CIS 115 - History Final
The 1880 census took 8 years to tabulate, but after the implementation of Herman Hollerith's machine, the 1890 census took only _________.
1 year
The Store was capable of storing ________ numbers up to _____ decimal places each.
1000; 40
Unsigned and signed 8-bit binary values are the same when counting up from 0 to what value?
127
The ENIAC computer was completed in 1946 by the US Army and the University of Pennsylvania. What does ENIAC stand for?
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
Which of the following modern technologies was demonstrated in its infancy by Douglas Engelbart during The Mother of All Demos?
High Level programming languages are able to be read directly and understood by a computer. (T/F)
False
Programmers were able to run their program directly on the ENIAC without any help. (T/F)
False.
The Waterfall Model for software development is a very flexible process that allows you to move back and forth to any step.
False. The waterfall model is a very systematic, step-by-step approach, though some variations will have some "splash-back"
Too many programmers led to what is now known as the Software Crisis, which produced poorly created software plagued with bugs like the Therac-25 radiation machine. (T/F)
False. There was a shortage, so a very high demand for developers, which led to many poorly trained programmers and poor software.
The book The Mythical Man-Month outlines benefits in software engineering like how statistical measurements based on hours spent and lines of code written are accurate calculations of effort....or how crunch time is very productive when trying to hit software deadlines. (T/F)
False. SLOC or software lines of code, can be a poor measurement of productivity for programmers. Likewise, crunch time can actually be counter productive since over-worked programmers are more likely to introduce bugs at a higher rate than normal.
Alan Turing proposed an imaginary computer in 1936 that was so simple it couldn't do anything. (T/F)
False. In reality, he showed that his simple machine was able to calculate any value that could be done by any other computer.
The Mill, constructed by Babbage's son in 1910, was the part of the Analytical Engine that allowed it to store information. (T/F)
False. The Mill was only the CPU of the Analytical Engine and was instructed to perform operations by punch cards.
Heuristics are situated near the ___________ end of the diagram shown.
Fast and Cheap
Real world devices can be represented in a computer through the use of a limited set of states and transitions between those states. Such a system is known by what name?
Finite State Machine
Match the famous women to what they are most notable for in computer science: options: Grace Hopper, Ada Lovelace, and Margaret Hamilton First Computer Programmer: ____________________________ Queen of Software: ________________________________________ Apollo Flight Software: ___________________________________
First Computer Programmer: Ada Lovelace Queen of Software: Grace Hopper Apollo Flight Software: Margaret Hamilton
To store a rational number in a computer, we use an encoding system known by what name?
Floating point
Dijkstra once wrote a letter to ACM which advocated for the removal of what programming statement from languages?
GOTO
Jack Kilby first realized that entire circuits could be printed on a single piece of semiconductor material. For his experiments, what element did he use?
Germanium
When a signed integer is incremented past its maximum value, it could become its minimum (most negative) value. This is known by what term?
Integer overflow
A circuit printed on a single piece of semiconductor material, such as the ones developed by Jack Kilby, are known by what name?
Integrated circuit
Robert Noyce, along with Gordon Moore and Andy Grove went on to form what company focused on the development of semiconductors and more powerful devices?
Intel
To produce a negative number using two's complement, what two steps are performed?
Invert the bits and add 1
Which of the following statements is not true about the Complex Numerical Calculator? - It was demonstrated in 1940 at Dartmouth College - It could divide by zero - It could be controlled remotely - It could perform calculations on complex numbers
It could divide by zero
What reason is given for why we don't just always use the fastest memory available across the entire computer?
It is very expensive
What was a major reason why Charles Babbage wanted to develop mechanical computational devices like the Difference Engine?
It would eliminate the risk of human error
The evolution of a computer interface is done through what design process, consisting of a loop of steps involving planning, implementation, testing, and evaluation?
Iterative Design
The "K" in "Model K" comes from what location, where the calculator was built?
Kitchen Table
The ___________ was one of the first and largest electromechanical computer ever build and utilized _____ horsepower to run.
Mark I; 5
In the paper "Cramming More Circuits onto Integrated Components," Gordon Moore predicted that the number of circuits that could be built on a single chip would roughly double every year or two. This prediction became known by what name?
Moore's Law
In the average case, Quicksort runs in the order of what class in Big O notation, where n is the size of the input?
O(n lg(n))
Based on our analysis, we saw that Merge Sort runs in the order of what class in Big O notation, where n is the size of the input?
O(n*lg(n))
Based on our analysis of both Bubble Sort and Insertion Sort, we would say they are in what class of algorithms according to Big O notation, where n is the size of the input?
