MCQ Tests

Question: This flow of goods, ideas, and cultures from India, China, and Southeast Asia depicted above is also called...

Southernization

Question: What best accounts for the rise of Buddhism in China in the Fifth Century CE, whereas it was not as accepted in the First Century?

The evolution of Mahayana Buddhism allowed people to synthesize local gods and culture with Buddhism, making it more appealing

Question: Trade routes promoted the growth of Timbuktu as a...

central meeting place for trans-Saharan trade

Question: Trade in the Indian Ocean was helped through technological developments such as...

compass and dhows

"Worldly renown is naught but a breath of wind, which now comes this way and now comes that, and changes name because it changes over time...to a greater force, and to a better nature, you, free, are subject, and that creates the mind in you, which the heavens have not in their charge. Therefore if the present world go astray, the cause is in you, in you it is to be sought."-Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy, 1321 Question: The idea for writing as a form of human self improvement came from the revival of Greco-Roman philosophy. Although Islamic scholars preserved these Greco-Roman philosophical teachings, they did not return to Europe until the Renaissance because...

conflict between Christian Europe and Dar al Islam during the expansion of Islam as well as the isolation of Feudal society of Europe hindered trade networks and thus, cross-cultural exchanges

Question: Elizabeth I was known for...

creating the Anglican Church in England and being a patron of the Renaissance

Question: The discontinuation of these voyages was a sign of China's... (Zheng He)

decision to turn inward and isolate themselves from the influence of Eurasia

Question: The existence of extravagant burial practices such as in the image above might indicate... (Tomb with different rooms for different people according to class)

development of social class distinctions

Question:The best explanation for the temples existence outside of India would be due to the

diffusion of ideas by trade

The Harappans were politically similar to all of the following civilizations EXCEPT

early Greece

Question: New trade routes established by Muslim traders promoted the continued growth of new trade cities and empires in regions such as...

east Africa and southeast Asia

Question: The arrows on this map represent the... (Africa to America)

forced migration of African peoples from their homeland

Question: What is unique about the Yuan Dynasty in China?

it was under Mongol rule

Question: The artistic technique developed during the Renaissance that gives the above painting depth is best known as... (many people from a 3d view

perspective

Question: The purpose for the voyages depicted was to... (Zheng He)

project an image of Chinese power and dominance throughout the ports on the Indian Ocean and East Africa

Question: Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta were able to cross Asia safely because Eurasian trade routes were

safe due to the peace and order created by the Mongols

"The Columbian Exchange brought... the pineapple, the turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chilies and chocolate across the Atlantic. On the other hand, tens of millions died in the pandemics of the 16th century, victims of smallpox, measles and the other diseases brought by Europeans (and don't forget that the African slave trade was begun by the Europeans, to replace the workforce they had decimated). - Michael Wood, BBC History, 2004 Question: The coerced labor mentioned in the article was used to produce which of the following cash crops?

sugar, tobacco, cotton

Question: The above image reflects what Ottoman system emphasizing a professional military? (Children lead to work)

the Devshirme System

Question: The image above shows the effects of what event in Spain in the late 1400's? (jews being expulled across europe)

the Reconquista

Question: The best context for the phenomenon illustrated in the map is... (Reconquista - Jews)

the Roman Diaspora and Muslim Iberia

Use the passage to answer the question: "There are few who have developed themselves filially and fraternally who enjoy offending their superiors. If you govern the people legalistically and control them by punishment, they will avoid crime but have no personal sense of shame. The superior man does what is proper to the station in which he is; he does not desire to go beyond this." -Confucius, The Analects, circa 500 BCE Question: The rise of Confucius' philosophy in China was most directly influenced by...

the Warring States Period

Question: Which of the following best demonstrates the Neo-Confucian conviction that women belonged in the domestic sphere?

the foot binding common during the Song dynasty

Question: One problem with assessing the validity of the above image is that it is from...

the later Aztec codex, which was written to satisfy the Spanish conquerors and rewrite history in their favor

Question: The trade routes above led to the presence of increasingly populated cities in western Europe which helped to spark a cultural change of... (European trade routes)

the rebirth of Greco-Roman knowledge and emphasis on human achievement

Question: The Tang Dynasty expansion shown in the map was because the Tang..

wanted to move further west to be closer to trans-Eurasian trade routes the Tang wished to dominate

Question: A development in Andean cultures similar to the one pictured was the use of...(floating island farms)

waru waru

Question: The institution most directly associated with the map above might be referred to as... (Arrow from africa to america)

Chattel Slavery

Question: Which statement below is best supported by the map? (European exploration route and colonies)

Columbus' voyage opened an Age of Exploration that resulted in massive European colonization in the Americas

Question: Once the Renaissance spread out of its original birthplace it became known as the...

German or Northern Renaissance

Question: The city layout pictured is most similar to that of the (Blocks)

Haraapa

Question: Xuanzang is known for participating in what process of cultural diffusion illustrated above during the period 600 CE-1450 CE?

He contributed to the spread of Buddhism to China

Question: The form of Japanese art illustrated above is called

Kabuki theater

Question: Trade routes promoted the growth of Swahili states along the east African coast such as...

Kilwa and Ethiopia

"The Columbian Exchange brought... the pineapple, the turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chilies and chocolate across the Atlantic. On the other hand, tens of millions died in the pandemics of the 16th century, victims of smallpox, measles and the other diseases brought by Europeans (and don't forget that the African slave trade was begun by the Europeans, to replace the workforce they had decimated). - Michael Wood, BBC History, 2004 Question: The passage mentions the drastic change in American populations due to the pandemics of the 16th century, which statement below accurately reflects an additional population and cultural change that occurred in the Americas due to the Columbian Exchange?

