Civil Rights Movement

March on Washington

200,000 people of all races peacefully marched through Washington D.C to protest Jim Crow laws. Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC organized this

President Eisenhower

34th president of the United States. Sent in troops to protect the students in little rock after Governor Faubus tried to prevent them from entering the school

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas

A Supreme Court case which took place in 1954, in which segregation of schools was declared Unconstitutional. This case led to the Little Rock Nine, which nine black students attended a once segregated white high school This led to the integration of schools Governor Faubus opposed this case and it led to him forbidding the Little Rock Nine from entering the school

Malcolm X

A civil rights leader who believed in fighting physically for rights. His forms of protest were the opposite of those of MLK. The black panthers carried out his beliefs The founders of the black panthers were Bobby Seale and Huey Long

Black Panthers

A group founded by Huey Long and Bobby Seale that trained blacks to fight physically to get them out of poverty. Followed Malcolm X's philosophy of physically fighting for their rights Huey Long and Bobby Seale founded them

Little Rock Nine

A group of nine African Americans who were asked to be the first black students to attend a once segregated high school in Little Rock, Arkansas. Brown V. BOE allowed this event to occur Governor Faubus tried to prevent the students from entering the school President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to protect the students

black nationalists

A movement created to get blacks economic privileges. Some of them saw a separate African American nation in the future. They wanted to separate from whites and create a sense of pride of their race. This was an organization like the SNCC, CORE, and the NAACP This was a form of civil disobedience

What are the most pressing issues in black communities today?

A pressing issue that blacks face today is racism, stereotypes, and implicit bias. Many misunderstandings today are a result of stereotypes and implicit bias. Trayvon Martin was shot for looking suspicious. The neighborhood watchman in the area saw him walking around and suspected trouble based on his appearance. Implicit bias is the way a person feels about a race, but it's unknown and invisible. After the murder of Michael Brown and the beating of Rodney King, the white police officers were granted amnesty because they were perceived as innocent. Some claims about Michael Brown's murder was that he attacked the policeman to grab his gun. Brown was unarmed and probably innocent. Freddie Grey was arrested because he ran when he saw the police, it was assumed that he was committing a crime. No evidence needed, white policemen assumed that the black man was breaking the law.

Los Angeles Riots

Beginning on April 29, 1992 and lasting until May 5, people of many races burned and robbed places in Los Angeles as a form of violently protesting the outcome of the Rodney King case. They were also protesting racism, their needs being neglected, and high unemployment. The four policemen who beat up Rodney King, a black man who was speeding, were pardoned. The protests in Ferguson, Missouri were the result of the police officer who shot Michael Brown being pardoned

Earl Warren

Chief justice of the Supreme Court during the Brown V. BOE case. He also declared that each voter gets one vote. Brown V. BOE allowed black and white students to receive equal education and to attend the same schools. That led to the Little Rock nine when black students attended a white school That resulted in Governor Faubus to prevent them from entering

Americans with disabilities seeking rights

Congress passed laws in the 1960's and 70's to help the disabled. It was enforced that barriers stopping the disabled from entering public places. Another law made it essential that employers were to offer more business opportunities to the disabled. The education for all handicapped children (1975) declared that kids with disabilities have the right to an equal education. Services had to be provided for them

Bus Boycott in Montgomery

Events: Rosa Parks' arrest for not giving up her seat on a bus to a white man People: - Rosa Parks - Martin Luther King Jr. - African Americans in Montgomery - SCLC Results: Bus segregation was ruled to be unconstitutional.

Freedom Summer Campaign

Events: The passing of the Civil rights bill. People: Civil rights workers Results Blacks were enrolled to vote. Selma, AL protest

Bobby Seale, and Huey Long

Founders of the Black Panther Party who followed the beliefs of Malcolm X to physically fight for their rights. They protested blacks being in poverty and taught African Americans to fight. Long was governor of Louisiana. Followed Malcolm X's beliefs of physically fighting for civil rights Founders of the black panther party

Governor Wallace

Governor of Alabama, he treated African Americans fairly in the courtroom. He changed his opinion though, just to win the position of governor. He tried to prevent two black students from entering the University of Alabama. He forced the national guard to prevent black children from attending integrated schools. He told members of the police to stop the SNCC from carrying out their 50 mile march from Selma, to the state capital of Montgomery. He told the police to beat the protesters. Like Faubus and Barnett, he tried to stop African American children from entering once segregated schools He sent police to beat protesters in Selma

Identify individuals important to resisting the Civil Rights Movement and describe their role.

