chpt 13 bio
main points of darwin natural selection
-all population has variation -environment presents challenges -individuals produce more offspring tan the environment can support -individuals better able to cope w/ challenges tend to leave more offspring
A trait that helps an organism survive and produce more offspring is called aNo
Adaption
Which factor in the process of natural selection does this statement illustrate? If you go to the grocery store, the apples are oftentimes different sizes, colors, and shapes.
All populations have genetic variation
vestigial structures
Anatomical structure with little or no use; provide evidence of an organism's evolutionary past
homologous structures
Anatomical structures that share a common ancestry
nucleotides
Building blocks of DNA their sequence is more similar in the nucleic acids of more closely related species
Amino acids
Building blocks of proteinstheir sequence is more similar in the proteins of more closely related species,
Which of the following is NOT part of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
Characteristics within an individual will increase or decrease in size based on use or disuse
Random fertilization
Different sperm carry different combinations of genes; the one that reaches the egg is random
Point mutation
During DNA replication, a mistake is made and the wrong base is inserted
Independent assortment
During meiosis, homologous pairs of chromosomes line up randomly, resulting in lots of combinations of chromosomes when they separate
Crossing over
During meiosis, portions of homologous chromosomes are broken off and exchanged
State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. Early embryos of humans, horses, rabbits, chickens, and frogs show lots of similarities.
Embryonic development
A change in the genetic make-up of a species over time is called
Evolution
The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that:
Evolution will NOT occur unless one of several evolutionary forces acts on the population
Which of the following is not an evolutionary force?
Hardy Weinberg principle
State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. Mammals and birds both have a 4-chambered heart.
Homologous structures
Which of the following observations influenced Darwin as he was developing the theory of evolution by natural selection?
In the Galapagos islands, he found plant and animal species that resembled species on the nearby coast of South America
Genetic variation is a key requirement for the theory of natural selection. Match each source of genetic variation with its definition. In a study of the finches on the Galapagos Islands, birds with larger beaks produced more offspring during dry years.
Individuals with favorable traits are able to produce more offspring; those traits become more common in the population
Which factor in the process of natural selection does this statement illustrate? Occasionally, after a treatment of antibiotic, mutant bacteria may remain and continue to grow.
Individuals with favorable traits are able to produce more offspring; those traits become more common in the population
The process in which organisms with traits well suited to an environment are more likely to survive and to produce offspring is
Natural selection
State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. A 2005 study found that humans and chimps share 96% of their DNA.
Protein and DNA sequences
State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. Comparing human hemoglobin with hemoglobin of chimpanzees, rabbits, chickens, and sharks, reveals that humans have the fewest amino acid differences with chimpanzees.
Protein and DNA sequences
steps to explain how speciation works: step1:
Reproductive isolation occurs- two populations of the same species are separated and do not interbreed
Speciation can occur when two populations become
Reproductively isolated
Embryonic development
Series of changes that take place as an embryo becomes a mature organism
A group of individuals that is able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring is called aNo
Species
Which factor in the process of natural selection does this statement illustrate? In one study of a type of bird called kingrails, 6-8 chicks were born, but only 1-3 survived to adulthood.
The environment presents challenges to successful reproduction so individuals tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support
fossil
The remains or impressions of a dead organism
steps to explain how speciation works: step 2
The two populations become so different, they can no longer interbreed to produce a fertile offspring
steps to explain how speciation works: step3
The two populations change independently of one another as each becomes better adapted to its environment
Chromosomal rearrangement
This type of mutation often occurs during crossing over, resulting in large segments of DNA being duplicated or deleted
State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. Cavefish live in dark caves. They have eyes, but they don't work.
Vestigial structures
evolution; occur in a population or individual?
a population- when genes are passed on more frequently than others through generations
explain how vestigial structures supported the theory of evolution
are evolutionary remnants that no longer have a useful function.
why are antibiotics not sold over the counter ?
because when people don't use them when they are only necessary, they could build up a resistance and then people would be more sick since the antibiotics wouldn't be as successful.
Which organism is most likely to become fossilized?
clam in sediment
radiometric dating
comparing relative properties of radioactive particles to date fossils
The type of selection that eliminates one extreme from a range of phenotypes is called
directional selection
Reproductively isolated
divergence
Geographic isolation between two populations of a species may lead to
divergence and specification
diergent evolution v. covergent evo vs. coevolution
divergent- when natural selection causes two groups within a population to become more and more different from one another.- when new species form -convergent means that natural selection favors similar traits in a similar environment. ex:(fins of fish and a dolphin)- analogous structures coevolution- two species evolve together ex; birds and flowers.
recombination
during mitosis 1 crossing over takes place, and pieces of DNA are traded between homologous chromosomes. This results in new combinations of genes.
State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. At one point, human embryos have a tail.
embryonic development
explain how embryology supported the theory of evolution
embryos all look similar in early stages of development (human fetuses have gill slits and tails)
Darwin and Lamarck agreed that changes in species are linked to
environmental conditions
Lamarack
evolution of acquired traits vs. Darwin evolution of natural selection
artificial Selection
farmers selecting traits.
mass extinction
followed by big bursts of evolution because there is more room for new species.
