems.

health psychology

____investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems.

health psychology

A state in which people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled - a view of the world that becomes so ingrained that they cease trying to remedy the aversive circumstances even if they actually can exert some influence on the situation.

learned helplessness

People of all ages report more physical symptoms and depression when they perceive that they have little or no control (a condition known as ____) than when they feel a sense of control over a situation.

learned helplessness

Major life events, such as the death of a family member, that have immediate negative consequences that generally fade with time.

personal stressors

____suggest that a change in behavior will lead to a gain, emphasizing the benefits of carrying out a health-related behavior.

positively framed messages

A phenomenon in which victims of major catastrophes or strong personal stressors feel long-lasting effects that may include re-experiencing the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams.

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Negatively framed messages (bad things can happen if you do not ...) are best for motivating ____ behavior.

preventive

Medical problems influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties.

psychophysiological disorders

A negative emotional and cognitive reaction that results from the restriction of one's freedom.

reactance

____is a disagreeable and cognitive reaction that results from the restriction of one's freedom and that can be associated with medical regimens.

reactance

A person's response to events that are threatening or challenging.

stress

____is people's response to events that threaten or challenge them, whereas ____are circumstances or events that produce threats to our well-being.

stress stressors

People's own evaluation of their lives in terms of both their thoughts and their emotions.

subjective well-being

____is people's evaluations of their lives in terms of both their thoughts and their emotions, that is, the measure of how happy people are.

subjective well-being

____are the minor positive events that make us feel good—even if only temporarily.

uplifts