Governors of the Southern states resisted integration. Governor Faubus of Arkansas tried to stop nine black students from entering Central High School in Little Rock. Governor Wallace of Alabama told the police to beat the members of the SNCC leading a protest for black voting rights in Selma. Governor Barnett of Mississippi sent police to stop James Meredith- a black college student- from enrolling at the University of Mississippi.

Emmett Till

In 1955, at 14 years old he was beaten and drowned for flirting with a white women in Mississippi. Trayvon Martin was killed for looking suspicious Rodney King was beaten for speeding and the police officers were granted amnesty

Black Power Movement

It was exactly like the Black Panther party. They fought violently for their rights. They opposed blacks in poverty. Exactly like the Black Panthers which was founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton They carried out Malcolm X's beliefs of violence being the solution This was the opposite of civil disobedience.

Explain JFK's attitude and work towards the civil rights movement:

JFK was a supporter of Civil Rights. He believed that they shouldn't anger the white Democrats, since that's whose minds they were trying to change. JFK sent in multiple federal troops to protect black students entering white schools.

Stokely Carmichael

Leader of black nationalism, he was first part of the SNCC and was a freedom rider. He became one of the original members of the black panthers. Part of the SNCC He was a freedom rider A black panther, who followed the beliefs of Malcolm X. Supported MLK's nonviolent protests which were forms of civil disobedience Bobby Seale and Huey were the founders of the black panthers

Latinos seeking rights

Mexican American farm workers wanted equality. They worked long hours, received little pay, and had to travel often. Cesar Chavez, organized the United Farm Workers (UFW) to fight for better pay. Chavez was inspired by the non-violent protests of Gandhi and MLK. In 1965, he asked Americans to boycott grapes until farmers in San Joaquin valley agreed to sign Union Contracts. 17 million Americans participated in this.

HUD

Short for Housing and Urban Development, it formed in 1966 and it funded public housing.

What strategies were used to advance rights for people during the Civil Rights Movement

Some nonviolent forms of protest included the Montgomery Bus Boycott when most of Montgomery stayed off of buses for 381 days. Another form of protest included the March on Washington, when 200,000 people of all races marched through the streets of Washington D.C to protest the Jim Crow Laws. Sit-Ins included members of the SNCC waiting in restaurants and stores to be served. Freedom Riders rode on interstate buses to see if states were enforcing the laws that were the outcome of Browder V. Gayle. Some violent forms of protest included the Los Angeles Riots which protested the outcome of Rodney King's beating. Protesters robbed and burned places in Los Angeles. The Watts riots protested the beating of Marquette Frye, a black teenager accused of speeding.

What happened when the Supreme Court instructed all public schools to integrate their schools "with all deliberate speed"?

Some parts of the South still kept African Americans out of white schools due to the phrase "with all deliberate speed," not specifying how quickly integration was supposed to occur.

Black Panthers

Stands for: Black Panther Party What they did/believed in: Angry about blacks being in poverty and having a lack of jobs. They armed themselves and demanded a reformation of blacks being in less poverty Inspired by Malcolm X's violent rituals What events were they part of? Involved in several clashes with the police about reforms for African Americans in poverty

CORE

Stands for: Congress of Racial Equality What they did/believed in: They protested segregation of public places such as restaurants that refused to serve African Americans. Became freedom riders to desegregate buses. What events were they part of? The end of segregation in public places in Detroit, Syracuse, Denver, and Chicago. Such public places included movie theaters and restaurants. Buses and bus stations were desegregated

NAACP

Stands for: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People What they did/believed in: Improving African American rights including education What events were they part of? Brown V. BOE and integration of schools.

SCLC

Stands for: Southern Christian Leader Conference What they did/believed in: Prepared African Americans to fight for their civil rights. They showed civil rights workers how to protect themselves against attacks, how to choose what to protest, and how to rally supporters. What events were they part of? Protesting various Jim Crow laws to gain civil rights. March on Washington

SNCC

Stands for: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee What they did/believed in: Participated in sit-ins Lead a protest in Selma, Alabama What events were they part of? Aided in stores serving black people. Voting act of 1965 put into place, repealed poll taxes, grandfather clauses etc.

