Chronic and Infectious Diseases Midterm PH 2200
Congestive heart failure arises when
- The heart pumps insufficient blood -Antecedent heart disease compromises heart function -The ejection fraction falls below 50%
The case fatality of MI in the US population is currently approximately
10%
what percentage of diabetics in the US population remain undiagnosed?
20%
What is the defining threshold BMI for obesity?
30
Global relative mortality from chronic disease is approximately
60%
The relative mortality from chronic disease (heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD, diabetes) in high income nations is approximately:
75%
what percentage of diabetics have type 2 disease?
90-95%
which of the following is potential complication resulting from diabetes
Amputation Kidney Failure Stroke Blindness
WHat type of heart arrythmia increases the risk of stroke more than five- fold?
Atrial fibrillation
Leading cause of death world wide
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
What form of CVD is increasing in developed nations?
Congestive heart failire
Cardiovascular disease are largely not preventable through public health strategies and evidence- based risk factor interventions
False
Childhood obesity rarely tracks to adult obesity in the same individual
False
Chronic disease is largely not preventable
False
Chronic exposure to tobacco and alcohol do not increase the risk of colon cnancer
False
Colorectal cancer is much more common in developing countries than developed countries
False
Major genetic shifts are undoubtedly responsible for the increasing rates of obesity in most populations
False
Multiple CHD risk factors rarely cluster in the same individual
False
Obesity rates have been on a steady decline over the last 30 years in the US
False
Which of the following is not a proven risk factor for stroke?
High HDL cholesterol
The "dual hypothesis" of atherogenesis primarily involves what two processes?
Hypercholesterolemia and inflammation
The nation with the greatest longevity is
Japan
The mortality from stroke in the USA shows considerable overlap with mortality from which of the following diseases?
Lung cancer
The strongest predictor of stroke mortality among nations is the
Per capita income
What biomarker of inflammation has recently proven to be effevtive predictor of impeding stroke/ TIA?
Reactive Protein
Which of the following statements are true?
Smoking cessation produces an approximate 50% reduction in CHD risk within two years Chronic exposure to environment tobacco smoke heightens the relative risk of CHD by about 25% Chronic tobacco smoking heightens the CHD mortality by 2 to 4- fold
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of death among women (only lung cancer causes more death)
True
CHD causes more than 7 million deaths annually
True
CHD is nearly always a consequence of long standing atherosclerosis and the development of atheromatous plaques that occlude the coronary arteries
True
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide
True
Case fatality from MI has declined markedly in developed nations in recent years
True
Four major chronic disease groups (cardiovascular disease, cancer, COPD, and diabetes) account for 60% of the deaths worldwide.
True
Global aging is a consequence of both increasing longevity and decreasing fertility
True
Myocardial infarctions (MI) are most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of coronary artery caused by atherosclerosis or following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerosis plaque.
True
Obesity is the strongest modifiable predictor of type 2 diabetes
True
Of the 10 million children who die before reaching 5 years of age, 6 million deaths are attributable to malnutrition and starvation
True
Primary prevention refers to avoidance of exposure to disease- causing risk factors
True
Since 1970, US mortality rates from CHD and stroke have declined apporximately 50%
True
Strokes are classified as either ischemic or hemorrhagic which constitutes about 85% and 15% of cases respectively
True
The classical risk factors for breast cancer include familial and genetic predisposition, early menses, delayed reproductive history, nulliparity, and absence of lactation, late menopause and the natural process of aging.
True
The disability- adjusted life years (DALY) measures the impact of early death and long term disability
True
The prevalence of obesity in women exceeds that in men by 5-10% at all ages
True
Type 1 diabetes id insulin dependent
True
the built environment, which reflects the land use and transportation patterns of a population, can either facilitate or constrain physical activity
True
A systolic blood pressure of 144 mm Hg is classified as
hypertension
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include all of the following
inactivity obesity low dietary fiber
The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of multiple related risk factors which includes all of the following except hypertension waist circumference inflammation increased HDL
increased HDL
The epidemiological transition refers to:
increasing rates of chronic disease and decreasing rates of acute disease
Which of the following is not a health consequence of obesity CVD type 2 diabetes sleep apnea osterporosis osteoarthritis
osteoporosis
Obesity increases the risk of all of the following except tuberculosis MI CHD sleep apnea depression
tuberculosis
