Chpt 1: Intro to Psych
Medieval to Early Modern views
- super natural causes were blamed -The renaissance: people thought to be possessed by demons, spirits, & the devil-not physical disorders -The inquisition: float test for witchcraft -Asylums: facilities for the mentally ill
The most modern resource used for classifying & diagnosing psychological disorders is called_________
DSM-5 (diagnostic & statistic manual)
The first ancient cultures that focused on natural & physiological explanations for psychological disorders were________ &_________
Egyptians & Greeks
Which psychologist made key contributions to the study of memory, physiology, & color vison?
Helmholtz
Forensic psychology
field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice
Who established the first laboratory in Leipzig, Germany devoted to psychological research?
Wilhelm Wundt
Structures or features that perform a function that did not arise through natural selection are often called ____________
by-products
A psychologist who studies logical reasoning is likely a ___________ pyschologist
cognitive
Shamans
medicine men or women who treat people with mental problems by driving out their demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers
Which approach is mainly concerned with the impact of the immediate & larger environments on a person's personality?
socialcultural/cross-cultural
Wundt's approach, ____________, focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness & thinking.
structuralism
Social psychology
study of how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, & behavior
Cognitive psychology
study of how we perceive info, how we learn & remember, how we acquire & use language, & how we solve problems
Biological psychology
study of the connections between bodily system & chemicals, & their relationship to behavior & thought
Behavioral neuroscience
study of the likes among brain, mind, & behavior
Clinical psychology
study of the treatment of mental, emotional, & behavioral disorders & ways to promote psychological health
Personality psychology
study of what makes people unique & the consistencies in people's behavior across time & situations.
The Latin term for blank slate is __________.
tabula rasa
What is psychology?
the scientific study of though & behavior
psychophysics
the study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli such as light & sound waves & touch
Educational psychology
the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching
Development psychology
the study of how thought & behavior change & remain stable across the life span
Health psychology
the study of the role psychological factors play in regard to health and illness
Why study psychology?
-Makes you aware of how you & people work -Can help you be more effective in various career paths -Can help you relate better to others, including family members & friends
Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology
Applies psychological concepts and questions to work settings Industrial: focuses on selecting workers, matching employees to jobs & evaluating job performance Organizational: focuses on worker satisfaction, performance, & productivity by examining management styles & work environment
Which psychologist was largely responsible for making behaviorism the major approach in experimental psychology?
B.F. Skinner
Which researcher stated that memory is not an objective & accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one's beliefs, ideas, & point of view?
Bartlett
The ____________ perspective proposes that human thought, behavior, personality have been shaped by natural & sexual selection over millions of years.
Evolutionary
Who coined the term psychophysics?
Fechner
The psychiatrist who collected data on various kinds of psychological disorders & began developing a classification system was?
Kraeplin
Modern Views
Late 1800's -Emil Kraepelin classified different disorders -Dementia praecox was the predecessor to schizophrenia Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis - assumes the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought & behavior -Dreams are an important source of data about the unconscious mind
who was the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Ancient views
Moved away from supernatural and toward natural and physiological explanations of psychological disorders Ancient Chinese: made connections between bodily organs & emotions Ancient Egyptians & Greeks: used narcotics to treat pain Hippocrates
Counseling psychology
Similar to clinical psychology, but may work with less severe psychological disorders
psychoanalysis
a clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders; assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior
Trephinations
a practice employed by shamans which involved drilling a small hole in a person's skull, usually less than a inch in diameter.
Introspection
a procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus
Behaviorism
a school of psychology that proposed that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives.
Positive psychology
a theory of psychology that uses a scientific approach to study psychological well-being.
Moral treatment
an approach to treatment for mental illness that began in Europe during the 18th & 19th century with a focus on care in a relaxing environment
adaptations
are inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have naturally selected for because they contribute in some way to reproductive success.
Adaptations
are inherited solutions to problems our ancestors faced that have been shaped through natural selection
Sports pyschology
examines the psychological factors that affect performance & participation in sports & exercise
_____________ & positive psychologists emphasize the drive toward meaning, growth, & examine the idea that positive emotions foster psychological health & prosocial behavior.
humanistic
when you are asked to describe in as much detail as you can what you are experiencing, you are being asked to ____________.
introspect
Critical thinking
is a process by which one analyzes, evaluates, & forms ideas
Gestalt psychology
is an approach that focuses on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its part.
According to the neuropsychological-behavioral genetic approach, behavior, thoughts, feelings, & personality are influenced by differences in basic genetic, epigenetic, & ______________
neurological systems between individuals
Sexual selection
operates when members of the opposite sex find certain traits attractive/appealing, and therefore, over long periods of time, these traits become more common in the population
Adaptations evolved to solve problems in ________ generations, not __________ ones.
past; current
Metacognitive thinking
people who are able to not only question the thoughts of others, but their own thinking as well, are illustrating
If you are _____________ you connect with many other people while being relatively nonpublic about revealing who your are.
privately public
__________ was the first scientific form of psychology. It included laboratory studies of the subjective experience of physical sensations
psychophysics
The philosophy of empiricism
the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience -17th century -John Locke (tabula rasa) -philosophy does not gather data to test ideas, psychology moves in a more scientific direction
Humanistic psychology
theory of psychology that promotes personal growth & meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential
Mid 1900's
three developments in clinical psychology -psychotherapy -drug-treatment -criteria for diagnosing mental disorders