Elementary & Secondary Schools Act (1966)

This act helped schools

Voting Rights Act

This act supported the 15th amendment, all people regardless of gender or race were guaranteed the right to vote. The Black Panthers worked for this

Civil Rights Act (1964)

This outlawed segregation and discrimination in public places, employment and voting. It said that people of all races, genders, religions and national origins had to be treated equally.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This outlawed segregation and discrimination in public places, employment and voting. It said that people of all races, genders, religions and national origins had to be treated equally. The protest in Selma fought for some of these rights

boycott

To oppose the use of. In Montgomery, African Americans refused to use the buses until their rights were guaranteed. Latin Americans rallied 17 million Americans to refuse to buy San Joaquin valley Grapes until the workers signed labor contracts.

civil disobedience

To peacefully protest a law. Sit ins were nonviolent forms of protest to get segregated public facilities to serve blacks The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a peaceful form of protest against the policies for blacks on buses

Freddie Grey

Two black men in Baltimore started running when they saw policemen. After being arrested, Freddie Grey suffered many injuries from the chase. He died a week later. There are no particular reasons for his arrest though. Michael Brown was shot and killed because it was claimed that he tried to grab a police man's gun Trayvon Martin was murdered for looking suspicious Rodney King was arrested for speeding

During the Civil Rights era, violent reactions the African-American struggle for equality were often broadcast on television. Explain what effects these broadcasts may have had on the movement:

Violent reactions portrayed how dire the circumstances were. African Americans wanted to be equal, they wanted to vote, they wanted to be out of poverty. They attempted to destroy cities to show what their rights meant to them. They wanted to scare the Government, and mostly other whites into giving them their equality.

Women seeking rights

Women formed a group called National Organization for Women to fight for their rights. In 1963, Congress passed the equal pay act which aimed to ensure that women received equal pay. NOW was formed by feminists, or people who fought for women's rights to fight for equality in jobs, education, and marriages. Like, blacks, they wanted to be seen as equals too. NOW campaigned for a constitutional amendment known as the equal rights amendment or ERA. The amendment was almost ratified, but women did have some events in their favor. More women took on more difficult jobs such as pilots or doctors, and Sandra Day O'Connor was the first female justice appointed to the Supreme Court.

sit-ins

Members of the SNCC waited at stores meant for whites only until they were served. This led to the integration of public facilities

Head Start

Provided Preschool Education

Medicaid (1965)

Provided healthcare to poor families

Outcome in Brown V. BOE

Schools were no longer segregated, but many didn't do so at first. The ruling in Plessy V. Ferguson was reversed.

March on Washington

Events: President Kennedy's civil rights bill. People: Martin Luther King Jr. SCLC Over 200,000 people from across the United States Results: People's minds were shifted about African American rights. They gained more supporters.

Disadvantages of African Americans attending separate schools

African Americans didn't receive an equal education. Not many qualified teachers were willing to teach them, so they didn't learn as much. They also didn't have as many books and a lot less equipment as white schools. The books they did receive though were not the best quality.

Civil rights movement after WWII

African Americans won better job opportunities in the military and government facilitated factories ended discrimination. They thought that since their protests in world war II granted them some rights, that the same protests would grant them even larger rights.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

After the arrest of Rosa Parks, the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) organized a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. For 381 days, African Americans didn't ride the buses. This peaceful protest falls under the category of civil disobedience Martin Luther King Jr. was the leader of this The arrest of Rosa Parks caused this

Rosa Parks

An African American seamstress who was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man the Cleveland Avenue bus in Montgomery, Alabama. She and her husband, Raymond, were members of the NAACP. Martin Luther King Jr. and the MIA formed the Montgomery bus boycott as a result of this

Sit Ins

Events: Public places refusing to serve blacks. People High School and college students. -SNNC Results: Gradually, more stores agreed to serve blacks, as the sit-ins were disrupting normal shoppers and their duties.