State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. Bones of dinosaurs and other extinct organisms show that species have changed over time.
fossil record
State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. Remains of an extinct species named Tiktaalik were discovered, which contained features of both fish and amphibians.
fossil record
For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to. A wolf migrates a long distance. She joins another pack, mates, and produces offspring. Her genes are now part of that population's gene pool.
gene flow
The movement of alleles into or out of a population is called
gene flow
the movement of alleles into or out of a population
gene flow
gene flow vs. genetic drift
gene flow- movement into or out of a population genetic drift- frequency of alleles in small pop. can change by random events like fire or volcanic eruption or landslide
For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to. A small group of birds arrives on a new island. Due to random chance, one of them carries a rare gene. As the population grows, that rare gene becomes much more common on the island than in the original population.
genetic drift
a change in allele frequency caused by random factors is...
genetic drift
5 eve that can cause allele frequencies to change and evolution to occur
genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, random mating, natural selection
Species that share a distant common ancestor
have a few amino acid sequences differences
how did Lamarack use acquired traits in his mechanism of evolution?
he believes they were passed on to offspring and become more common (isn't true)=unimportant in natural selection if not in the DNA being passed
State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of. The same pattern of bones can be found in the forelimb (arm) of a penguin, alligator, bat, and human.
homologous structure
compare homologous and analogous structures vs. vestigial
homologous structures are structures in different species that were inherited from a common ancestor. Analogous structures are structures in different species that look similar, but weren't inherited by a common ancestor. Vestigial structures are structures that were inherited from an ancestor, but no longer have a function.
compare and contrast directional, stabilizing and disruptive selection
in directional selection the frequency of a trait moves in one direction in a range ; in stabilizing selection, the frequency of intermediate traits increases; in disruptive selection, the frequency of extreme phenotypes increases.
Natural selection causes the frequency of favorable alleles to
increase the population
why is geographic isolation necessary for most cases?
it prevents two groups of a population from interbreeding
For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to. A mistake in DNA replication changes an adenine base (A) to a thymine base (T)
mutation
For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to. A mistake in meiosis results in a chromosome with a small segment deleted, duplicated,deleted or inverted
mutation
What process most likely caused the initial change in the protein sequences?
mutation
explain two ways variation can arise in a population
mutation and recombination
For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to. Moths that are darker blend into their surroundings. They therefore live longer and produce more offspring, resulting in a population of mainly dark-colored moths.
natural selection
natural selection v artificial selection
natural- if competition for limited resources results in certain traits being passed on more frequently to the next generation, its called natural selection artificial-the humans are choosing who they mate with
can anything be answered by using the scientific method? what requirements are there?
no not everything can answered using the scientific method. the hypothesis must be based on observations and data, results must be repeatable, conclusions must be testable, and you must be willing to modify or change your ideas as new evidence comes to light.
do structures having similar functions always indicate a close evolutionary relationship? explain.
no. The fins of fish and a dolphin look similar even though fish and dolphins do not have an evolutionary relationship. These types of structures are called analogous structures and are the result of convergent evolution, a process where two unrelated groups evolve similar features because those features are helpful in a given environment. Fins are helpful in the water, so fins evolved independently in both fish and dolphins.
would vestigial structures make nay sense if organisms did not evolve? explain.
no. Vestigial structures are structures that have no function. they are remnants of structures that were useful in an ancestor
For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to. In dog breeding, male and female dogs that share specific traits are mated to one another to produce an offspring with those traits.
non-random mating
For each of the following, identify which evolutionary process the following statements apply to: Female peacocks choose their mates based on the appearance of their feathers.
non-random mating
which event does not disrupt hardys principle
random mating
Variation exists within the genes of a poulation or species as the result of
random mutation
A vestigial structure is one that
reduced in size and useless
explain how fossil record supported the theory of evolution
shows change overtime, including a profession from simple to complex organisms. It includes transition follies that show links between different major groups (archaeoteryx; Reptile-birds, Basilosaurus: Wales with legs; Tiktaalik: fish-amphibians)
explain how biological molecules supported the theory of evolution
shows that many species have similar DNA and protein sequences. Most importantly all of this data is consistent. Organisms that appear similar based on anatomy also have similar development and similar DNA and protein sequences.
some antibiotics don't work and some things then the drug eventually became useless and everything was immune to it...explain
some generation that was resistant survived and they passed on the resistant gene to the next generation
explain how homologous structures supported the theory of evolution
structures in different organisms that originated in a common ancestor
what does hardy winberg principle state?
the allele frequencies of a population will not change unless evolutionary forces act upon it.
why is it logical to say that if two animals have similar proteins, they are probably closely related genetically ?
the sequence of bases in DNA codes for a specific sequence of amino acids in proteins. If two organisms have similar DNA they will also have similar proteins.
what is a half life
the time it takes for one-half of the given amount of a radioisotope to decay. By measuring the proportions of certain radioisotopes and their products of decay, scientist can compute how many half lives have passed since a rock was formed.
suppose a population of tan-colored insects inhibits a sandy area. Overtime, the area becomes grown over by a population of green plants. Use darwin ideas to explain how and why the insects population might evolve to be green in color.
the variation wil inevitably exist in the population. If there are rare green colored insects, they will have an advantage when the plants grow over because they'll blend in better and won't be visible by predators. The will therefore live longer and pass on their genes. Soon, the genes resulting in green coloration will become more common.
"detective has theory on how computers were stolen from warehouse" - is the word "theory" used in a more general or scientific sense? explain
the word theory is used in a more general way. In science, a theory is an explanation supported by large numbers of experiments. A scientific theory is pretty much considered to be true, even though it may not explain all aspects of a topic. the term theory, as used in the newspaper headline is more similar to what scientists would call a hypothesis.
blind cave fish have eyes but do not use them to find their prey. Explain why they have these apparently useless structures.
they are vestigial structures that were inherited from an ancestor that could see.
what are acquired traits?
traits an individual gains over the course of his or her lifetime
State which type of evidence of evolution the following is an example of Modern whales have a few small bones in their hip, which don't have any use
vestigial structures
darwin and Mendal
were contemporaries but not aware of another work