chpt 13 bio

main points of darwin natural selection

-all population has variation -environment presents challenges -individuals produce more offspring tan the environment can support -individuals better able to cope w/ challenges tend to leave more offspring

A trait that helps an organism survive and produce more offspring is called aNo

Adaption

Which factor in the process of natural selection does this statement illustrate? If you go to the grocery store, the apples are oftentimes different sizes, colors, and shapes.

All populations have genetic variation

vestigial structures

Anatomical structure with little or no use; provide evidence of an organism's evolutionary past

homologous structures

Anatomical structures that share a common ancestry

nucleotides

Building blocks of DNA their sequence is more similar in the nucleic acids of more closely related species

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteinstheir sequence is more similar in the proteins of more closely related species,

Which of the following is NOT part of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

Characteristics within an individual will increase or decrease in size based on use or disuse

Random fertilization

Different sperm carry different combinations of genes; the one that reaches the egg is random

Point mutation

During DNA replication, a mistake is made and the wrong base is inserted

Independent assortment

During meiosis, homologous pairs of chromosomes line up randomly, resulting in lots of combinations of chromosomes when they separate

Crossing over

During meiosis, portions of homologous chromosomes are broken off and exchanged

State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. Early embryos of humans, horses, rabbits, chickens, and frogs show lots of similarities.

Embryonic development

A change in the genetic make-up of a species over time is called

Evolution

The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that:

Evolution will NOT occur unless one of several evolutionary forces acts on the population

Which of the following is not an evolutionary force?

Hardy Weinberg principle

State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. Mammals and birds both have a 4-chambered heart.

Homologous structures

Which of the following observations influenced Darwin as he was developing the theory of evolution by natural selection?

In the Galapagos islands, he found plant and animal species that resembled species on the nearby coast of South America

Genetic variation is a key requirement for the theory of natural selection. Match each source of genetic variation with its definition. In a study of the finches on the Galapagos Islands, birds with larger beaks produced more offspring during dry years.

Individuals with favorable traits are able to produce more offspring; those traits become more common in the population

Which factor in the process of natural selection does this statement illustrate? Occasionally, after a treatment of antibiotic, mutant bacteria may remain and continue to grow.

Individuals with favorable traits are able to produce more offspring; those traits become more common in the population

The process in which organisms with traits well suited to an environment are more likely to survive and to produce offspring is

Natural selection

State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. A 2005 study found that humans and chimps share 96% of their DNA.

Protein and DNA sequences

State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. Comparing human hemoglobin with hemoglobin of chimpanzees, rabbits, chickens, and sharks, reveals that humans have the fewest amino acid differences with chimpanzees.

Protein and DNA sequences

steps to explain how speciation works: step1:

Reproductive isolation occurs- two populations of the same species are separated and do not interbreed

Speciation can occur when two populations become

Reproductively isolated

Embryonic development

Series of changes that take place as an embryo becomes a mature organism

A group of individuals that is able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring is called aNo

Species

Which factor in the process of natural selection does this statement illustrate? In one study of a type of bird called kingrails, 6-8 chicks were born, but only 1-3 survived to adulthood.

The environment presents challenges to successful reproduction so individuals tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support

fossil

The remains or impressions of a dead organism

steps to explain how speciation works: step 2

The two populations become so different, they can no longer interbreed to produce a fertile offspring

steps to explain how speciation works: step3

The two populations change independently of one another as each becomes better adapted to its environment

Chromosomal rearrangement

This type of mutation often occurs during crossing over, resulting in large segments of DNA being duplicated or deleted

State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. Cavefish live in dark caves. They have eyes, but they don't work.

Vestigial structures

evolution; occur in a population or individual?

a population- when genes are passed on more frequently than others through generations

explain how vestigial structures supported the theory of evolution

are evolutionary remnants that no longer have a useful function.

why are antibiotics not sold over the counter ?

because when people don't use them when they are only necessary, they could build up a resistance and then people would be more sick since the antibiotics wouldn't be as successful.

Which organism is most likely to become fossilized?

clam in sediment

radiometric dating

comparing relative properties of radioactive particles to date fossils

The type of selection that eliminates one extreme from a range of phenotypes is called

directional selection

Reproductively isolated

divergence

Geographic isolation between two populations of a species may lead to

divergence and specification

diergent evolution v. covergent evo vs. coevolution

divergent- when natural selection causes two groups within a population to become more and more different from one another.- when new species form -convergent means that natural selection favors similar traits in a similar environment. ex:(fins of fish and a dolphin)- analogous structures coevolution- two species evolve together ex; birds and flowers.

recombination

during mitosis 1 crossing over takes place, and pieces of DNA are traded between homologous chromosomes. This results in new combinations of genes.

State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. At one point, human embryos have a tail.

embryonic development

explain how embryology supported the theory of evolution

embryos all look similar in early stages of development (human fetuses have gill slits and tails)

Darwin and Lamarck agreed that changes in species are linked to

environmental conditions

Lamarack

evolution of acquired traits vs. Darwin evolution of natural selection

artificial Selection

farmers selecting traits.

mass extinction

followed by big bursts of evolution because there is more room for new species.