Most Latin American populations became more ethnically and culturally diverse

Question: One way in which the Ottoman ruler Suleiman the Magnificent and the Mughal ruler Akbar the Great are similar is that they both brought about...

A golden age of political stability and religious tolerance

Use the following text and your knowledge of World History to answer the question: ...Aside from female saints, the women described in the greatest detail by Byzantine authors are empresses and aristocrats. Although they had a certain amount of freedom, these women were held to very much the same standards as average women in Byzantine society: modesty, piety, and self-control were traits of an ideal woman. To preserve their modesty, young unmarried women rarely went out in public alone, and married women who did not have jobs outside the home left the house only for specific reasons, such as to go to the market, to church, or to the baths. By the middle Byzantine period, it was thought appropriate for women, when they did go out, to cover their heads...Molly Fulghum Heintz, "Work," in Ioli Kalavrezou, Byzantine Women and Their World, Harvard University Art Museums, 2003 Question: Which statement about Byzantine society is best supported by the passage?

All women were expected to adhere to similar standards regardless of social class

"When Heaven gives birth to the people, it gives each one, without exception, a nature of humaneness, rightness, ritual decorum, and wisdom. They could not, however, be equal in their physical endowments, and thus they do not all have the capacity to know what that nature consists of or how to preserve it whole. Once someone appears among them who is most intelligent and wise, and able fully to develop his nature, Heaven is sure to commission him as ruler."-Zhu Xi, The Great Learning, 1189 Question: Zhu Xi's views are reflective of the Neo- Confucian movement that attempted to synthesize what belief system, popular during the Tang, with Confucianism?

Buddhism

Question: As illustrated by the building above, the most significant difference between the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire was... (Church)

Byzantine division into Eastern Orthodoxy and survival into the 15th century

Question: The presence of such planning and a similar layout in multiple cities within the same civilization indicates what type of government was present? (Blocky)

Centralized

Question: This interaction between China and Southeast Asia was prompted largely by the Chinese desire for what Souteast Asian agricultural good?

Champa rice

Use the passage to answer the question: "Know therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the Lord he is God in heaven above, and upon the earth beneath: there is none else. Thou shalt keep therefore his statutes, and his commandments, which I command thee this day, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days upon the earth, which the Lord thy God giveth thee, forever." - the Torah, holy scripture of Judaism Question: The religious writings of Judaism are significant to the development of what other religion?

Christianity

"The Haitian, however, does not stop merely at identifying saints with African gods, for saints are occasionally themselves conceived as loa, or as natural phenomena such as the sun, moon, and stars, which are regarded as saints and occasionally worshipped. St. John the Baptist is a powerful nature spirit worshipped as the loa St. Jean Baptiste, and is believed to control the thunder and lightning." Question: The above passage is discussing the synthesis of what religions as a result of the Columbian Exchange?

Christianity and African religions

"The Song is often seen as a time when the status of women declined. Compared to Tang times, women were less active in politics and less commonly seen on the streets. Song Confucian teachers argued against widows remarrying...on the other hand, women's rights to property were relatively secure in Song times, and older women were often very powerful within their families."-Family and Property in Song China, Patricia Buckley Ebrey, 1984 Question: The treatment of older women as described in the passage demonstrates the influence of

Confucianism's filial piety

Use the passage to answer the question: "... But at present Your Majesty possesses a unified empire,... and has firmly established for yourself a position of sole supremacy. And yet these independent schools {of philosophy}, joining with each other, criticize the codes of laws and instructions. Hearing of the promulgation of a decree, they criticize it, each from the standpoint of his own school {of philosophy}. ...Your servant suggests that all books in the imperial archives, save the memoirs of Qin, be burned... Those who dare to talk to each other about the Odes and Documents should be executed and their bodies exposed in the marketplace. Anyone referring to the past to criticize the present should, together with all members of his family, be put to death." Li Si, advisor to Shi Hungandi, On the Burning of Books, c. 221 BCE Question: The Qin government was unpopular not only for the policy described in the passage but also due, in part, to its use of what labor method, to build projects such as the Great Wall?

Corvée labor

Use the following passage to answer the question: "Though thousands died while fighting, today they are mostly seen as positive. They led to the increase of trade between Europe and Asia, increased knowledge among western Europeans, led to the rise of Italian republics, and increased the power of merchant classes." Question: The passage is discussing the impacts of the...

Crusades

Question: A negative impact that resulted from the global trade network depicted and the subsequent increase in sugar production was that...

Europeans brought African slaves into the Americas in order to harvest sugar

Question: the Italian city-state which is often called the "birthplace of the Renaissance" was...

Florence

"My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear; I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and good will of my subjects. And therefore I am come amongst you at this time, not for my recreation or sport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of the battle, to live or die amongst you all; to lay down, for my God, and for my kingdom, and for my people, my honor and my blood, even the dust... [W]e shall shortly have a famous victory over the enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people." Queen Elizabeth I - 1588 Question: A possible context for Queen Elizabeth's speech is the earlier Hundred Years War. The impact of the Hundred Years War that led to Queen Elizabeth's passion in the above speech was that...

France increased its strength while England's monarchs were weakened after the Hundred Years War and didn't recover until Elizabeth's reign

Use the passage to answer the question: "...those who are industrious conquer the greatest difficulties. And many instances we may observe, that give us a clear demonstration of the mighty force and successful efficacy of labor and industry. What strength of body is there which will not lose its vigor and fall to decay by laziness, nice usage, and debauchery? And, on the contrary, where is the man of never so crazy a natural constitution, who cannot render himself far more robust, if he will only give himself to exercise activity and strength" -Plutarch: Training of Children, c. 110 CE Question: The reasoning contained within the passage is a reflection of the Roman appreciation for...