Ferguson, Missouri

Darren Wilson, a white policeman who shot eighteen year old Michael Brown, an unarmed black teenager, wasn't charged with a crime. This set off weeks worth of protests in Ferguson Missouri, Brown's hometown. The protests were saying how Brown was innocent and how Wilson is a criminal. The Los Angeles Riots were protesting the same cause, the policemen who beat Rodney King, being pardoned This was a result of the shooting of Michael Brown

Medicare (1965)

Established a health insurance program for the elderly.

7. The Little Rock Showdown

Events: Brown V. BOE People: Dwight D. Eisenhower (president at the time) Orval Faubus (governor of Arkansas) Results: Nine African American students were allowed to attend a once segregated white school.

Freedom Riders

Events: Desegregation of buses People: Members of CORE Results: Alabama and Mississippi weren't enforcing the bus integration law.

Freedom Riders' Brave violence

Events: Interstate buses still weren't accepting integration. People: Freedom Riders. - SNNC - CORE Results: Segregation in bus stations and interstate buses was considered unconstitutional.

Michael Brown

He was an unarmed African American teenager who was shot by a white policeman named Darren Wilson. Some people say that Brown was showing that he was unarmed when he was shot, but others say that he attacked the policeman and tried to grab his gun. The protests in Ferguson Missouri were a result of this The Los Angeles Protests began as a result of the police officers who beat Rodney King being granted amnesty

Booker T. Washington

He was born into slavery in 1856 and won his freedom at age nine. He founded the Tuskegee Institute which taught African Americans farming and skills with technology. He wanted African Americans to have more economic opportunities, he believed that the power would win them social and political rights. He didn't want Africans to leave their homes during the great migration. "Cast down your bucket, right where you are." he said to get blacks to peacefully await their rights. He also founded the National Negro Business League in 1900 to promote business development amongst African Americans.

Trayvon Martin

He was shot on February 26,2012 by a neighborhood watchman for appearing "suspicious." The watchman, George Zimmerman claimed he shot out of self defense. The cause of the Watts riots was the beating of a black man for speeding, a white man wouldn't have received that treatment

Medgar Evers

He was the field secretary of the NAACP. He wanted blacks to vote and organized many boycotts against electoral facilities that discriminated against blacks. He was shot in He organized many boycotts

W.E.B Du Bois

He was the first African American to receive a doctorate degree from Harvard. His idea of winning civil rights was better education and ceasing of lynching. He founded the Niagara Movement in 1905 which asked for equal economic and educational opportunities. It also protested segregation. The Niagara movement eventually turned into the NAACP (National Advancement for the Association of Colored People) which fought for civil rights.

Governor Barnett

He was the governor of Mississippi who tried to deny African American James Meredith from enrolling at the University of Mississippi. This was a result of Brown V. BOE Governor Faubus also tried to stop black students from entering central high school, the little rock nine.

Rodney King

Los Angeles police after a high-speed chase on March 3, 1991, after the officers pulled him out of the car and beat him brutally, while rookie cameraman George Holliday caught it all on tape.The four cops that were caught on tape were charged with assault with a deadly weapon and excessive use of force by a police officer. After a three month trial, a mostly white jury pardoned police officers that were caught on tape beating King, that set off the L.A. riots of 1992 The outcome of his case led to the Los Angeles riots in 1992 Trayvon Martin was assassinated for appearing suspicious Emmett Till was murdered for flirting with a white woman

What were Malcolm X's views concerning the Civil Rights Movement?

Malcolm X argued that the best way for African Americans to achieve racial justice was to live away from whites. Later, he disagreed with his previous idea and declared that "a society in which there could exist honest white-black brotherhood," was ideal. He wanted them to integrate. He encouraged blacks to physically fight for their civil rights

Identify individuals important to the Civil Rights Movement and describe their role.

Martin Luther King Jr. organized many peaceful protests as a way to grant African Americans civil rights. He and the SCLC organized the Montgomery bus boycott and as a result, buses were integrated. He also organized the March on Washington where the civil rights movement gained many supporters. Stokely Carmichael helped Huey Newton and Bobby Seale start the Black Panther party which carried the legacy of Malcolm X's ideas. W.E.B Du Bois founded the NAACP which aided Thurgood Marshall through Brown V. BOE to integrate schools. Rosa Parks' courage to stand up for what she believed in led to the Montgomery bus boycott.

