CHP. 9

According to Rosch, the level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience. superordinate prototypical basic subordinate

basic

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? A field sparrow is a bird. A field sparrow is a sparrow. A field sparrow is an animal. A field sparrow is a field sparrow.

A field sparrow is an animal.

is a "typical" member of a category. A prototype An exemplar A unit A component

A prototype

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? Turtles are turtles. A turtle is an animal. A turtle is related to a fish. A turtle is an amphibian.

A turtle is an animal.

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach? The operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage. Connectionist networks can explain generalization of learning. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero. The connectionist model is rather complex, and involves components like units, links, and connection weights.

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful? Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects. Categories help us understand behaviors that we might otherwise find baffling. Categories serve as a valuable tool for making inferences about things that belong to other categories. Categories have been called "pointers to knowledge" because once you know an object's category, you know a lot of general things about it.

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks? Distributed processing Cognitive economy Prototype formation Serial processing

Cognitive economy

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds? Exemplar Prototype Definitional Network

Exemplar

are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. Icons Prototypes Units Exemplars

Exemplars

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? Family resemblance Hierarchical organization Cognitive economy Spreading activation

Family resemblance

Which of the following represents a basic level item? Musical instrument Guitar Rock guitar Paul McCartney's bass guitar

Guitar

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique? Indicate whether the following statement was previously presented: An apple is a fruit. YES NO Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO Fill in the blank in the following sentence: An apple is a(n) . Fill in the blank in the following sentence: A(n) is a fruit.

Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network? Semantic network theory The prototype approach Parallel distributed processing theory Enhancement due to priming

Parallel distributed processing theory

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? Exemplar Network Typicality Prototype

Prototype

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category? Crow Goose Hummingbird Sparrow

Sparrow

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization? Typical Basic Subordinate Superordinate

Superordinate

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? Truck Vehicle Pickup truck Transportation

Truck

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? Hidden units Input units Working units Output units

Working units

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that a carrot would be named before eggplant. an eggplant would be named before carrot. a carrot and eggplant would have an equal likelihood of being named first. the order of examples is completely random, varying from participant to participant.

a carrot would be named before eggplant.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a statement is true. a presented stimulus is a word. a stimulus is presented. two stimuli are associated.

a presented stimulus is a word.

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate paired members within a category. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another. a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members.

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. a. 583: 518: 653 msec b. 518: 583: 653 msec c. 583: 653: 518 msec d. 653: 583: 518 msec

c. 583: 653: 518 msec

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property is stored at the node. can fly; bird can fly; canary has feathers; ostrich bird; penguin

can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on the definition of the category. a universal set of category members. a defined set of category members. category members that have been encountered in the past.

category members that have been encountered in the past.

Two different definitions of offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas." exemplars concepts units prototypes

concepts

One of the key properties of the approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. semantic network hierarchical spreading activation connectionist

connectionist

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the approach to categorization. prototype exemplar definitional family resemblance

definitional

The definitional approach to categorization is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. was proposed to replace the prototype approach.

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the approach to categorization. exemplar definitional family resemblance prototype

exemplar

Research suggests that the approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). semantic network definitional prototype exemplar

exemplar

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus disrupts the processing of another stimulus. acts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time. relates to a prototype in a way that is unrelated to associated exemplars.

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is family resemblance. prototypicality. graded membership. instance theory.

family resemblance.

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed. is a dog that does not bark. matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced. is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered.

is a dog that does not bark.

According to the typicality effect, objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects.

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves more prototypes than Bob's. more exemplars than Bob's. more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.

more exemplars than Bob's.

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a link. input unit. node. output unit.

node.

Spreading activation primes associated concepts. inhibits unrelated concepts. creates new links between associated concepts. weakens the link between unrelated concepts.

primes associated concepts.

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the approach to categorization. exemplar prototype network parallel processing

prototype

The model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. parallel distributed processing connectionist network neural network semantic network

semantic network

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of into their network model. spreading activation cognitive economy typicality back propagation

spreading activation

Items high on prototypicality have family resemblances. no weak moderate strong

strong

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the level. superordinate; subordinate superordinate; basic subordinate; basic basic; subordinate

subordinate; basic

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from categories results in the largest gain in information. superordinate level to basic level basic level to subordinate level subordinate level to basic level basic level to superordinate level

superordinate level to basic level

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by the amount of information contained in each concept. the distance that must be traveled through the network. the typicality of the information contained in each concept. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept.

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories. no measurable priming effect. the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories.

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." interfered with by faster than the same as slower than

the same as

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana. neither kiwi nor banana are likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana.

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer and Itzaj participants would answer . tree; tree tree; oak oak; tree oak; oak

tree; oak

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the effect. resemblance typicality priming reaction-time

typicality