Greek development and appreciation of logic and reason

Use the passage to answer the question: "Know therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the Lord he is God in heaven above, and upon the earth beneath: there is none else. Thou shalt keep therefore his statutes, and his commandments, which I command thee this day, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days upon the earth, which the Lord thy God giveth thee, forever." - the Torah, holy scripture of Judaism Question: Which of the following documents could have been influential to the writing and codification of the Torah?

Hammurabi's Code

Question: The modern cartographer who produced this map would have likely used what evidence to prove the existence of long-distance trade between the Indus River Valley and Mesopotamia?

Harappan artifacts such as seal stones found in Mesopotamia

Question: The Byzantines had a large impact upon Russia, especially in the time of Czar Vladimir. Vladimir is said to have developed Kievan Russia into a complex society in what way?

He transformed Kiev into a centralized state and adopted Orthodoxy as a state religion

Use the following passage to answer the question: "Many experts hypothesize that feudalism was the dominant form of political organization in Medieval Europe and that in a time when central governments were weak or nonexistent in Europe, kings used the system to exert control over their subjects and secure military strength throughout their lands. Contemporary medievalists pose serious challenges to the hypothesis described above." -Melissa Snell, The Problem with Feudalism, 2008 Question: Which of the following statements constitutes the best argument in support of the author's hypothesis regarding contemporary medievalists?

In reality, actual "feudal" relationships were few and far between, and the traditional model of feudalism leaves out whole sectors of society such as merchants and women in the cloth trade.

Question: What is the best explanation for the Hindu influence seen in the image above? (Angkor Wat)

Indian Ocean trade that connected Southeast Asia to India

Question: Similarities between the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires supported by the image include...

Islamic empires who used gunpowder to expand

Question: As Europe rejoined Trans-Eurasian trade, new cities began to eclipse older cities in importance. All of the following were new cities on the rise after the 1200's EXCEPT...

Kiev

Use the passage to answer the question: "... But at present Your Majesty possesses a unified empire,... and has firmly established for yourself a position of sole supremacy. And yet these independent schools {of philosophy}, joining with each other, criticize the codes of laws and instructions. Hearing of the promulgation of a decree, they criticize it, each from the standpoint of his own school {of philosophy}. ...Your servant suggests that all books in the imperial archives, save the memoirs of Qin, be burned... Those who dare to talk to each other about the Odes and Documents should be executed and their bodies exposed in the marketplace. Anyone referring to the past to criticize the present should, together with all members of his family, be put to death." Li Si, advisor to Shi Hungandi, On the Burning of Books, c. 221 BCE Question: The Qin Dynasty's methods for controlling their empire illustrated in the passage are most associated with the political philosophy of...

Legalism

"The might and eminence of a country consists in its surplus of gold, silver, and all other things necessary or convenient for its subsistence, derived, so far as possible, from its own resources (colonies and conquered territories included), without dependence upon other countries, and in the proper fostering, use, and application of these."Philipp von Hornick, Austria Over All, 1684 Question: The passage reflects what primary economic policy used by European powers in their colonies?

Mercantilism

"Girls left their families when they married. So long as they gave birth to sons, they would eventually gain a respected place in their family of marriage, and would be treated as ancestors by their sons and sons' sons. Mothers and grandmothers had important and respected places in their families. The Song is often seen as a time when the status of women declined. Compared to Tang times, women were less active in politics and less commonly seen on the streets. Song Confucian teachers argued against widows remarrying...on the other hand, women's rights to property were relatively secure in Song times, and older women were often very powerful within their families."-Family and Property in Song China, Patricia Buckley Ebrey, 1984 Question: One society that would disagree with Song treatment of women described in the passage would be the

Mongols

Question: What would be the best title for the image above? (Trade routes during the mongol khanates)

Pax Mongolica Facilitates Trade

Question: The commercial & cultural developments in Japan during the 17th-18th centuries were a direct result of what earlier political change that began during the 1100's CE?

Rise of the Shoguns

"Emile Durkheim, an early French sociologist... In The Elementary Forms of Religious Life [1912] he concluded that the main purpose of religion in primitive societies was to help people make contact not with God but with one another. The religious rituals helped people to develop a sense of community as they shared the experiences of marriage, birth, and death and celebrated the planting and harvest seasons and the winter solstice and the equinox. This united the group, leaving none to face life alone." Question: Evidence from the period 1450-1750 CE of the concept explained in this passage is...

Safavid leader, Ismail's emphasis on Shia Islam through arts and education

Place the Chinese Dynasties in chronological order

Shang Zhou Qin Han Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing

Use the following passage to answer the question: "The rise of Persian served to carry a new overall cultural orientation within Islam... Most of the more local languages of high culture that later emerged among Muslims depended upon Persian wholly or in part for their prime literary inspiration. We may call all these cultural traditions, carried in Persian or reflecting Persian inspiration, 'Persianate' by extension." -Marshall Hodgson,The Venture of Islam, 1974 Question: A factor that led Arabs to reach out to Persians was that the Persians were located geographically along what trade route?

Silk Roads

Question: The map illustrates the growth of cities and their connections primarily along what trade routes? (European Trade routes)

Silk Roads, Mediterranean, and Trans-Saharan routes

"Both in China and in the Islamic lands, the process led to dramatic changes, and by the year 1200, it was beginning to have an impact on the Christian Mediterranean. One could argue that within the Northern Hemisphere, by this time, the process had created an eastern hemisphere characterized by a rich south and a north that was poor in comparison. And one might even go so far as to suggest that in Europe and its colonies, the process laid the foundation for westernization." - Lynda Schaffer, Journal of World History, Spring 1994 Question: What process is the author referring to in the passage?

Southernization

Question: A long term impact of the process illustrated would be...(Reconquista)

Spain's almost totally Catholic population and the continuation of Antisemitism in Europe

Question: Evidence that trade affected the development of Swahili is that...

