Chp. 26

Somewhat stereotypical image of the modern and independent working woman popular in the 1920s.

"Modern girl"

Unemployment in the United States averaged only 5 percent in the 1920s but in 1933 soared to about

30 percent

What kind of world did Franz Kafka portray in fiction like The Trial (1925)?

A pessimistic world in which helpless individuals are crushed by inexplicably hostile forces

What did orthodox economists believe in the 1930s?

Balanced budgets were the key to economic growth.

A German interdisciplinary school of fine and applied arts that brought together many leading modern architects, designers, and theatrical innovators.

Bauhaus

Why was Britain more ready to conciliate Germany than France following the Versailles peace settlement?

British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before World War I.

What idea does the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?

Buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines.

Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the postwar broken world in

Calvinist theology.

An artistic movement of the 1920s and 1930s that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted in outrageous conduct.

Dadaism

What agreement did the United States develop to resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe in 1924?

Dawes Plan

A philosophy that stresses the meaninglessness of existence and the importance of the individual in searching for moral values in an uncertain world.

Existentialism

Why was the Great Depression slow to affect France?

France was less industrialized than the other major continental powers in Europe and somewhat isolated from the world economy.

The principle that buildings, like industrial products, should serve as well as possible the purpose for which they were made, without excessive ornamentation.

Functionalism

In 1923, which German politician called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and agreed in principle to pay reparations?

Gustav Stresemann

In the twentieth century, what was John Maynard Keynes known for?

He denounced the Treaty of Versailles for economic reasons

Sigmund Freud's terms to describe the three parts of the self and the basis of human behavior, which he saw as basically irrational

Id, ego, superego

What did the Swedish response to the Depression involve?

Increasing social welfare benefits and state spending on public works projects

What did the Popular Front do after its 1936 victory in France?

It encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reforms that included a forty-hour workweek.

What was the British political party that emerged during the 1920s as the main opposition to the Conservative party?

Labour Party

Who was the director of Triumph of the Will, a brilliant piece of cinematic propaganda based on the 1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg?

Leni Riefenstahl

A philosophy that sees meaning only in those beliefs that can be empirically proven; it therefore rejects as nonsense most of the concerns of traditional philosophy, from the existence of God to the meaning of happiness.

Logical positivism

Why did Britain's abandonment of the gold standard not aid its recovery?

Many other wealthy countries abandoned the gold standard after Britain, blunting any advantage for Britain.

What did the theories of Albert Einstein assert?

Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the apparently infinite universe with the subatomic world.

A label given to the artistic and cultural movements of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries; these movements were typified by radical experimentation that challenged traditional forms of artistic expression.

Modernism

What was the main argument of logical positivism in the twentieth century?

Philosophy is only the logical clarification of thoughts.

What did President Franklin Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration (NRA) attempt to do?

Plan and control the U.S. economy

The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to

Renounce war as an instrument of international policy

What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the expression "existence precedes essence"?

Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle to define their essence after they are born, completely on their own.

The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920s, reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for

Social Democrats

A literary technique, used by such writers as Virginia Woolf and James Joyce, in which a character's thoughts and feelings are described as they occur as a means to explore the human psyche.

Stream-of-consciousness writing

What does the "middle way" refer to?

The Scandinavian response to the Great Depression

Albert Einstein's theory that time and space are relative to the observer, and that only the speed of light remains constant

Theory of special relativity

How did Jean-Paul Sartre think that people could live authentically in the twentieth century?

They must choose their actions fully aware of their responsibility for their behavior.

How did France and Belgium react when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment?

They occupied the Ruhr district

For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art?

To expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change

In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns was overshadowed by

a market culture expressed in merchandise catalogs.

The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of

an imbalance between real investment and speculation.

James Joyce's Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses and

an ordinary man's aimless wanderings through the streets and pubs of Dublin.

What was an important factor in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?

buying on margin

The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to

hyperinflation

In Civilization and Its Discontents (1930), Freud argued that civilization required

individuals to renounce their irrational instincts in order to live peaceably in groups.

In twentieth century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses

internal monologues to explore the psyche.

Which political group dominated the parliamentary governments of Germany in the mid to late 1920s?

moderate businessmen

In the twentieth century, Werner Heisenburg established the "uncertainty principle," which postulates that

nature itself is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable and lacks any absolute objective reality.

With the United States' failure to ratify the Versailles treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on

strict implementation of the treaty.

The Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany, in part because

the British economy had moved away from international markets and toward production of goods for the domestic market.

In his philosophical writings, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that

the Western world had overemphasized rationality and stifled the authentic passions that drive human activity and true creativity.

In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that

the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.

The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that

the study of the non-Western world shows us that there are many versions of God and all of them are legitimate.