O(n^2)
In the worst case, Quicksort runs in the order of what class in Big O notation, where n is the size of the input?
O(n^2)
The Antikythera Mechanism was able to accurately depict:
Position of the Sun, Eclipses, Position of the Moon, and Path of Planets
Which is not an example of an everyday heuristic. - Educated Guess - Recursion - Rule of Thumb - Common Sense
Recursion
In its simplest form, compression involves finding ________ pieces of data and replacing them with simpler versions, as well as a method that can be used to reconstruct the original data from those simpler versions.
Repeated
Which of the following was NOT given as one of the primary goals of the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)? - help users understand data - sell more software - give people better control over tools - help people interact and communicate
Sell more software While selling more software might be a secondary goal, it is not given as a primary goal of HCI.
Robert Noyce improved on Jack Kilby's original design by printing circuits on which element, now used in modern circuits?
Silicon
Margaret Hamilton is credited with coining the term ____________.
Software Engineering
Put the steps of Euclid's algorithm in the correct order. - If either one is zero, the answer is the other number - Repeat steps until an answer is found - Subtract the smaller number from the larger number - Start with 2 numbers, A and B
Step 1: Start with 2 numbers, A and B Step 2: If either one is zero, the answer is the other number Step 3: Subtract the smaller number from the larger number Step 4: Repeat steps until an answer is found
In the lecture, we are shown a previous version of modern computer architecture where each part is connected using a shared data channel. This shared data channel is given what name?
System Bus
The Hollerith _____________ machine was used in the 1890 census, drastically increasing the efficiency in counting the census data.
Tabulating
Hollerith's initial company, the Tabulating Machine Company, was renamed to the Computing Tabulating Record Company...but then it eventually became what modern company?
The International Business Machines Company (IBM)
Choose the event below that happened first. - Douglas Engelbart's Mother of All Demos - The Apollo 11 Moon Landing
The Mother of all Demos The Mother of all Demos was December 9, 1968. The Apollo 11 Moon Landing was July 20, 1969, several months later.
Which feature of prior versions of Microsoft Office was developed to assist users with performing complex task such as writing a letter or performing a mail merge, usually by offering to helpfully assist when it determined what the user was trying to do?
The Office Assistant (Clippy)
A classic computer science problem of visiting each location on a map exactly once, taking the shortest path is known by what common name?
The Travelling Salesman Problem
Jack Morton of Bell Labs summarized the problem surrounding early computers and their need for "hundreds, thousands, and sometimes tens of thousands of electron devices." He referred to this problem by what name?
The Tyranny of Numbers
Which bit is used to represent the sign of the number in a signed integer number?
The first (leftmost) bit
Agile is more of a philosophy than a development model. (T/F)
True
Digital computers are unable to create truly random numbers. (T/F)
True
Some of the more advanced machines that Hollerith's company had made were used heavily by the U.S. Social Security Administration. Some of the machine's were even used to keep track of things like sales and billing well into the 1950s and 1960s. (T/F)
True
Top Secret Rosies highlights that female mathematicians helped usher in the computing age during WWII. (T/F)
True
True or False: A rational number in binary can be used to represent the value positive infinity?
True
in the divided difference method, the practice of solving each row progressively in order is an example of iteration. (T/F)
True
Cowboy coding or code and fix is great for very small, quick projects but poor for large projects due to its lack of design, documentation, and testing. (T/F)
True.
The development of programming languages is especially important in that it allowed us to develop abstractions, simplifying development of software and allowing us to express significantly more complex ideas in computer code. (T/F)
True.
Rear Admiral Grace Hopper was a pioneer in Computer Science and was known for many things. Which computers was she known to work on?
UNIVAC and MARK I
UML diagrams are a standardized way for software developers to communicate design and structure of systems they create. UML stands for:
Unified Modeling Language
Which of the following aspects of "good" HCI deals with how simple it is for a user to determine how to use the interface to perform a task?
Usability Usability relates to how easy to use the interface is, making it the best choice.
What type of images are stored as mathematical equations that make up the shape of the objects in the image, allowing it to be infinitely expanded in size? (For example, the K-State Powercat would be stored using this image type.)
Vector Images
Modern computer designs include a central processing unit, a memory unit, as well as input and output devices. This computer architecture is known by what name, taken from the mathematician who developed it?
Von Neumann Architecture
During Douglas Engelbart's Mother of All Demos, he demonstrated the ability to create documents full of information that included clickable links to other parts of the document. This is a great precursor to what modern style of software?