Swahili has obvious Arabic and Bantu influences, indicating trade between Arab cultures and Africa

"When you have left the city of Chang'an and have travelled for three days through a splendid country, passing a number of towns and villages, you arrive at the most noble city of Kinsay (Hangzhou), a name which is as much as to say in our tongue "The City of Heaven," as I told you before... The people are Idolaters; and since they were conquered by the Great Khan they use paper-money. Both men and women are fair and comely, and for the most part clothe themselves in silk, so vast is the supply of that material, both from the whole district of Kinsay, and from the imports by traders from other provinces. And you must know they eat every kind of flesh, even that of dogs and other unclean beasts, which nothing would induce a Christian to eat." -Marco Polo, The Glories of Kinsay, 1300 CE Question: The passage illustrates which of the following impacts from the journeys of Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, and Xuanzang?

The diffusion of cultural knowledge due to overland trade

"The Columbian Exchange brought... the pineapple, the turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chilies and chocolate across the Atlantic. On the other hand, tens of millions died in the pandemics of the 16th century, victims of smallpox, measles and the other diseases brought by Europeans (and don't forget that the African slave trade was begun by the Europeans, to replace the workforce they had decimated). - Michael Wood, BBC History, 2004 Question: The article gives evidence of what major impact of the Columbian Exchange on Western Europe?

The discovery of new food crops that improved the European diet

Question: Which of the following is a valid thesis statement for a change in Japanese gender roles after 600 CE?

The introduction of Chinese Confucianism during the Taika Reforms negatively impacted the role of women in Japanese society after 600 CE.

Question: Effects of the process depicted in the map on Africa include... (Arrow from Africa to America)

The male to female ratio became unbalanced, civil strife increased due to importation of weapons and a desire to acquire slaves for sale

Question: The process shown above had what significant environmental impact?

The settlers introduced an array of new plants and animals to the islands as well as new technology to adapt to their environment

Use the passage to answer the question: "O Caesar, consider the testimony of history: When some Roman leaders got control of affairs, they refused to assume sovereign (absolute) power and by doing so escaped disaster; but other leaders conceived a desire for sovereign power and perished miserably. For it is a difficult matter to force [the ruling elite in] Rome, which has enjoyed a democratic government for so many years... to consent to become a slave to anyone." - Senator Agrippa, adviser to the first Roman emperor Augustus Caesar, circa 29 B.C.E. Question: What is Senator Agrippa advising Caesar to do?

To return to a more democratic model of government in Rome in order to avoid a possible rebellion

Question: The map shows economic developments of... (Indian Ocean Trade)

Trading networks that promoted cultural diffusion and the growth of new cities from 600 CE through 1450 CE

Question: Which of the following factors most directly led to the Asiatic language influence in much of Eastern and Northern Africa shown on the map?

Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade

Question: New civilizations that facilitated the Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade depicted in the period from 600-1450 CE include the...

Umayyads, Abbasids, and Hausaland

"My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear; I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and good will of my subjects. And therefore I am come amongst you at this time, not for my recreation or sport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of the battle, to live or die amongst you all; to lay down, for my God, and for my kingdom, and for my people, my honor and my blood, even the dust... [W]e shall shortly have a famous victory over the enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people." Queen Elizabeth I - 1588 Question: The coming victory that Elizabeth mentions in her speech is most likely in reference to England's...

War of the Spanish Armada

"A prince never lacks legitimate reasons to break his promise. A wise ruler ought never to keep faith (keep his promises) when by doing so it would be against his interests." -Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, 1513 Question: The advice Machiavelli gave was to the wealthy Medici family. The Medici family contributed to the Renaissance because they were...

a wealthy banking family who became patrons of the arts

Use the passage to answer the question: "Phoenician communities started appearing along the coastlines of modern day Syria, Israel, and Lebanon around 3000 B.C. Beginning with Byblos, many of these settlements gradually developed into urban trading centers. This period began in about 1500 B.C., though Byblos had attained city status before that time. Over the next few centuries, the Phoenicians developed into adept traders whose ships plied the whole of the Mediterranean and beyond. They established colonies in North Africa, Spain, Italy, and other places along the Mediterranean coast. The Phoenician city-states' power and influence waned in the latter half of the first millennium B.C., but not before they had made important, lasting contributions to Western civilization." Question: Which Phoenician contribution is the author most likely referencing in the final sentence?

an alphabet

Question: Elizabeth's father, Henry VIII is most historically significant for what reason?

changing the Church of England from Catholic to Protestant with the Act of Supremacy

Use the following passage to answer the question: "Many experts hypothesize that feudalism was the dominant form of political organization in Medieval Europe and that in a time when central governments were weak or nonexistent in Europe, kings used the system to exert control over their subjects and secure military strength throughout their lands. Contemporary medievalists pose serious challenges to the hypothesis described above." -Melissa Snell, The Problem with Feudalism, 2008 Question: The urban decline in Europe that led to the situation described above was most directly the result of the...

collapse of the western Roman Empire

"The Columbian Exchange brought... the pineapple, the turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chilies and chocolate across the Atlantic. On the other hand, tens of millions died in the pandemics of the 16th century, victims of smallpox, measles and the other diseases brought by Europeans (and don't forget that the African slave trade was begun by the Europeans, to replace the workforce they had decimated). - Michael Wood, BBC History, 2004 Question: The passage mentions the change in labor in the Americas to the use of African slaves. However, the use of African slaves was the last phase of the progression of what types of coerced and semi coerced labor practices used earlier in the Americas?

colonizers first enslaved native populations, then employed indentured servants before turning to widespread use of African slaves