State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. Bones of dinosaurs and other extinct organisms show that species have changed over time.

fossil record

State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. Remains of an extinct species named Tiktaalik were discovered, which contained features of both fish and amphibians.

fossil record

For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to. A wolf migrates a long distance. She joins another pack, mates, and produces offspring. Her genes are now part of that population's gene pool.

gene flow

The movement of alleles into or out of a population is called

gene flow

the movement of alleles into or out of a population

gene flow

gene flow vs. genetic drift

gene flow- movement into or out of a population genetic drift- frequency of alleles in small pop. can change by random events like fire or volcanic eruption or landslide

For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to. A small group of birds arrives on a new island. Due to random chance, one of them carries a rare gene. As the population grows, that rare gene becomes much more common on the island than in the original population.

genetic drift

a change in allele frequency caused by random factors is...

genetic drift

5 eve that can cause allele frequencies to change and evolution to occur

genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, random mating, natural selection

Species that share a distant common ancestor

have a few amino acid sequences differences

how did Lamarack use acquired traits in his mechanism of evolution?

he believes they were passed on to offspring and become more common (isn't true)=unimportant in natural selection if not in the DNA being passed

State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. The same pattern of bones can be found in the forelimb (arm) of a penguin, alligator, bat, and human.

homologous structure

compare homologous and analogous structures vs. vestigial

homologous structures are structures in different species that were inherited from a common ancestor. Analogous structures are structures in different species that look similar, but weren't inherited by a common ancestor. Vestigial structures are structures that were inherited from an ancestor, but no longer have a function.

compare and contrast directional, stabilizing and disruptive selection

in directional selection the frequency of a trait moves in one direction in a range ; in stabilizing selection, the frequency of intermediate traits increases; in disruptive selection, the frequency of extreme phenotypes increases.

Natural selection causes the frequency of favorable alleles to

increase the population

why is geographic isolation necessary for most cases?

it prevents two groups of a population from interbreeding

For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to. A mistake in DNA replication changes an adenine base (A) to a thymine base (T)

mutation

For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to. A mistake in meiosis results in a chromosome with a small segment deleted, duplicated,deleted or inverted

mutation

What process most likely caused the initial change in the protein sequences?

mutation

explain two ways variation can arise in a population

mutation and recombination

For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to. Moths that are darker blend into their surroundings. They therefore live longer and produce more offspring, resulting in a population of mainly dark-colored moths.

natural selection

natural selection v artificial selection

natural- if competition for limited resources results in certain traits being passed on more frequently to the next generation, its called natural selection artificial-the humans are choosing who they mate with

can anything be answered by using the scientific method? what requirements are there?

no not everything can answered using the scientific method. the hypothesis must be based on observations and data, results must be repeatable, conclusions must be testable, and you must be willing to modify or change your ideas as new evidence comes to light.

do structures having similar functions always indicate a close evolutionary relationship? explain.

no. The fins of fish and a dolphin look similar even though fish and dolphins do not have an evolutionary relationship. These types of structures are called analogous structures and are the result of convergent evolution, a process where two unrelated groups evolve similar features because those features are helpful in a given environment. Fins are helpful in the water, so fins evolved independently in both fish and dolphins.

would vestigial structures make nay sense if organisms did not evolve? explain.

no. Vestigial structures are structures that have no function. they are remnants of structures that were useful in an ancestor

For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to. In dog breeding, male and female dogs that share specific traits are mated to one another to produce an offspring with those traits.

non-random mating

For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to: Female peacocks choose their mates based on the appearance of their feathers.

non-random mating

which event does not disrupt hardys principle

random mating

Variation exists within the genes of a poulation or species as the result of

random mutation

A vestigial structure is one that

reduced in size and useless

explain how fossil record supported the theory of evolution

shows change overtime, including a profession from simple to complex organisms. It includes transition follies that show links between different major groups (archaeoteryx; Reptile-birds, Basilosaurus: Wales with legs; Tiktaalik: fish-amphibians)

explain how biological molecules supported the theory of evolution

shows that many species have similar DNA and protein sequences. Most importantly all of this data is consistent. Organisms that appear similar based on anatomy also have similar development and similar DNA and protein sequences.

some antibiotics don't work and some things then the drug eventually became useless and everything was immune to it...explain

some generation that was resistant survived and they passed on the resistant gene to the next generation

explain how homologous structures supported the theory of evolution

structures in different organisms that originated in a common ancestor

what does hardy winberg principle state?

the allele frequencies of a population will not change unless evolutionary forces act upon it.

why is it logical to say that if two animals have similar proteins, they are probably closely related genetically ?

the sequence of bases in DNA codes for a specific sequence of amino acids in proteins. If two organisms have similar DNA they will also have similar proteins.

what is a half life

the time it takes for one-half of the given amount of a radioisotope to decay. By measuring the proportions of certain radioisotopes and their products of decay, scientist can compute how many half lives have passed since a rock was formed.

suppose a population of tan-colored insects inhibits a sandy area. Overtime, the area becomes grown over by a population of green plants. Use darwin ideas to explain how and why the insects population might evolve to be green in color.

the variation wil inevitably exist in the population. If there are rare green colored insects, they will have an advantage when the plants grow over because they'll blend in better and won't be visible by predators. The will therefore live longer and pass on their genes. Soon, the genes resulting in green coloration will become more common.

"detective has theory on how computers were stolen from warehouse" - is the word "theory" used in a more general or scientific sense? explain

the word theory is used in a more general way. In science, a theory is an explanation supported by large numbers of experiments. A scientific theory is pretty much considered to be true, even though it may not explain all aspects of a topic. the term theory, as used in the newspaper headline is more similar to what scientists would call a hypothesis.

blind cave fish have eyes but do not use them to find their prey. Explain why they have these apparently useless structures.

they are vestigial structures that were inherited from an ancestor that could see.

what are acquired traits?

traits an individual gains over the course of his or her lifetime

State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of Modern whales have a few small bones in their hip, which don't have any use

vestigial structures

darwin and Mendal

were contemporaries but not aware of another work