Wikis
Expressing algorithms using Big O notation considers the ________________ input for an algorithm.
Worst-case
The term "algorithm" comes from the name of which mathematician?
al-Kwarizmi
Compilers take high level languages and translate them into _______________ languages.
assembly
George Stibitz created the "Model K" calculator, which was capable of performing addition on what type of numbers?
binary
The idea of a stored program from the Turing Machine made its way into early computers like the ENIAC and the ECVAC. Jon Von Neumann was the first to publish this computer architecture that formulated the basis of modern digital computers. This architecture (stored programs) has led to ____________________.
bootstrap code, modern operating systems, and code libraries
Big O notation is used to "express the _______________ of an algorithm" by approximating the "number of steps needed based on the _________ of the input."
complexity; size
An algorithm is "a ___________ list of specific ____________ for carrying out a procedure or solving a problem."
finite; instructions
The Analytical Engine, which was designed by Charles Babbage, was the first true ___________ computer.
general purpose, multipurpose, or modern
What mathematical value is calculated by Euclid's algorithm?
greatest common divisor
The ____________ problem dreamed up by Alan Turing relates to the fact that it is impossible to write an algorithm that can determine if another algorithm/program will eventually stop.
halting
In the 1600s, how would an engineer find the value of the cosine of 35 degrees
look it up in a math table
Programming is the act of designing, writing, debugging, and __________________ source code of a computer program.
maintaining
Douglas Engelbart developed the first working version of what common computer peripheral device?
mouse
Ada Lovelace once noted that the Analytical Engine could even be used to create ________________.
music
Douglas Engelbart developed and demonstrated an operating system that demonstrated many facets of modern computer technology. What was the name of that operating system?
oN-Line System (NLS)
Programming the ENIAC was a laborious process which required technicians to _______________ to load the program into the computer.
physically rewire the hardware
Charles Babbage's Difference Engine #2 was capable of printing simultaneously on paper and _____.
plaster
The iterative development model works through several waterfalls, each one producing ___________ that are shown to clients. That feed back is then worked back into the next iteration.
prototypes
Hollerith used a similar system to organize/collect data as railroad conductors. What was this system?
punch cards
Agile development cycles are referred to as ____________, each having a new feature or product deliverable.
sprints
A computer is just a special kind of ___________ machine.
state
What was one of the first examples of a machine that responded to variable input or "programs" in the form of punch cards?
the Jacquard Loom
A rational number stored in binary is split into three parts: the sign bit, the exponent, and _________?
the mantissa
The process of breaking down the divided differences into 4 steps is an example of decomposition. In Computer Science, decomposition is:
the process of breaking up a complex test into multiple less complex steps
A universal Computer can simulate ANY other real-world computer given infinite _____ and ______.
time and memory
Logo is an extensible programming language. What does that enable you to do with Logo?
you can use it to define new words in Logo
The Intel 4004 chip was the first example of what modern piece of computer hardware?
Central Processing Unit
Ada Lovelace was tutored and inspired by many, including Augustus De Morgan, but none more so than ______________.
Charles Babbage
Who is known as the Father of the Modern Computer?
Charles Babbage
In early video games, a bitmap image could be compressed by assigning simple values for each color in the image, and then using what other piece of data to assign actual colors to those simple values?
Color table
In the 1970s, computer interfaces were updated with icons, graphical windows, and storage structures based on folders and files. As the story goes, this was inspired by an engineer who was working on the problem and staring at their work space, and came to be known by what name?
Desktop Metaphor
To store text in a computer, we assign each character a value based on what encoding system?
ASCII
What should a computer be able to do?
Accept variable input, output results, store data, and compute values
The rise of the personal computer and then the internet, led to large surges in need for trained computer scientists. This also led to new strategies for software development including:
Agile philosophy, the iterative model, and the spiral model
The modern computer interface discussed in this module was introduced by Xerox in its Star Workstation device. However, it was made much more popular among personal computers by what best-selling computer in 1984?
Apple Macintosh
We explored one subtopic of interest in HCI, which deals with how to develop software that can train users to use computer systems more effectively based on what it perceives the user is trying to do. We refer to this by what name?
Automated Adaptive Instruction
A fixed program computer is a computer that is built to perform a specific task. Which of the following was NOT given as an example of an early fixed program computer? - Pascal's Pascaline - Hollerith's Tabulating Machine - Babbage's Analytical Engine - Babbage's Difference Engine
Babbage's Analytical Engine
Billed as the next step beyond the "desktop metaphor," what piece of software from Microsoft was developed to make computers feel just like a house, complete with rooms and furniture?
Bob