Question: A technological development that most directly facilitated the synthesis of languages depicted above was the... (Africa)

construction of Caravanserai along trade routes

Use the following passage to answer the question: "...He walks out in front, the leader, and walks at the rear, trusted by his companions. Mighty net, protector of his people, raging flood-wave who destroys even walls of stone! Gilgamesh is strong to perfection, is awesome to perfection. It was he who opened the mountain passes, who dug wells on the flank of the mountain, and built the walls of Uruk. It was he who crossed the ocean, the vast seas, to the rising sun, who explored the world regions, seeking life. It was he who reached by his own sheer strength who restored the cities that the Flood had destroyed! Who can compare with him in kingliness? Who can say like Gilgamesh: 'I am King!?' Whose name, from the day of his birth, was called Gilgamesh?' Two-thirds of him is god, one-third of him is human. The Great Goddess [Aruru] designed the model for his body, she prepared his form... beautiful, handsomest of men, ... perfect..." - Epic of Gilgamesh Question: The government of the Zhou Dynasty would differ from the passage's description because Zhou leaders

could lose the favor of the gods

Question: The trade shown on the map would contribute to the process of...(North India and the Middle East)

cultural diffusion

"Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved; Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even without letters of pardon."-Martin Luther, The 95 Theses, 1517 Question: Johannes Gutenberg helped the promotion of these and other ideas of Luther's by...

developing the first western movable-type printing press, allowing the ideas of the Reformation to spread

Use the following passage to answer the question: "...He walks out in front, the leader, and walks at the rear, trusted by his companions. Mighty net, protector of his people, raging flood-wave who destroys even walls of stone! Gilgamesh is strong to perfection, is awesome to perfection. It was he who opened the mountain passes, who dug wells on the flank of the mountain, and built the walls of Uruk. It was he who crossed the ocean, the vast seas, to the rising sun, who explored the world regions, seeking life. It was he who reached by his own sheer strength who restored the cities that the Flood had destroyed! Who can compare with him in kingliness? Who can say like Gilgamesh: 'I am King!?' Whose name, from the day of his birth, was called Gilgamesh?' Two-thirds of him is god, one-third of him is human. The Great Goddess [Aruru] designed the model for his body, she prepared his form... beautiful, handsomest of men, ... perfect..." - Epic of Gilgamesh

divine right of kings

Use the passage to answer the question: "We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, of one Being with the Father. Through him all things were made. For us and for our salvation he came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit he became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was made man. For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried. On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures; he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end. We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father. With the Father and the Son he is worshiped and glorified. He has spoken through the Prophets. We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen." Turkey, circa 325 CE Question: The passage, created at the Council of Nicaea, was historically and religiously significant because it

established the core belief system of the Christian faith by finally creating a single sacred text

Use the following passage to answer the question: "From the Arabian Peninsula, Abbasid Muslims moved down the Zanj (parts of the East African coast) and eastward to the areas comprising modern-day Iraq, Iran, India, Sri Lanka, and beyond. By the fourteenth century, Muslim-ruled city-states dotted the East African coastline and gained popular support in Malaysia and Sumatra (Indonesia); by the mid-sixteenth century, Islam had not only become dominant in northern India but counted a number of vibrant communities in distant China. During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Muslims enjoyed protected status and even held high-ranking government positions."-Omar H. Ali, Islam, Trade, and Empire, 2010 Question: The spread of Islam into regions of the Indian Ocean was best facilitated by...

establishment of merchant communities connected to Arabia through trade

Use the passage to answer the question: "We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, of one Being with the Father. Through him all things were made. For us and for our salvation he came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit he became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was made man. For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried. On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures; he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end. We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father. With the Father and the Son he is worshiped and glorified. He has spoken through the Prophets. We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen." Turkey, circa 325 CE Question: the need for such a text to be created during the 4th century came from the...

evolving diversity of Christianity as it rapidly spread after its legalization under Constantine

Use the following passage to answer the questions "There are few who have developed themselves filially and fraternally who enjoy offending their superiors. If you govern the people legalistically and control them by punishment, they will avoid crime but have no personal sense of shame. The superior man does what is proper to the station in which he is; he does not desire to go beyond this." -Confucius, The Analects, circa 500 BCE Question: Though Confucius does not directly address women, their lives were impacted because later Chinese leaders

expected women to maintain harmony by obeying men and having proper respect

"A prince never lacks legitimate reasons to break his promise. A wise ruler ought never to keep faith (keep his promises) when by doing so it would be against his interests." -Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, 1513 Question: The above advice is a good example of the historical political argument that...

extreme measures can be used to maintain power

"Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved; Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even without letters of pardon."-Martin Luther, The 95 Theses, 1517 Question: An example of resistance to the corruption of the Catholic Church that predates Luther's was...

friars who became independent of the Church and offered the sacraments to people free of any Church corruption

"The might and eminence of a country consists in its surplus of gold, silver, and all other things necessary or convenient for its subsistence, derived, so far as possible, from its own resources (colonies and conquered territories included), without dependence upon other countries, and in the proper fostering, use, and application of these."- Philipp von Hornick, Austria Over All, 1684 Question: One way in which monarchs employed the economic philosophy described in the passage was by...

funding monopoly companies to regulate Asian trade markets like the Dutch East India Company

Use the passage to answer the question: "...those who are industrious conquer the greatest difficulties. And many instances we may observe, that give us a clear demonstration of the mighty force and successful efficacy of labor and industry. What strength of body is there which will not lose its vigor and fall to decay by laziness, nice usage, and debauchery? And, on the contrary, where is the man of never so crazy a natural constitution, who cannot render himself far more robust, if he will only give himself to exercise activity and strength" -Plutarch: Training of Children, c. 110 CE Question: The passage above describes the Roman value of...