Freedom Riders

Members of CORE boarded interstate buses to see if the states had been obeying the new law which integrated buses. Members of CORE were part of this The outcome of the Montgomery Bus Boycott was a result of this

Watts Riots

On August 11, 1965 a riot broke out in Watts, an African American ghetto in L.A. They were protesting the arrest and beating of Marquette Frye, a young black suspected of drunk driving. They didn't know for sure if he actually did, but they assumed it was. They protested how the police beat Frye and they rioted against the condition of their own lives. Trayvon Martin was shot because he appeared suspicious Freddie Grey was arrested and later died just because he ran from the sight of the police

Selma Alabama

On March 7,1965 the SNCC led a protest about African Americans not receiving voting rights. The police attacked and beat the protesters. The SNCC were the protestors

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

One of the most recognized leaders of the civil rights movement. He was the president of the SCLC, he organized the Montgomery bus boycott, and the March on Washington where he delivered his famous "I have a Dream," speech. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, TN. Organized the March on Washington and the Montgomery Bus Boycott his peaceful protests were examples of civil disobedience formed the boycott after the arrest of Rosa Parks

Black Lives Matter

Outraged by the shooting of Trayvon Martin, this movement is committed to ending the police hurting African Americans without a good reason. Created after the death of Trayvon Martin A group like this would protest events such as Michael Brown's shooting, Rodney King and Freddie Grey's beating and the arrest of Marquette Frye for being suspected of speeding

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

They protested various Jim Crow Laws, mostly segregation in public facilities. Some of them became freedom riders. Some of them were freedom riders, they rode buses across the U.S.A to see if states had enforced the integration of buses

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

They were a group of high school and college students who protested stores not serving blacks and fought for voting rights. They participated in sit-ins and led a protest in Selma, Alabama Their participation in sit-ins led to stores serving blacks as well as whites Their protest in Selma, Alabama was about blacks not having voting rights Stokely Carmichael was a member

Native Americans seeking rights

The federal government was urging Natives to leave their reservations and find work in cities. Many of them were well below the poverty line. In response, Natives established the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) in 1960 and began to demand political power, independence, and stressed the teachings of their cultures,languages, and histories in their schools. After a while, Congress passed the Indians Civil Rights Act of 1968. This law gave Natives Constitutional rights, and the privilege to make laws of their own on their reservations. Supreme Court decisions in the 1970s supported Native government independence. Like the tribes were their own country. The court decisions also granted Native Americans' rights to lands in treaties. Natives also established the American Indian Movement, (AIM) this organization protested for better living conditions and more rights. They took over Alcatraz Island off the coast of California in 1969 to fight for more political and economic power. In 1972, they took over the Bureau of Indian Affairs at the Nation's Capital to beg for lands and rights under treaties. In 1973, 200 members showed up at Wounded Knee in SD and announced that they were staying until the government examined all treaties and to review the treatment of Natives. AIM eventually ended the protest, but Natives' conditions were taken into serious consideration as a result.

Governor Faubus

The governor of Arkansas who opposed integration of schools and tried to stop the nine black students from entering Central High School in Little Rock. He opposed the Little Rock nine from entering the school President Eisenhower overthrew his orders by sending in federal troops to protect the students

What strategies do you believe are the most effective?

The most effective strategies were the nonviolent protests. The March on Washington was a climax in the Civil rights movement. Seeing 200,000 Americans of all races unite against a certain case gained many supporters of African American rights. The Montgomery bus boycott made the bus companies lose a lot of money. Soon after that, there was the Supreme court case Browder V. Gayle that ruled bus segregation to be unconstitutional. Sit-Ins disturbed the production of shopping and serving, so public facilities such as stores and restaurants were integrated.

integrating

The opposite of segregation. Allowing more than one race in a facility. Brown V. BOE allowed integration in schools The Montgomery Bus Boycott led to integration in bus seating and bus stations Freedom Riders' brave violence led to integration on interstate buses

Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP in Brown V. BOE

They protested the law of segregated schools, they took the case of Linda Brown, a seven year old who was denied to go to school just blocks from her house because she was black. Thurgood Marshall, being the chief lawyer of the NAACP, took the case to the Supreme Court. Marshall defended Brown saying that segregation in schools was anything but equal.