gravitas

"... The Mongols made no technological breakthroughs, founded no new religions, wrote few books or dramas, and gave the world no new crops or methods of agriculture. Their own craftsmen could not weave cloth, cast metal, make pottery, or even bake bread. They manufactured neither porcelain nor pottery, painted no pictures, and built no buildings. Yet, as their army conquered culture after culture, they collected and passed all of these skills from one civilization to the next. . . . " — Jack Weatherford, 2004 Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World Question: This passage leads to the conclusion that the Mongols...

greatly contributed to the diffusion of culture

Question: The adaptation of Islam to other cultures was seen across Dar al Islam. Islamic cities such as Cordoba, Seville, and Toledo were similar in that they all...

had culturally diverse populations and governments that tolerated diversity

Use the following passage to answer the question: "Though thousands died while fighting, today they are mostly seen as positive. They led to the increase of trade between Europe and Asia, increased knowledge among western Europeans, led to the rise of Italian republics, and increased the power of merchant classes." Question: Despite the positive effects listed in the passage, many negatives resulted from the event as well. These negative effects might include...

increased hostility between Christians and Muslims and outbreak of plague in Europe

"The might and eminence of a country consists in its surplus of gold, silver, and all other things necessary or convenient for its subsistence, derived, so far as possible, from its own resources (colonies and conquered territories included), without dependence upon other countries, and in the proper fostering, use, and application of these."- Philipp von Hornick, Austria Over All, 1684 Question: The surplus of gold and silver discussed in the passage had what negative impact in Spain?

inflation due to the devaluing of the now abundant gold and silver

Use the following passage to answer the question: "Many experts hypothesize that feudalism was the dominant form of political organization in Medieval Europe and that in a time when central governments were weak or nonexistent in Europe, kings used the system to exert control over their subjects and secure military strength throughout their lands. Contemporary medievalists pose serious challenges to the hypothesis described above." -Melissa Snell, The Problem with Feudalism, 2008 Question: The excerpt mentions a need for organization during the Middle Ages in western Europe. Evidence to support this claim would be...

invasions from Muslims such as the Battle of Tours and Viking raids

Use the passage to answer the question: "Know therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the Lord he is God in heaven above, and upon the earth beneath: there is none else. Thou shalt keep therefore his statutes, and his commandments, which I command thee this day, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days upon the earth, which the Lord thy God giveth thee, forever." - the Torah, holy scripture of Judaism Question: One unique aspect of Judaism described in the Torah is

monotheistic beliefs

Question: The Worldwide exploration and the global circulation of goods shown above led to positive impacts such as...

new crops and domesticated animals for both Afro-Eurasia and the Americas

Use the following passage to answer the question: "...He walks out in front, the leader, and walks at the rear, trusted by his companions. Mighty net, protector of his people, raging flood-wave who destroys even walls of stone! Gilgamesh is strong to perfection, is awesome to perfection. It was he who opened the mountain passes, who dug wells on the flank of the mountain, and built the walls of Uruk. It was he who crossed the ocean, the vast seas, to the rising sun, who explored the world regions, seeking life. It was he who reached by his own sheer strength who restored the cities that the Flood had destroyed! Who can compare with him in kingliness? Who can say like Gilgamesh: 'I am King!?' Whose name, from the day of his birth, was called Gilgamesh?' Two-thirds of him is god, one-third of him is human. The Great Goddess [Aruru] designed the model for his body, she prepared his form... beautiful, handsomest of men, ... perfect..." - Epic of Gilgamesh Question: A common characteristic of many civilizations that is reflected in the passage is the development of...

organized religion

Use the following passage to answer the question: "There are few who have developed themselves filially and fraternally who enjoy offending their superiors. If you govern the people legalistically and control them by punishment, they will avoid crime but have no personal sense of shame. The superior man does what is proper to the station in which he is; he does not desire to go beyond this." -Confucius, The Analects, circa 500 BCE Question: The passage reflects the core Confucian belief in the

parallel between learned respect for family and respect for the state

"The Columbian Exchange brought... the pineapple, the turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chilies and chocolate across the Atlantic. On the other hand, tens of millions died in the pandemics of the 16th century, victims of smallpox, measles and the other diseases brought by Europeans (and don't forget that the African slave trade was begun by the Europeans, to replace the workforce they had decimated). - Michael Wood, BBC History, 2004 Question: The article mentions the tens of millions who died due to diseases such as smallpox brought by the Europeans. How did the Europeans bring these diseases to the Americas?

pathogen carrying animals that came to the Americas such as rats and chickens spread the diseases unintentionally

"Girls left their families when they married. So long as they gave birth to sons, they would eventually gain a respected place in their family of marriage, and would be treated as ancestors by their sons and sons' sons. Mothers and grandmothers had important and respected places in their families. The Song is often seen as a time when the status of women declined. Compared to Tang times, women were less active in politics and less commonly seen on the streets. Song Confucian teachers argued against widows remarrying...on the other hand, women's rights to property were relatively secure in Song times, and older women were often very powerful within their families."-Family and Property in Song China, Patricia Buckley Ebrey, 1984 Question: The Song Dynasty's treatment of women described in the passage best demonstrates the

persistence of Confucianism and increasing popularity of Buddhism in China

Use the passage to answer the question: "...those who are industrious conquer the greatest difficulties. And many instances we may observe, that give us a clear demonstration of the mighty force and successful efficacy of labor and industry. What strength of body is there which will not lose its vigor and fall to decay by laziness, nice usage, and debauchery? And, on the contrary, where is the man of never so crazy a natural constitution, who cannot render himself far more robust, if he will only give himself to exercise activity and strength" -Plutarch: Training of Children, c. 110 CE Question: Despite Plutarch's attempt to encourage and strengthen Rome through education, Rome could not avoid problems such as

political corruption, economic inflation, and hostile invasions

Question: European migrations to the Americas led to population impacts in Europe as they brought back American crops such as...

potatoes and corn

Use the following passage to answer the question: "From the Arabian Peninsula, Abbasid Muslims moved down the Zanj (parts of the East African coast) and eastward to the areas comprising modern-day Iraq, Iran, India, Sri Lanka, and beyond. By the fourteenth century, Muslim-ruled city-states dotted the East African coastline and gained popular support in Malaysia and Sumatra (Indonesia); by the mid-sixteenth century, Islam had not only become dominant in northern India but counted a number of vibrant communities in distant China. During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Muslims enjoyed protected status and even held high-ranking government positions."-Omar H. Ali, Islam, Trade, and Empire, 2010 Question: Muslims spread philosophical, scientific, and mathematical knowledge across Dar al-Islam including...

preservation of the works of Chinese and Greek philosophers, the development of medicine as a field of study, development of algebra, and creation of Arabic numerals

"The might and eminence of a country consists in its surplus of gold, silver, and all other things necessary or convenient for its subsistence, derived, so far as possible, from its own resources (colonies and conquered territories included), without dependence upon other countries, and in the proper fostering, use, and application of these."- Philipp von Hornick, Austria Over All, 1684 Question: While European monarchs focused on the above economic policy, a new system was developing in the colonies of North and South America. This new economic system was based on...

private property and individual wealth

Use the passage to answer the question: "... But at present Your Majesty possesses a unified empire,... and has firmly established for yourself a position of sole supremacy. And yet these independent schools {of philosophy}, joining with each other, criticize the codes of laws and instructions. Hearing of the promulgation of a decree, they criticize it, each from the standpoint of his own school {of philosophy}. ...Your servant suggests that all books in the imperial archives, save the memoirs of Qin, be burned... Those who dare to talk to each other about the Odes and Documents should be executed and their bodies exposed in the marketplace. Anyone referring to the past to criticize the present should, together with all members of his family, be put to death." Li Si, advisor to Shi Hungandi, On the Burning of Books, c. 221 BCE Question: Contrary to the policies described in the passage, the subsequent Han Dynasty emphasized

proper respect in all duties and a meritocracy in government structure

Question: The Aztec Empire used power projection techniques such as illustrated above in order to manage their centralized government. However, they also allowed some local rule through...

regional calpullis

Question: The most significant difference between Hindu beliefs and those of Buddhism would be Buddhism's

rejection of the Hindu caste system

"Worldly renown is naught but a breath of wind, which now comes this way and now comes that, and changes name because it changes over time...to a greater force, and to a better nature, you, free, are subject, and that creates the mind in you, which the heavens have not in their charge. Therefore if the present world go astray, the cause is in you, in you it is to be sought."-Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy, 1321 Question: Dante's work would be considered an example of humanism. "Humanism," when applied to the Renaissance, refers primarily to...

scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome that celebrate the abilities of man

"The Haitian, however, does not stop merely at identifying saints with African gods, for saints are occasionally themselves conceived as loa, or as natural phenomena such as the sun, moon, and stars, which are regarded as saints and occasionally worshipped. St. John the Baptist is a powerful nature spirit worshipped as the loa St. Jean Baptiste, and is believed to control the thunder and lightning." Question: The passage discusses the synthesis in religion due to the Columbian Exchange. But language synthesis also occurred due to the Columbian Exchange. American creoles include words that originated not only in Europe and Africa, but also words from Southeast Asian and Indian dialects. Which statement below offers the best explanation for this diverse influence on American creole languages?

slaves were brought to the Americas from not only the west coast of Africa but also the east coast that was connected to the Indian Ocean trade network and therefore exposed to language influence from Indian Ocean trade

Use the passage to answer the question: "Phoenician communities started appearing along the coastlines of modern day Syria, Israel, and Lebanon around 3000 B.C. Beginning with Byblos, many of these settlements gradually developed into urban trading centers. This period began in about 1500 B.C., though Byblos had attained city status before that time. Over the next few centuries, the Phoenicians developed into adept traders whose ships plied the whole of the Mediterranean and beyond. They established colonies in North Africa, Spain, Italy, and other places along the Mediterranean coast. The Phoenician city-states' power and influence waned in the latter half of the first millennium B.C., but not before they had made important, lasting contributions to Western civilization." Question: The Phoenicians were most famous for Tyrian purple which had the greatest influence on which of the following characteristics of civilization?

social class distinction

Question: The layers in the temple might reflect the Hindu belief in

strict social hierarchies

Question: Italian city states prospered due to all of the following factors EXCEPT...

strong monarchs who unified the nation

"Emile Durkheim, an early French sociologist... In The Elementary Forms of Religious Life [1912] he concluded that the main purpose of religion in primitive societies was to help people make contact not with God but with one another. The religious rituals helped people to develop a sense of community as they shared the experiences of marriage, birth, and death and celebrated the planting and harvest seasons and the winter solstice and the equinox. This united the group, leaving none to face life alone." Question: The development of Sikhism in the Mughal Empire would support the concept explained in the passage because Sikhism...

synthesized Hindu and Islamic ideas

"In the early Middle Ages Christianity was the matrix of medieval life: even cooking instructions called for boiling an egg 'during the length of time wherein you say a Miserere (prayer).' It governed birth, marriage, death, eating, made the rules for law and medicine, gave philosophy and scholarship their subject matter. Membership in the Church was not a matter of choice; it was compulsory and without alternative, which gave it a hold not easy to dislodge. In contrast, the 12th century was both original and energetic. In this way, it was perhaps a worthy rival to the Golden Age of Greece and Rome. Today, we are still influenced by the 12th century: in art, literature, educational systems and social relationships. The 12th century witnessed a growing desire for knowledge. They studied all available texts in western Europe and made long journeys to Spain or to Constantinople to secure Greek and Arabic material which interested them."-Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century, 1978 Question: The changes in 12th Century Western Europe that led to the conclusions of the second paragraph might be considered context for...

the Humanism of the European Renaissance

"My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear; I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and good will of my subjects. And therefore I am come amongst you at this time, not for my recreation or sport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of the battle, to live or die amongst you all; to lay down, for my God, and for my kingdom, and for my people, my honor and my blood, even the dust... [W]e shall shortly have a famous victory over the enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people." Queen Elizabeth I - 1588 Question: One result of Elizabeth's rule was...

the Puritan movement and ultimately the departure of the Pilgrims from England

Use the passage to answer the question: "O Caesar, consider the testimony of history: When some Roman leaders got control of affairs, they ... refused to assume sovereign (absolute) power and by doing so also escaped disaster; but other leaders conceived a desire for sovereign power and perished miserably. For it is a difficult matter to force [the ruling elite in] Rome, which has enjoyed a democratic government for so many years... to consent to become a slave to anyone." - Senator Agrippa, adviser to the first Roman emperor Augustus Caesar, circa 29 B.C.E. Question: By the time Augustus Caesar was ruling Rome, they had transitioned to an Empire yet retained remnants of the old Republic such as...

the Senate that retained its position yet had no real power

Use the following passage to answer the question: "In the early Middle Ages Christianity was the matrix of medieval life: even cooking instructions called for boiling an egg 'during the length of time wherein you say a Miserere (prayer).' It governed birth, marriage, death, eating, made the rules for law and medicine, gave philosophy and scholarship their subject matter. Membership in the Church was not a matter of choice; it was compulsory and without alternative, which gave it a hold not easy to dislodge. In contrast, the 12th century was both original and energetic. In this way, it was perhaps a worthy rival to the Golden Age of Greece and Rome. Today, we are still influenced by the 12th century: in art, literature, educational systems and social relationships. The 12th century witnessed a growing desire for knowledge. They studied all available texts in western Europe and made long journeys to Spain or to Constantinople to secure Greek and Arabic material which interested them."-Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century, 1978 Question: Additional evidence to support the conclusions made in the first paragraph of the passage above include...

the collection of tithes, enforcement of Canon Law, and the Crusades

Question: The similarity between the dietary guidelines of Jews and Muslims is best explained by...

the common roots of Judaism and Islam in Abraham and the Torah

Question: This city's construction is evidence of what emphasis during the Song Dynasty?

the continuation of regional trade between north and south China

...Aside from female saints, the women described in the greatest detail by Byzantine authors are empresses and aristocrats. Although they had a certain amount of freedom, these women were held to very much the same standards as average women in Byzantine society: modesty, piety, and self-control were traits of an ideal woman. To preserve their modesty, young unmarried women rarely went out in public alone, and married women who did not have jobs outside the home left the house only for specific reasons, such as to go to the market, to church, or to the baths. By the middle Byzantine period, it was thought appropriate for women, when they did go out, to cover their heads...Molly Fulghum Heintz, "Work," in Ioli Kalavrezou, Byzantine Women and Their World, Harvard University Art Museums, 2003 Question: Though both Jesus and Muhammad taught equality for women, the passage shows what similarity between cultural expectations of women in the Orthodox Byzantine Empire and the women of the Islamic world?

the expectation to submit to a patriarchal society and rules of modesty

"Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved; Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even without letters of pardon."-Martin Luther, The 95 Theses, 1517 Question: Martin Luther was arguing what concept in the above passage?

the principal of Sola Fide, that those who have faith will be pardoned, without having to purchase indulgences

Use the following passage to answer the question: "In the early Middle Ages Christianity was the matrix of medieval life: even cooking instructions called for boiling an egg 'during the length of time wherein you say a Miserere (prayer).' It governed birth, marriage, death, eating, made the rules for law and medicine, gave philosophy and scholarship their subject matter. Membership in the Church was not a matter of choice; it was compulsory and without alternative, which gave it a hold not easy to dislodge. In contrast, the 12th century was both original and energetic. In this way, it was perhaps a worthy rival to the Golden Age of Greece and Rome. Today, we are still influenced by the 12th century: in art, literature, educational systems and social relationships. The 12th century witnessed a growing desire for knowledge. They studied all available texts in western Europe and made long journeys to Spain or to Constantinople to secure Greek and Arabic material which interested them."-Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century, 1978 Question: Changes in 12th Century Western Europe that led to the conclusions of the second paragraph include...

the revival of regional trade in Europe that was further boosted by the return of Christian Knights from the Crusades

"A prince never lacks legitimate reasons to break his promise. A wise ruler ought never to keep faith (keep his promises) when by doing so it would be against his interests." -Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, 1513 Question: Europeans were able to read The Prince due to the efforts of previous authors like Dante Alighieri, who was a good example of...

the use of the vernacular

"Worldly renown is naught but a breath of wind, which now comes this way and now comes that, and changes name because it changes over time...to a greater force, and to a better nature, you, free, are subject, and that creates the mind in you, which the heavens have not in their charge. Therefore if the present world go astray, the cause is in you, in you it is to be sought."-Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy, 1321 Question: Later examples of humanism's influence on European society include...

the works of Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Kempe

Questions: What do the Sukhothai Kingdom and Majapahit Empire have in common with the civilization depicted?

they are all trade based civilizations of Southeast Asia

"Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved; Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even without letters of pardon."-Martin Luther, The 95 Theses, 1517 Question: After writing the passage, Luther was arrested and tried for heresy. However, the outcome of the Worms Trials worked to the advantage of Martin Luther because...

while in hiding, he was able to continue to write and spread his ideas including a translation of the Bible